Impact of the specific fire load on the performance of power transmission lines

O impacto da carga de incêndio específica no desempenho de linhas de transmissão de energia

ABSTRACT

Transmission line outages caused by fires are frequent and affect the electric power supply to the population. Studying the factors that may aid in the understanding of this problem is fundamental to improve performance and guide future projects involving this type of installation. This study analyzed the forest inventories of vegetation adjacent to three Brazilian transmission line trunks and calculated their specific fire loads. The results were compared with the performance of these installations and revealed a high correlation (R²=0.9877) between the fire load and the number of transmission line outages, demonstrating the influence of vegetation on the operation of these installations.

Keywords
Forest inventory; Fires; Electricity

RESUMO

Os desligamentos de linhas de transmissão provocados por queimadas são frequentes e afetam o fornecimento de energia elétrica à população. O estudo de fatores que ajudem a compreender esse problema é fundamental para melhorar o desempenho e orientar futuros projetos desse tipo de instalação. O presente trabalho analisou os inventários florestais da vegetação adjacente a três troncos de linhas de transmissão brasileiros e calculou suas cargas de incêndio específicas. Os resultados foram comparados com o desempenho dessas instalações e demonstraram uma elevada correlação (R²=0,9877) entre a carga de incêndio e o número de desligamentos das linhas de transmissão analisadas, evidenciando a influência da vegetação na operação dessas instalações.

Palavras-chave
Inventário florestal; Queimadas; Eletricidade

1 INTRODUCTION

Transmission lines are essential installations as they connect power plants to load centers. Through these installations, large blocks of energy are transported to enable the operation of cities, industries and all the utilities of the modern world.

Transmission systems are designed to absorb simple contingencies, that is, the loss of an installation or equipment, without interrupting power supply to the final consumer (ONS, 2018). To meet this requirement, it is common to find situations where two electrical points (substations) are connected by two different transmission lines. In this situation, the set of lines that connect these electrical points are called trunks. These trunks can be understood more comprehensively as a set of transmission lines arranged in series (SANTIAGO; TAVARES, 2019) or in parallel.

The performance of the Brazilian transmission system is monitored through a specific system, owned by the national network operator. This system collects, classifies and consolidates the data on forced outages and disturbances for statistical purposes and the calculation of performance indicators (ONS, 2016).

According to Jian et al. (JIAN et al., 2013), fires always cause the interruption of the operations of transmission lines. Studying the phenomenon is therefore of paramount importance. This occurs because the isolation of overhead power lines is significantly reduced by the presence of gases at high temperatures and particulate matter in suspension, which, when combined, may cause the flashover (Rupture of the dielectric strength of the air (LIU et al., 2019)) of electrical circuits (YI-SHI YUE et al., 2017).

In 2017, 21.3% of the transmission line outages in Brazil were caused by fires (ONS, 2018). By comparison, in South Africa, a country with a transmission system that is five times smaller (28 thousand km) than in Brazil, 22% of forced outages of its transmission system were caused by fires (MINNAAR; GAUNT; NICOLLS, 2012).

According to the Brazilian Electrical Energy Agency (Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica – ANEEL) (ANEEL, 2018), the highest incidence of outages caused by fires occurs in the Northeast, Southeast and Center-West regions of Brazil, in the Zona da Mata areas dedicated to sugarcane cultivation and in areas with anthropized savannah biome (Cerrado).

Even within the same biome, there are significant differences in performance between the transmission lines of the Brazilian electrical system. This difference in performance may be associated with the specific fire load of the transmission lines. ABNT NBR 14432:2000, the Brazilian standard dealing with the subject, does not establish reference fire load values in forest environments, a factor that enhances the relevance of this work. The fire load can be defined as the total amount of energy that can be released by the complete combustion of all combustible materials in a certain area.

The fire load concept has already been used to model the risk of forest fires in areas affected by hurricanes in Mexico (RODRÍGUEZ-TREJO et al., 2011); for predictive studies of forest fire intensity in South Korea (PARK; LEE; OHGA, 2018); for resource optimization in forest fire fighting in California (LEE et al., 2013); and it also served as parameter for the calibration of a fire severity classification system using satellite images in operation in western Malaysia and Indonesia (DYMOND et al., 2005).

The parameters needed to calculate the specific fire load are the heating value and the mass of the material at the same humidity, and the area under consideration. Forest inventories provide estimates of the green volume to be cut (COUTINHO MENEGUZZI et al., 2020) for the construction and operation of transmission lines. By knowing the green volume and the basic density, one can therefore estimate dry mass.

The use of forest inventories is recommended due to their level of detail and the accuracy of available data. Even so, forest inventories usually focus on wood stem information and do not take into account other tree components, i.e.: branches, twigs, foliage, bark and the unmarketable tree crowns (BOUCHARD; LANDRY; GAGNON, 2013).

The higher heating value of wood is defined as the amount of heat generated by the complete combustion of one unit of mass, including the vaporization heat of the constituent water. Basic density is defined by the ratio between the wood’s dry mass at 0% of humidity and its volume obtained above the saturation point of the fibers.

After establishing the necessary parameters, the objective of this work is to calculate the fire load of three transmission line trunks based on the forest inventory study, and to check if the calculated fire loads are of influence on the performance of these installations.

2 MATERIAL AND METHOD

Employing the access to information law (Lei de Acesso à Informação – LAI) (BRASIL, 2011), the forestry inventory studies of three Transmission Line (TL) trunks with an operating voltage of 500 kV were obtained from the licensing executive agency:

• Trunk 1: TL 500 kV Colinas - Ribeiro Gonçalves - São João do Piauí C2, built in 2009 by the utility IENNE (PEREIRA; TAVARES, 2009);

• Trunk 2: TL 500 kV Colinas - Ribeiro Gonçalves - São João do Piauí C1 - Sobradinho, built in 2005 by the utility ATE III (ROCHA et al., 2005);

• Trunk 3: TL 500 kV Teresina II - Sobral III C2, built in 2000 by the utility STN, but with a forest inventory for the stretch between the cities of Teresina-PI and Piripiri-PI, revised in 2019 (ROCHA et al., 2019).

The selection of these transmission lines (Figure 1) for analysis was based on the location of the installations. TLs which were predominantly located in the cerrado biome were prioritized. In addition, another preponderant factor was the availability of forest inventory studies in the archives of the licensing executive agency.

Figure 1
Schematic of the analyzed transmission lines

The inventory data were obtained from different studies. These studies used similar methodologies. In the three cases, corresponding plots of land were selected along the paths of the transmission lines and the forest inventory was conducted inside these plots.

Figure 2 summarizes the methodology applied in the study.

Figure 2
Summary of the methodology

The volume of woody material to be cut, the areas to be deforested and the cataloged individual tree species were identified through the inventory for each of these TLs. Using a Pareto analysis (HARDY, 2010), the species with the highest representation were identified among the inventoried individuals. For this subset of species, a literature study was carried out to identify the Higher Heating Value (HHV) and the corresponding Basic Density (r_b).

Based on the r_b and volume data, the dry masses corresponding to each tree species were calculated using Equation (1). Once the dry wood mass and its HVV were known, the fire load corresponding to each species for each transmission line trunk could be calculated. The sum of the individual fire loads per species divided by the area to be deforested corresponds to the ratio of Equation (2), providing as a result the specific fire loads of the TL trunks. In those cases where it was not possible to identify the HVV and r_b, the means of the data found were used.

$${\rho }_b=\frac{M_S}{V_{sat}}$$ (1)

Where: M_s - Dry wood mass (0% humidity); V_sat - Saturated volume.

$$q_i=\frac{\Sigma M_{i}HH{V}_{i}PC{S}_i}{A_i}$$ (2)

Where: q_i - specific fire load value, in MJ/m²; M_i - total dry mass of each component i of the fuel material, in kg; HHV_iPCS_i - higher heating value of each i-component of the fuel material, in MJ/kg; A_i - area of the space considered, in m².

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In the forest inventories under analysis, 111 species were identified, totaling 4502 distinct arboreal individuals. Three species could not be identified, corresponding to 245 arboreal individuals.

The 108 species identified were divided into 28 botanical families, totaling 4257 arboreal individuals inventoried. The literature was searched regarding the Higher Heating Value (HVV) and basic density (r_b) of each species. The heating value of 64 species and the basic density of 67 species could be identified. The species with an identified HVV and r_b can be seen in Table 1. The species for which these parameters were not identified are listed in the Table 2.

Table 1
Species with Higher Heating Value (HVV) or Basic Density (r_b) identified in the literature

Family	Species	Arboreal individuals (units)	Basic Density ρb (g/cm3)	Higher Heating Value HHV (MJ/kg)
Anacardiaceae	Anacardiaceae 1	21	-	17.40a
	Anacardium humile St. Hilaire	9	0.42b	18.46b
	Anacardium sp	17	0.52c	18.64c
	Astronium fraxinifolium	18	1.13d	-
	Myracrodruom urundeuva	25	0.86cc	19.50e
Annonaceae	Annonaceae 1	15	0.60d	19.17d
	Xylopia aromatica	32	0.59f	19.17f
	Rollinia sp.	80	0.52g	-
Apocynaceae	Aspidosperma pyhfolium Mart.	59	-	20.31h
	Aspidosperma sp.	36	-	19.17h
Arecaceae	Syagrus sp.	81	0.92i	18.33i
Bignoniaceae	Bignoniaceae 1	13	1.05d	20.74d
	Jacaranda sp.2	27	0.35b	19.65b
	Tabebuia	14	1.05c	20.74c
	Tabebuia impetiginosa	18	0.84dd	20.19j
Burseraceae	Protium sp.2	16	0.55k	19.75k
Caryocaraceae	Caryocar coriaceum Wittm.	21	0.61c	20.25c
	Caryocar villosum	18	0.61c	20.25c
Chrysobalanaceae	Hirtella sp 1	14	0.52jj	-
Combretaceae	Buchenavia capitata (Vahl.) Mart.	9	-	16.03l
	Combretaceae 1	27	1.05m	18.65m
	Combretum leprosum Mart.	321	1.05m	18.65m
	Thiloa glaucocarpa (Mart.) Eichler	136	1.05m	18.65m
Dilleniaceae	Curatella americana L.	93	0.67jj	-
Ebenaceae	Diospyros sp1	11	0.64n	19.15o
Erythroxylaceae	Erythroxylum sp.	60	0.54p	20.63p
Euphorbiaceae	Croton sonderianus MCII. Arg.	18	-	19.28h
	Croton sp	38	-	19.28h
	Croton zehntneri pax. & K. Hoffm.	42	-	19.28h
Fabaceae	Acacia sp	35	0.52gg	19.92h
	Anadenanthera sp.6	21	-	18.76q
	Andira fraxinifolia Benth.	31	0.92d	20.34r
	Andira humilis Mart. ex Benth.	12	0.42jj	-
	Bauhinia sp	99	0.71s	18.83s
	Bowdichia virgilioides H, B & K.	16	0.69jj	19.97q
	Caesalpinia aff. pyramida'is Tul.	22	0.98ee	17.53t
	Caesalpinia ferrea	24	-	20.68h
	Caesalpinia microphyila Mart.	24	-	17.53t
	Cenostigma gardnerianum Tul.	157	0.80ii	19.49u
	Cenostigma macrophyllum	203	1.20v	20.27v
	Cenostigma pyramidale	136	-	17.53t
	Copaifera langsdorffii Desf.	27	0.65ii	18.89h
	Dalbergia sp	157	0.77p	20.48p
	Dimorphandra mollis	18	0.70p	20.67p
	Hymenaea courbaril L.	62	0.88b	20.05b
	Hymenaea stigonocarpa	63	0.78p	20.30p
	Luetzelburgia auriculata	22	0.37m	40.33m
	Machaerium sp.3	36	0.99d	-
	Mimosa acutistipula genth.	14	0.86d	19.46d
	Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth.	21	0.86d	19.46d
	Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd.) poiret	63	0.86m	19.46t
	Piptadenia moniliformis Benth.	387	0.65ii	19.59h
	Platypodium elegans Vogel	42	0.82d	-
	Sclerolobium aureum	91	0.61ff	18.79m
	Sclerolobium paniculatum Vogel	105	0.72m	22.70m
Flacourtiaceae	Casearia decandra	31	0.63w	-
Liyhraceae	Lafoensia pacari	27	0.74p	20.03p
Malpighiaceae	Byrsonima verbascifolia	10	0.48p	19.96p
	Byrsonima sp.	62	0.58p	20.14p
Malvaceae	Guazuma ulmifolia Lam.	12	0.55w	-
	Apeiba tibourbou	12	0.32jj	-
	Luehea candicans	24	0.49jj	-
Moraceae	Brosimum gaudichaudii	19	0.65hh	19.64x
Myrtaceae	Campomanesia xanthocarpa	37	0.86d	-
	Eugenia sp	83	-	19.02h
	Eugenia dysenterica	15	0.66jj	-
	Myrcia sp	31	0.68f	19.13f
	Myrcia sp.5	13	0.68f	19.13f
	Psidium sp.1	21	0.20p	20.01p
	Myrtaceae sp.	76	0.45y	18.39z
Opiliaceae	Agonandra brasiliensis	11	0.67jj	-
Polygonaceae	Coccoloba sp	11	0.71aa	-
Rubiaceae	Posoqueria sp	18	0.71jj	-
	Rubiaceae sp.	39	-	21.32bb
Sapotaceae	Pouteria ramiflora (Mart) Radlk.	18	0.70p	20.00p
	Pouteria sp.3	12	0.90p	20.41p
Verbenaceae	Aloysia virgata	15	0.60ii	-
Vochysiaceae	Qualea grandiflora Mart.	113	0.69m	20.48m
	Qualea parviflora Mart.	78	0.69p	19.71p
	Salvertia covallariaeodora	22	0.59jj	-
	Simarouba amara	30	0.35b	19.36b

• Source: Authors (2021)
  In where:
• ^a
  (PONTE et al., 2019) apud (COSTA, 2021);
• ^b
  (QUIRINO et al., 2005) apud (COSTA, 2021);
• ^c
  (QUIRINO et al., 2005) apud (COSTA, 2021);
• ^d
  (FILHO; SARTORELLI, 2015) apud (COSTA, 2021);
• ^e
  (SILVA et al., 2017) apud (COSTA, 2021);
• ^f
  (SILVA, 2014) apud (COSTA, 2021);
• ^g
  (ARAUJO, 2002) apud (COSTA, 2021);
• ^h
  (QUIRINO et al., 2005) apud (COSTA, 2021);
• ⁱ
  (OLIVEIRA, 2013) apud (COSTA, 2021);
• ^j
  (VALE; FELFILI, 2005) apud (COSTA, 2021);
• ^k
  (INGA; CASTILLO, 1984) apud (COSTA, 2021);
• ^l
  (QUIRINO et al., 2005) apud (COSTA, 2021);
• ^m
  (MACHADO NETO, 2013) apud (COSTA, 2021);
• ⁿ
  (CUNHA, 2019) apud (COSTA, 2021);
• ^o
  (CLINE-COLE; LAST; RICHARDS, 1945) apud (COSTA, 2021);
• ^p
  (VALE; BRASIL; LEÃO, 2002) apud (COSTA, 2021);
• ^q
  (QUIRINO et al., 2005) apud (COSTA, 2021);
• ^r
  (MORI et al., 2003) apud (COSTA, 2021);
• ^s
  (KUMAR JAIN, 1992) apud (COSTA, 2021);
• ^t
  (JÚNIOR et al., 2015) apud (COSTA, 2021);
• ^u
  (BRAND et al., 2016) apud (COSTA, 2021);
• ^v
  (ARAÚJO et al., 2018) apud (COSTA, 2021);
• ^w
  (COSTA et al., 2014) apud (COSTA, 2021);
• ^x
  (MARABOTO et al., 1989) apud (COSTA, 2021);
• ^y
  (HSING; PAULA; PAULA, 2016) apud (COSTA, 2021);
• ^z
  (HABITZREITER et al., 2020) apud (COSTA, 2021);
• ^aa
  (MARQUEZ-REYNOSO et al., 2017) apud (COSTA, 2021);
• ^bb
  (VALE; FIEDLER; SILVA, 2005) apud (COSTA, 2021);
• ^cc
  (SIQUEIRA et al., 2013) apud (COSTA, 2021);
• ^dd
  (IPT, 1989) apud (COSTA, 2021);
• ^ee
  (SILVA et al., 2009) apud (COSTA, 2021);
• ^ff
  (MACHADO NETO et al., 2015) apud (COSTA, 2021);
• ^gg
  (VALE; BRASIL; MARTINS, 1999) apud (COSTA, 2021);
• ^hh
  (NOGUEIRA, 2008) apud (COSTA, 2021);
• ⁱⁱ
  (HENNE et al., 2017) apud (COSTA, 2021); e
• ^jj
  (OLIVEIRA, 2014) apud (COSTA, 2021).

In Table 1 there are 4017 tree individuals which had their respective HVV or r_b identified, but it was not possible to identify the HVV and r_b of 240 individuals of 11 species, that is, 5.6%, as can be seen in Table 2.

Table 2
Species with no identification of the Higher Heating Value (HVV) and Basic Density (ρ_b) in the literature

Family	Species	Arboreal individuals (units)
Indeterminate	Indeterminate 00	135
	Indeterminate 01	88
	Indeterminate 06	22
Arecaceae	Bactris setosa	74
Chrysobalanaceae	Hirtella ciliata Mart. & Zucc.	16
Fabaceae	Fabaceae sp.04	17
	Parkia platycephala Benth.	8
	Swartzia flaemingii Raddi	12
	Vouacapoua sp.1	12
Lamiaceae	Vitex sp	77
Melastomataceae	Mouriri elliptica Mart.	24

• Source: Authors (2021)

Based on the data in Table 1, the mean HVV and ρ_b values of the species found in each of the transmission line trunks under analysis were calculated. The results obtained can be seen in Table 3.

Table 3
Means of the Higher Heating Value (HVV) and Basic Density (ρ_b) per transmission line trunk

Trunks	Stretches	Average Basic Density - rb (kg/m3)	Average Higher Heating Value – HHV (MJ/kg)
1	Colinas - São João	680	19.68
2	Colinas - Sobradinho	710	19.72
3	Teresina II - Sobral III	740	20.40

• Source: Authors (2021)

An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried out of the basic density and higher heating value means found for the three trunks in Table 3. For the basic density, an F-statistic of 0.78 was found for a critical value of 3.11; that is, there was no significant difference (p<0.05) between the means. As for the Higher Heating Value, an F-statistic of 0.51 was found, lower than the critical value of 3.11; that is, no significant difference (p<0.05) was found between the means.

The HVV and ρ_b means were used as reference for the species of Table 2 with no values identified in the literature search.

The forest inventories analyzed provide information on the average volume per individual tree cataloged. With the ρ_b and volume information, it is possible to calculate wood mass per species using Equation (1). Using Equation (2), it is possible to obtain the specific fire load of each transmission line trunk under analysis, as shown in Table 4.

Table 4
Specific fire load per transmission line trunk

Trunks	Stretches	Mass (ton)	Heating Value (MJ/kg)	Area (km2)	Specific fire load (MJ/m2)
1	Colinas – São João	16,173.86	19.68	3.58	88.94
2	Colinas – Sobradinho	21,853.17	19.72	12.81	33.65
3	Teresina II – Sobral III	16,671.70	20.40	1.98	171.78

• Source: Authors (2021)

There is clearly a big difference between the specific fire load values of the analyzed transmission line trunks. In order to assess whether this difference is related to the electrical performance of the line, the forced outages were analyzed that occurred in the three line stretches in 2018 and 2019. Table 5 shows the performance results per trunk.

Table 5
Relative quantity of forced outages in the analyzed transmission line trunks

Trunks	Transmission Lines at 500 kV	Outages	Line extension (Km)	Trunk outages	Trunk extension (km)	Outages/ 100 km
1	Colinas / Rib.Goncalves C2	4	367	17	720	2.50
	Rib.Goncalves / S.Joao Piaui C2	13	353
2	Colinas / Rib.Goncalves C1	4	367	18	930	1.72
	Rib.Goncalves / S.Joao Piaui C1	14	353
	S.Joao Piaui / Sobradinho C2	0	210
3	Teresina II / Sobral III C1	5	152	5	152	3.29

• Source: Authors (2021)

Different lines in a trunk had to be grouped for the analysis of performance due to the way in which the forest inventories under analysis were obtained. Trunk 1 comprised of two 500 kV transmission lines in the stretch between Colinas-TO and São João do Piauí-PI. Trunk 2 corresponds to three 500 kV transmission lines in the stretch between Colinas-TO and Sobradinho-BA. Trunk 3 corresponds to a 152 km stretch of the 500 kV Teresina II - Sobral III, between the cities of Teresina-PI and Piripiri-PI. The forest inventory of trunk 3 was published in 2019, fifteen years after the line went into commercial operation, as the result of a request for review of the environmental licensing at the executive licensing agency. The utility responsible for the line took this step due to poor performance: This important power transmission line has suffered a high amount of outages due to forest fires that impact its administrative right-or-way range. In the last two years, we registered 36 outages, putting the electric power supply of our northeast region at risk. The Brazilian Electrical Energy Agency - ANEEL, which monitors the operating results of the national electrical system monthly, classified the TL Teresina II - Sobral II as the SIN - National Interconnected System line with the highest number of outages due to forest fires, and as such it is demanding measures from this Transmitter to reduce this rate. (ROCHA et al., 2019).

The poor performance observed by the regulatory agency was registered in periods prior to 2017. Nevertheless, in the period analyzed in this article, the TL 500 kV Teresina II - Sobral III was the transmission line with the highest number of outages per 100 km stretch. A correlation analysis between the fire load and the number of outages per 100 km was performed and is described in Figure 3.

Figure 3
Transmission line outages per 100 km of line as a function of fire load

Figure 3 reveals a high correlation (R²=0.9877) between the specific fire load and the number of outages per 100 km on each transmission line trunk. The result shows that the characteristics of the arboreal species traversed by the transmission lines have a preponderant influence on the performance of these installations. This result makes it clear that stretches with dense forest should be avoided when selecting new transmission line paths, not only due to environmental factors, but also because of the better operational performance and lower maintenance costs of the transmission lines.

The means comparison test (ANOVA) of the basic density and Higher Heating Value of the timber species in the inventories revealed that there is no statistically significant difference between the transmission line trunks under study. Considering the data on the mass and areas available for deforesting in Table 3, one can see that there is a significant difference in the biomass density between the different trunks under study. The reason for this can be explained by the physiognomy of the vegetation existing in each trunk.

In trunk 1, the total deforested area was estimated at 3.58 km². Of this plot, 8.14% corresponded to the caatinga biome, 38.38% to forest and 53.48% to cerrado (PEREIRA; TAVARES, 2009). In trunk 2, the estimated deforested area was 12.81 km², with 20.00% corresponding to the caatinga area, 27.18% to a transitional area and 52.81% to cerrado (ROCHA et al., 2005). Finally, trunk 3 had an estimated suppressed area of 1.98 km², containing 25.81% of cerrado, 34.67% of ecological tension zone and 39.50% of semideciduous seasonal forest (ROCHA et al., 2019).

Trunk 3 is more vulnerable to outages caused by fires, and as can be seen it has the characteristic of possessing 74.17% of its area classified as semideciduous seasonal forest or ecological tension zone. In this trunk, the smallest proportion of cerrado (25.81%) was also found, which is the dominant physiognomy in more than half of the areas corresponding to trunks 1 and 2.

As they are less humid formations, semideciduous seasonal forests seem to be more exposed to the occurrence of fires (ARAÚJO FILHO, 2020).

According to Peixoto et al. (PEIXOTO et al., 2012), semideciduous seasonal forests can increase the richness and diversity of species when exposed to fires. This behavior could be related to the opening of clearings that favor the establishment of pioneering and secondary species. Over time, this characteristic may explain the greater fire load observed in these areas.

Climatic factors can also influence the performance of the trunks regarding fires, but this information is not available in the forest inventories under analysis.

4 CONCLUSION

Based on the analysis of forest inventories and past scientific studies, it was possible to evaluate the energy quality of the vegetation present in the areas of influence of the transmission lines operating at a voltage of five hundred thousand volts. The calculated specific fire loads were compared with the performance of these lines. The results showed a high correlation (R²=0.9877) between the fire load and the number of line outages, revealing the influence of vegetation on the operation of these installations. The analysis of the inventories also revealed that the lines with the highest outage rates crossed areas predominantly classified as semideciduous seasonal forest or ecological tension zone.

How to quote this article

• Costa, T. R. V.; Vale, A. T.; Lima, C. M. Impact of the specific fire load on the performance of power transmission lines. Ciência Florestal, Santa Maria, v. 33, n. 1, e64029, p. 1-18, 2023. DOI 10.5902/1980509864029. Available from: https://doi.org/10.5902/1980509864029.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  26 June 2023
• Date of issue
  2023

History

• Received
  31 Jan 2021
• Accepted
  16 Nov 2022
• Published
  28 Mar 2023