Reviewing the limb apraxia concept: From definition to cognitive neuropsychological models

Mantovani-Nagaoka, Joana; Ortiz, Karin Zazo

doi:10.1590/S1980-57642010DN40300004

Abstract

Apraxia is a disorder of learned skilled movements, in the absence of elementary motor or sensory deficits and general cognitive impairment such as inattention to commands, object-recognition deficits or poor oral comprehension. The first studies on apraxia were performed between the late 19^th and early 20^th centuries, however controversy remains in praxis literature concerning apraxia types, neuroanatomical and functional correlates, as well as assessment and treatment of apraxia. Thus, a critical review of the literature was conducted searching the literature for evidence contributing to a more detailed description of apraxia and its clinical patterns, physiopathology and clinico-anatomical correlations, as well as apraxia assessment.

Key words:
apraxias; neuropsychology; apraxia; ideomotor

Resumo

A apraxia é um distúrbio da realização de gestos ou atos motores aprendidos sem que haja anormalidades em canais sensoriais aferentes ou motores eferentes, deterioração intelectual, nem alteração de atenção ou de compreensão dos comandos verbais. Os estudos sobre a apraxia iniciaram-se entre o fim do século XIX e início do século XX, no entanto, a literatura ainda apresenta controvérsias no que se refere à classificação desse quadro, seus substratos neuroanatômicos e funcionais, bem como suas formas de avaliação e tratamento. Assim, o presente estudo realizou uma revisão crítica da literatura visando buscar evidências científicas que contribuam para melhor delinear a apraxia e suas formas de manifestação clínica, sua fisiopatologia e as correlações anátomofisiológicas, bem como suas formas de avaliação.

Palavras-chave:
apraxias; neuropsicologia; apraxia ideomotora

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References

Geschwind N. The apraxias: neural mechanisms of disorders of learned movement. Am Sci 1975;63:188-195.
Carrilho PEM. Apraxias ideomotora e ideatória. In: Nitrini R, Caramelli P, Mansur LL. Neuropsicologia das bases anatômicas à reabilitação. São Paulo: Clínica Neurológica do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, 1996.
Rothi LJ, Ochipa C, Heilman KM. A cognitive neuropsychological model of limb praxis and apraxia. In: Rothi LJ, Heilman KM. Apraxia: the neuropsychology of action. Psychology Press, 1997.
Wheaton LA, Hallet M. Ideomotor apraxia: areview. J Neurol Sci 2007;260:1-10.
Geschwind N. Disconnexion syndromes in animals and man. Brain 1965;88:237-294.
De Renzi E, Pieczuro A, Vignolo LA. Ideational apraxia: a quantitative study. Neuropsychologia 1968;6:41-52.
Goldenberg G. Imitating gestures and manipulating a manikin: the representation of the human body in ideomotor apraxia. Neuropsychologia 1995;33:63-72.
Goldenberg G, Strauss S. Hemisphere asymmetries for imitation of novel gestures. Neurology 2002;59:893-897.
Goldenberg G, Hermsdörfer J, Spatt J. Ideomotor apraxia and cerebral dominance for motor control. Cog Brain Res 1996; 3:95-100.
Ochipa C, Rothi LJG, Heilman KM. Ideational apraxia: a deficit in tool selection and use. Ann Neurol 1989;25:190-193.
Ochipa C, Rothi LJG, Heilman KM. Conduction apraxia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1994;57:1241-1244.
Politis DG. Alteraciones en la imitación gestual (apraxia de conducción). Rev Neurol 2004;38:741-745.
Cubelli R, Marchetti C, Boscolo G e Sala SD. Cognition in action: testing a model of limb apraxia. Brain Cog 2000;44:144-165.
Bartolo A, Cubelli R, Sala SD, Drei S, Marchetti C. Double dissociation between meaningful and meaningless gesture reproduction in apraxia. Cortex 2000;37:696-699.
Hanna-Pladdy B, Daniels SK, Fieselman MA, et al. Praxis lateralization: errors in right and left hemisphere stroke. Cortex 2001;37:219-230.
Bartolo A, Cubelli R, Della Sala S, Drei S. Pantomimes are special gestures which rely on working memory. Brain Cog 2003;53:483-494.
Schnider A, Hanlon RE, Alexander DN, Benson DF. Ideomotor apraxia: behavioral dimensions and neuroanatomical basis. Brain Lang 1997;58:125-136.
Raymer AM, Maher LM, Foundas AL, Heilman KM, Rothi LJG. The significance os tool errors in limb apraxia. Brain Cog 1997;34:287-292.
Duffy R, Duffy JR. An investigation of body part as object (BPO) responses in normal and brain-damaged adults. Brain Cog 1989:220-236.
Hermsdörfer J, Terlinder G, Mühlau M, Goldenberg G, Wohlschläger AM. Neural representations of pantomimed and actual tool use: evidence from an event-related fMRI study. Neuroimage 2007;36:T109-T118.
Moll J, Oliveira-Souza R, Souza-Lima F, Andreiuolo PA. Activation of left intraparietal sulcus using a fMRI conceptual praxis paradigm. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 1998;56:808-811.
Buxbaum LJ, Kyle K, Grossman M, Coslett HB. Left inferior parietal representations for skilled hand-object interactions: evidence from stroke and corticobasal degeneration. Cortex 2007;43:411-423.
Frey SH. What puts the how in where? Tool use and the divided visual streams hypothesis. Cortex 2007;43:368-375.
Chipman K, Hampson E. A female advantage in the serial production of non-representational learned gestures. Neuropsychologia 2006;44:2315-2329.
Pedersen PM, Jorgensen HS, Kammersgaard LP, et al. Manual and oral apraxia in acute stroke, frequency and influence on functional outcome: the Copenhagen stroke study. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2001;80:685-692.
Okamoto IH. Influência da escolaridade na avaliação das praxias em uma população idosa normal. [Tese de mestrado] Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, 1997.
Nitrini R, Caramelli P, Herrera Jr E, Charchat-Fichman H, Porto CS. Performance in Luria's fist-edge-palm test according to educational level. Cog Behav Neurol 2005;18:211-214.
Ardila A, Ostrosky-Solis F, Rosselli M, Gomez C. Age-related cognitive decline during normal aging: the complex effect of education. Arch Clin Neuropsychol2000 ;15:495-513.

Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
Jul-Sep 2010

History

Received
15 Nov 2009
Accepted
12 Mar 2010

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License

[1] Geschwind N. The apraxias: neural mechanisms of disorders of learned movement. Am Sci 1975;63:188-195.

[2] Carrilho PEM. Apraxias ideomotora e ideatória. In: Nitrini R, Caramelli P, Mansur LL. Neuropsicologia das bases anatômicas à reabilitação. São Paulo: Clínica Neurológica do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, 1996.

[3] Rothi LJ, Ochipa C, Heilman KM. A cognitive neuropsychological model of limb praxis and apraxia. In: Rothi LJ, Heilman KM. Apraxia: the neuropsychology of action. Psychology Press, 1997.

[4] Wheaton LA, Hallet M. Ideomotor apraxia: areview. J Neurol Sci 2007;260:1-10.

[5] Geschwind N. Disconnexion syndromes in animals and man. Brain 1965;88:237-294.

[6] De Renzi E, Pieczuro A, Vignolo LA. Ideational apraxia: a quantitative study. Neuropsychologia 1968;6:41-52.

[7] Goldenberg G. Imitating gestures and manipulating a manikin: the representation of the human body in ideomotor apraxia. Neuropsychologia 1995;33:63-72.

[8] Goldenberg G, Strauss S. Hemisphere asymmetries for imitation of novel gestures. Neurology 2002;59:893-897.

[9] Goldenberg G, Hermsdörfer J, Spatt J. Ideomotor apraxia and cerebral dominance for motor control. Cog Brain Res 1996; 3:95-100.

[10] Ochipa C, Rothi LJG, Heilman KM. Ideational apraxia: a deficit in tool selection and use. Ann Neurol 1989;25:190-193.

[11] Ochipa C, Rothi LJG, Heilman KM. Conduction apraxia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1994;57:1241-1244.

[12] Politis DG. Alteraciones en la imitación gestual (apraxia de conducción). Rev Neurol 2004;38:741-745.

[13] Cubelli R, Marchetti C, Boscolo G e Sala SD. Cognition in action: testing a model of limb apraxia. Brain Cog 2000;44:144-165.

[14] Bartolo A, Cubelli R, Sala SD, Drei S, Marchetti C. Double dissociation between meaningful and meaningless gesture reproduction in apraxia. Cortex 2000;37:696-699.

[15] Hanna-Pladdy B, Daniels SK, Fieselman MA, et al. Praxis lateralization: errors in right and left hemisphere stroke. Cortex 2001;37:219-230.

[16] Bartolo A, Cubelli R, Della Sala S, Drei S. Pantomimes are special gestures which rely on working memory. Brain Cog 2003;53:483-494.

[17] Schnider A, Hanlon RE, Alexander DN, Benson DF. Ideomotor apraxia: behavioral dimensions and neuroanatomical basis. Brain Lang 1997;58:125-136.

[18] Raymer AM, Maher LM, Foundas AL, Heilman KM, Rothi LJG. The significance os tool errors in limb apraxia. Brain Cog 1997;34:287-292.

[19] Duffy R, Duffy JR. An investigation of body part as object (BPO) responses in normal and brain-damaged adults. Brain Cog 1989:220-236.

[20] Hermsdörfer J, Terlinder G, Mühlau M, Goldenberg G, Wohlschläger AM. Neural representations of pantomimed and actual tool use: evidence from an event-related fMRI study. Neuroimage 2007;36:T109-T118.

[21] Moll J, Oliveira-Souza R, Souza-Lima F, Andreiuolo PA. Activation of left intraparietal sulcus using a fMRI conceptual praxis paradigm. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 1998;56:808-811.

[22] Buxbaum LJ, Kyle K, Grossman M, Coslett HB. Left inferior parietal representations for skilled hand-object interactions: evidence from stroke and corticobasal degeneration. Cortex 2007;43:411-423.

[23] Frey SH. What puts the how in where? Tool use and the divided visual streams hypothesis. Cortex 2007;43:368-375.

[24] Chipman K, Hampson E. A female advantage in the serial production of non-representational learned gestures. Neuropsychologia 2006;44:2315-2329.

[25] Pedersen PM, Jorgensen HS, Kammersgaard LP, et al. Manual and oral apraxia in acute stroke, frequency and influence on functional outcome: the Copenhagen stroke study. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2001;80:685-692.

[26] Okamoto IH. Influência da escolaridade na avaliação das praxias em uma população idosa normal. [Tese de mestrado] Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, 1997.

[27] Nitrini R, Caramelli P, Herrera Jr E, Charchat-Fichman H, Porto CS. Performance in Luria's fist-edge-palm test according to educational level. Cog Behav Neurol 2005;18:211-214.

[28] Ardila A, Ostrosky-Solis F, Rosselli M, Gomez C. Age-related cognitive decline during normal aging: the complex effect of education. Arch Clin Neuropsychol2000 ;15:495-513.

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