Computerized Neurocognitive Test (CNT) in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease

Oliveira, Maira Okada de; Brucki, Sonia Maria Dozzi

doi:10.1590/S1980-57642014DN82000005

ABSTRACT

Currently, computerized batteries are of great value in detecting cognitive impairment. This aim of this review was to compare the computerized neurocognitive batteries used in most studies with cognitive decline over the last 10 years. Using the search words computerized cognitive assessment with: dementia, mild cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer's disease, the CogState, CNS Vital Sings, COGDRAS and Mindstreams batteries were retrieved.

Key words:
computerized neurocognitive tests; computerized neuropsychological tests; Alzheimer's disease; mild cognitive impairment; elderly; cognition

RESUMO

Atualmente, baterias de testes computadorizados têm sido de grande valor na detecção de comprometimento cognitivo. Esta revisão teve como objetivo comparar as baterias cognitivas computadorizadas que foram utilizadas nos últimos 10 anos, na maioria dos estudos com declínio cognitivo. Usando as palavras avaliação cognitiva computadorizada com: demência, comprometimento cognitivo leve e doença de Alzheimer nós encontramos as baterias CogState, CNS Vital Signs, COGDRAS e Mindstreams.

Palavras-chave:
testes neurocognitivos computadorizados; testes neuropsicológicos computadorizados; doença de Alzheimer; comprometimento cognitivo leve; idosos; cognição

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REFERENCES

¹
Wild K, Howieson D, Webbe F, Seelye A, KayenJ. Status of computerized cognitive testing in aging: A systematic review. Alzheimers Dement 2008; 4: 428-437.
²
Gualtieri CT, Johson LG. Reability and validity of a computerized neurocognitive test battery, CNS Vital Signs. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2006;21:623-643.
³
Silverberg NB, Ryan LM, Carrillo MC et al. Assessment of cognition in early dementia. Alzheimers Dement 2011;7:e60-e76.
⁴
Elwood RW. MicroCog: assessment of cognitive functioning. Neuropsychol Rev 2001;11: 89-100.
⁵
Égerházi A, Berecz R, Bartók E, Degrell I. Automated Neuropsychological Test Battery (CANTAB) in mild cognitive impairment and in Alzheimer's disease. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2007;31:746-751.
⁶
Martin TA. Ethical challenges with the use of information technology and telecommunications in neuropsychology. In: Bush S. A casebook of ethical challenges in neuropsychology. London and New York: Taylor & Francis, 2005.
⁷
CogState. The global leader in assessing, monitoring and improving cognition. Acessed on: http://cogstate.com/academic/#.Uvef32JdWSo
» http://cogstate.com/academic/#.Uvef32JdWSo
⁸
Gualtieri T, Computerized Neurocognitive Testing and its Potential for Modern Psychiatry. Psychiatry (Edgmont). 2004;1:29-36.
⁹
Lim YY, Jaeger J, Harrington K, et al. Three-Month Stability of the CogState Brief Battery in Healthy Older Adults, Mild Cognitive Impairment, and Alzheimer's Disease: Results from the Australian Imaging, Biomarkers, and Lifestyle-Rate of Change Substudy (AIBL-ROCS). Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2013;28:320-330.
¹⁰
Hammers D, Spurgeon E, Ryan K, et al. Reliability of Repeated Cognitive Assessment of Dementia Using a Brief Computerized Battery. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen. 2011;26:326-333.
¹¹
Hammers D, Spurgeon E, Ryan K, el al. Validity of a Brief Computerized Cognitive Screening Test in Dementia. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2012;25:89-99.
¹²
Darby DG, Pietrzak RH, Fredrickson J. Intraindividual cognitive decline using a brief computerized cognitive screening test. Alzheimers Dement. 2012;8:95-104
¹³
Gualtieri CT, Johnson LG. Neurocognitive testing supports a broader concept of mild cognitive impairment. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2005;20:359-366.
¹⁴
Gualtieri CT, Johnson LG. Reliability and validity of a computerized neurocognitive test battery, CNS Vital Signs. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2006;21:623- 43.
¹⁵
Simpson PM, Surmon DJ, Wesnes KA, Wilcock GK. The Cognitive Drug Research Computerized Assessment System for demented patients: a validation study. Int J Geriatr Soc 1991;6:95-102.
¹⁶
Wens L. Impliciet en expliciet geheugen bij dementie van het Alzheimertype. Faculteit Psychologische en Pedagogische Wetenschappen, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 1993.
¹⁷
De Lepeleire J, Heyrman J, Baro F, Buntinx F. A combination of tests for the diagnosis of dementia had a significant diagnostic value. J Clin Epidemiol 2005;58:217-225.
¹⁸
Galvin JE, Cornblatt B, Newhouse P, et al. Effects of galantamine on measures of attention: results from 2 clinical trials in Alzheimer disease patients with comparisons to donepezil. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2008;22:30-38.
¹⁹
Wesnes K, Edgar C, Andreasen N, et al. Computerized cognition assessment during acetylcholinesterase inhibitor treatment in Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neurol Scand 2010;122:270-277.
²⁰
Dwolatzky T, Whitehead V, Doniger GM et al. Validity of a novel computerized cognitive battery for mild cognitive impairment. BMC Geriatrics 2003,3:4.
²¹
Dwolatzky T, Dimant L, Simon ES, Doniger GM. Validity of a short computerized assessment battery for moderate cognitive impairment and dementia. Int Psychogeriatr 2010;22:795-803.
²²
Fillit HM, Simon ES, Doniger GM, Cummings JL. Practicality of a computerized system for cognitive assessment in the elderly. Alzheimers Dement 2008;4:14-21
²³
Yesavage JA, Brink TL, Rose TL, et al.: Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: A preliminary report. J Psychiatr Res 1982;17:37-49.
²⁴
Alexopoulos GS, Abrams RC, Young RC, et al. Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia. Biol Psychiatry 1988;23:271-284.
²⁵
Doniger GM, Dwolatzky T, Zucker DM, Chertkow H, Crystal H, Schweiger A, Simon ES. Computerized cognitive testing battery identifies mild cognitive impairment and mild dementia even in the presence of depressive symptoms. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2006;21: 28-36.
²⁶
Doniger GM, Zucker DM, Schweiger A, et al. Towards practical cognitive assessment for detection of early dementia: a 30-minute computerized battery discriminates as well as longer testing. Curr Alzheimer Res 2005;2:117-124.
²⁷
Doniger GM, Jo MY, Simon ES, Crystal HA. Computerized cognitive assessment of mild cognitive impairment in urban African Americans. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2009;24:396-403.
²⁸
Nasreddine ZS, Phillips NA, Bedirian V, et al. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. J Am Geriatr Soc 2005;53:695-699.
²⁹
Lifshitz M, Dwolatzky T, Press Y. Validation of the Hebrew version of the MoCA test as a screening instrument for the early detection of mildcognitive impairment in elderly individuals. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2012;25:155-161.
³⁰
Charchat H, Nitrini R, Caramelli P, Sameshima K. Investigação de marcadores clínicos dos estágios iniciais da doença de Alzheimer com testes neuropsicológicos computadorizados. Psicol Reflex Crít 2001;14:305-316.
³¹
Levinson D, Reeves D, Watson J, Harrison M. Automated neuropsychological assessment metrics (ANAM) measures of cognitive effects of Alzheimer's disease. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2005;20:403-408.
³²
Saxton J, Morrow L, Eschman A, Archer G, Luther J, Zuccolotto A. Computer assessment of mild cognitive impairment. Postgrad Med 2009;121:177-185.
³³
Tornatore JB, Hill E, Laboff J, McGann ME. Selfadministered screening for mild cognitive impairment: Initial validation of a computerized test battery. J Neuropsychiatr Clin Neurosci 2005;17:98-105.
³⁴
Fowler KS, Saling MM, Conway EL Semple JM, Louis WJ. Computerized neuropsychological tests in the early detection of dementia: prospective findings. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 1997;3:139-146.
³⁵
De Jager CA, Milwain E, Budge M. Early detection of isolated memory deficits in the elderly: the need for more sensitive neuropsychological tests. Psychol Med 2002;32:483-491.
³⁶
DeLepeliere J, Heyrman J, Baro F, Buntinx F. A combination of tests for the diagnosis of dementiahad a significant diagnostic value. J Clin Epidemiol 2005; 58: 217-225.
³⁷
Cummings J, Gould H, Zhong K. Advances in designs for Alzheimer's disease clinical trials. Am J Neurodegener Dis 2012;1:205-216.

Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
Apr-Jun 2014

History

Received
12 Nov 2013
Accepted
26 Jan 2014

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License

[1] ¹
Wild K, Howieson D, Webbe F, Seelye A, KayenJ. Status of computerized cognitive testing in aging: A systematic review. Alzheimers Dement 2008; 4: 428-437.

[2] ²
Gualtieri CT, Johson LG. Reability and validity of a computerized neurocognitive test battery, CNS Vital Signs. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2006;21:623-643.

[3] ³
Silverberg NB, Ryan LM, Carrillo MC et al. Assessment of cognition in early dementia. Alzheimers Dement 2011;7:e60-e76.

[4] ⁴
Elwood RW. MicroCog: assessment of cognitive functioning. Neuropsychol Rev 2001;11: 89-100.

[5] ⁵
Égerházi A, Berecz R, Bartók E, Degrell I. Automated Neuropsychological Test Battery (CANTAB) in mild cognitive impairment and in Alzheimer's disease. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2007;31:746-751.

[6] ⁶
Martin TA. Ethical challenges with the use of information technology and telecommunications in neuropsychology. In: Bush S. A casebook of ethical challenges in neuropsychology. London and New York: Taylor & Francis, 2005.

[7] ⁷
CogState. The global leader in assessing, monitoring and improving cognition. Acessed on: http://cogstate.com/academic/#.Uvef32JdWSo
» http://cogstate.com/academic/#.Uvef32JdWSo

[8] ⁸
Gualtieri T, Computerized Neurocognitive Testing and its Potential for Modern Psychiatry. Psychiatry (Edgmont). 2004;1:29-36.

[9] ⁹
Lim YY, Jaeger J, Harrington K, et al. Three-Month Stability of the CogState Brief Battery in Healthy Older Adults, Mild Cognitive Impairment, and Alzheimer's Disease: Results from the Australian Imaging, Biomarkers, and Lifestyle-Rate of Change Substudy (AIBL-ROCS). Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2013;28:320-330.

[10] ¹⁰
Hammers D, Spurgeon E, Ryan K, et al. Reliability of Repeated Cognitive Assessment of Dementia Using a Brief Computerized Battery. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen. 2011;26:326-333.

[11] ¹¹
Hammers D, Spurgeon E, Ryan K, el al. Validity of a Brief Computerized Cognitive Screening Test in Dementia. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2012;25:89-99.

[12] ¹²
Darby DG, Pietrzak RH, Fredrickson J. Intraindividual cognitive decline using a brief computerized cognitive screening test. Alzheimers Dement. 2012;8:95-104

[13] ¹³
Gualtieri CT, Johnson LG. Neurocognitive testing supports a broader concept of mild cognitive impairment. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2005;20:359-366.

[14] ¹⁴
Gualtieri CT, Johnson LG. Reliability and validity of a computerized neurocognitive test battery, CNS Vital Signs. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2006;21:623- 43.

[15] ¹⁵
Simpson PM, Surmon DJ, Wesnes KA, Wilcock GK. The Cognitive Drug Research Computerized Assessment System for demented patients: a validation study. Int J Geriatr Soc 1991;6:95-102.

[16] ¹⁶
Wens L. Impliciet en expliciet geheugen bij dementie van het Alzheimertype. Faculteit Psychologische en Pedagogische Wetenschappen, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 1993.

[17] ¹⁷
De Lepeleire J, Heyrman J, Baro F, Buntinx F. A combination of tests for the diagnosis of dementia had a significant diagnostic value. J Clin Epidemiol 2005;58:217-225.

[18] ¹⁸
Galvin JE, Cornblatt B, Newhouse P, et al. Effects of galantamine on measures of attention: results from 2 clinical trials in Alzheimer disease patients with comparisons to donepezil. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2008;22:30-38.

[19] ¹⁹
Wesnes K, Edgar C, Andreasen N, et al. Computerized cognition assessment during acetylcholinesterase inhibitor treatment in Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neurol Scand 2010;122:270-277.

[20] ²⁰
Dwolatzky T, Whitehead V, Doniger GM et al. Validity of a novel computerized cognitive battery for mild cognitive impairment. BMC Geriatrics 2003,3:4.

[21] ²¹
Dwolatzky T, Dimant L, Simon ES, Doniger GM. Validity of a short computerized assessment battery for moderate cognitive impairment and dementia. Int Psychogeriatr 2010;22:795-803.

[22] ²²
Fillit HM, Simon ES, Doniger GM, Cummings JL. Practicality of a computerized system for cognitive assessment in the elderly. Alzheimers Dement 2008;4:14-21

[23] ²³
Yesavage JA, Brink TL, Rose TL, et al.: Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: A preliminary report. J Psychiatr Res 1982;17:37-49.

[24] ²⁴
Alexopoulos GS, Abrams RC, Young RC, et al. Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia. Biol Psychiatry 1988;23:271-284.

[25] ²⁵
Doniger GM, Dwolatzky T, Zucker DM, Chertkow H, Crystal H, Schweiger A, Simon ES. Computerized cognitive testing battery identifies mild cognitive impairment and mild dementia even in the presence of depressive symptoms. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2006;21: 28-36.

[26] ²⁶
Doniger GM, Zucker DM, Schweiger A, et al. Towards practical cognitive assessment for detection of early dementia: a 30-minute computerized battery discriminates as well as longer testing. Curr Alzheimer Res 2005;2:117-124.

[27] ²⁷
Doniger GM, Jo MY, Simon ES, Crystal HA. Computerized cognitive assessment of mild cognitive impairment in urban African Americans. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2009;24:396-403.

[28] ²⁸
Nasreddine ZS, Phillips NA, Bedirian V, et al. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. J Am Geriatr Soc 2005;53:695-699.

[29] ²⁹
Lifshitz M, Dwolatzky T, Press Y. Validation of the Hebrew version of the MoCA test as a screening instrument for the early detection of mildcognitive impairment in elderly individuals. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2012;25:155-161.

[30] ³⁰
Charchat H, Nitrini R, Caramelli P, Sameshima K. Investigação de marcadores clínicos dos estágios iniciais da doença de Alzheimer com testes neuropsicológicos computadorizados. Psicol Reflex Crít 2001;14:305-316.

[31] ³¹
Levinson D, Reeves D, Watson J, Harrison M. Automated neuropsychological assessment metrics (ANAM) measures of cognitive effects of Alzheimer's disease. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2005;20:403-408.

[32] ³²
Saxton J, Morrow L, Eschman A, Archer G, Luther J, Zuccolotto A. Computer assessment of mild cognitive impairment. Postgrad Med 2009;121:177-185.

[33] ³³
Tornatore JB, Hill E, Laboff J, McGann ME. Selfadministered screening for mild cognitive impairment: Initial validation of a computerized test battery. J Neuropsychiatr Clin Neurosci 2005;17:98-105.

[34] ³⁴
Fowler KS, Saling MM, Conway EL Semple JM, Louis WJ. Computerized neuropsychological tests in the early detection of dementia: prospective findings. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 1997;3:139-146.

[35] ³⁵
De Jager CA, Milwain E, Budge M. Early detection of isolated memory deficits in the elderly: the need for more sensitive neuropsychological tests. Psychol Med 2002;32:483-491.

[36] ³⁶
DeLepeliere J, Heyrman J, Baro F, Buntinx F. A combination of tests for the diagnosis of dementiahad a significant diagnostic value. J Clin Epidemiol 2005; 58: 217-225.

[37] ³⁷
Cummings J, Gould H, Zhong K. Advances in designs for Alzheimer's disease clinical trials. Am J Neurodegener Dis 2012;1:205-216.

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