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Cognitive, functional and physical activity impairment in elderly with Alzheimer's disease

COMPROMETIMENTO COGNITIVO, FUNCIONAL E DE NÍVEL DE ATIVIDADE FÍSICA DE IDOSOS COM DOENÇA DE ALZHEIMER: PREJUÍZOS NA DOENÇA DE ALZHEIMER

ABSTRACT

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a progressive degenerative disorder that negatively affects quality of life of patients and family members.

Objective:

The aim of this study is to compare the cognition, level of physical activity and functioning of elderly individuals with mild AD and those without dementia.

Methods:

The study comprised 24 elderly with mild AD (mean age = 76.9 ± 5.3 years) and 30 elderly without dementia (mean age = 74.1 ± 5.6 years). The following instruments were applied to evaluate cognitive functions: MMSE; Frontal Assessment Battery; Clock Drawing Test; Corsi Blocks, and Verbal Paired Associates. Event-related potential P300 was used to evaluate cognitive processing. The Modified Baecke Questionnaire For Older Adults was applied to evaluate the level of physical activity together with use of a pedometer for 7 consecutive days. For the evaluation of the functioning, the Direct Assessment of Functional Status-Revised scale and functional tests were used.

Results:

There was a significant difference between the groups in level of physical activity and functioning, except on the test evaluating flexibility.

Conclusion:

Elderly with AD had cognitive, functional and physical activity deficits which can manifest even in the early stages of the disease.

Key words:
dementia; cognition; functioning; exercise; motor activity

RESUMO

A doença de Alzheimer é um processo neurodegenerativo e progressivo que afeta, negativamente, a qualidade de vida do paciente e de seus familiares.

Objetivo:

Comparar a cognição, nível de atividade física capacidade funcional de idosos no estágio leve da doença de Alzheimer e de idosos sem demência.

Métodos:

Participaram deste estudo 24 idosos no estágio leve da doença de Alzheimer (média de idade = 76,9 ± 5.3 anos) e 30 idosos sem demência (média de idade = 74,1 ± 5,6 anos). Foram utilizados os seguintes instrumentos de avaliação cognitiva: MEEM, Bateria de Avaliação Frontal, Teste do Desenho do Relógio, Blocos de Corsi e Pares Verbais Associados. Além disso, foi realizado o exame eletroencefalográfico P300 para avaliar o tempo de processamento de informação. Para quantificar o nível de atividade física foi utilizado o Questionário Baecke Modificado para Idosos e o pedômetro, que foi utilizado por 7 dias consecutivos. A funcionalidade foi avaliada através da escala Direct Assessment of Functional Status-Revised, juntamente com testes funcionais que avaliaram os componentes da capacidade funcional.

Resultados:

Foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre os grupos para o nível de atividade física e funcionalidade motora, com exceção da avaliação da flexibilidade.

Conclusão:

Idosos com doença de Alzheimer apresentam prejuízos cognitivos, funcionais e de nível de atividade física, os quais encontram-se alterados nos estágios iniciais da doença.

Palavras-chave:
demência; cognição; funcionalidade; exercício; atividade motora

The progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by neuronal degeneration that results in a gradual decline in numerous cognitive processes and cortical activity.11 Freitas EV. Tratado de geriatria e gerontologia. 2ª Edição. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan; 2006:1750. In addition to these cognitive impairments, as the disease progresses AD patients can develop impairments to motor skills including reduced levels of flexibility, agility, strength, balance and aerobic resistance.22 Manckoundia P, Mourey F, Pfitzenmeyer P, Papaxanthis C. Comparison of motor strategies in sit-to-stand and back-to-sit motions between healthy and Alzheimer's disease elderly subjects. Neuroscience. 2006; 137:385-92.

3 Kato-Narita EM, Nitrini R, Radanovic M. Assessment of balance in mild and moderate stages of Alzheimer's disease. Implications on falls and functional capacity. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2011;69(2-A):202-7.

4 Christofoletti G, Oliani MM, Gobbi LTB, Gobbi S, Stella F. Risco de quedas em idosos com Doença de Parkinson e demência de Alzheimer: um estudo transversal. Rev Bras Fisioter. 2006;10(4):429-36.
-55 Eggermont LH, Gavett BE, Volkers KM, Blankevoort CG, Scherder EJ, Jefferson AL, et al. Lower-Extremity Function in Cognitively Healthy Aging, Mild Cognitive Impairment, and Alzheimer's Disease. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2010;91:584-8. Such impairments can directly affect the elderly's ability to perform activities of daily living (ADLs).66 Fuentes GP. Funcionalidad y demencia. Rev Hosp Clín Univ Chile. 2008;19:324-9. ADLs require integrity not only of cognitive components, but also of the motor components of functional capacity (flexibility, resistance, strength, agility, balance, rhythm, motor coordination and speed) in order to be carried out effectively and safely.66 Fuentes GP. Funcionalidad y demencia. Rev Hosp Clín Univ Chile. 2008;19:324-9.

Therefore, the cognitive and functional deficits of AD progression are an important issue since, as they are strongly associated with ADLs, their impairment can entail reduced autonomy followed by increased risk of institutionalization; death; depression and decreased level of physical activity.11 Freitas EV. Tratado de geriatria e gerontologia. 2ª Edição. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan; 2006:1750.,44 Christofoletti G, Oliani MM, Gobbi LTB, Gobbi S, Stella F. Risco de quedas em idosos com Doença de Parkinson e demência de Alzheimer: um estudo transversal. Rev Bras Fisioter. 2006;10(4):429-36. Some studies have found that elderly with AD exhibit a low level of physical activity but have not specifically investigated individuals in the mild stage of AD.44 Christofoletti G, Oliani MM, Gobbi LTB, Gobbi S, Stella F. Risco de quedas em idosos com Doença de Parkinson e demência de Alzheimer: um estudo transversal. Rev Bras Fisioter. 2006;10(4):429-36.,77 Lima RA, Freitas CMSM, Smethurst WS, Santos CM, Barros MVG. Nível de atividade física em idosos com doença de Alzheimer mediante aplicação do IPAQ e de pedômetros. Rev Bras Ativ Fis Saúde. 2010;15(3):180-5. Given this perspective, it is important to investigate which impairments might be present in the early stages of AD. Hence, the objective of this study was to compare cognition, level of physical activity and functioning between elderly individuals in the early stage of AD with elderly individuals without dementia.

METHODS

Subjects

The sample comprised 30 elderly without dementia and 24 elderly with a clinical diagnosis of probable AD. Subjects were recruited from the Functional and Cognitive Kinesiotherapy Program in Older Adults with Alzheimer's Disease (PRO-CDA) and from the Program of Physical Activity for Senior Citizens (PROFIT), offered by the Department of Physical Education of the Institute of Biosciences at the Universidade Estadual Paulista "Julio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Rio Claro campus.

The inclusion criteria for the elderly without dementia were: age between 65 and 90 years; no clinically relevant depressive symptoms and/or untreated symptoms; no diagnosis of AD; preserved ambulation; no hearing impairment; and no other neuropsychiatric conditions. The inclusion criteria for the elderly with AD were: diagnosis of probable AD according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV),88 APA. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-IV. 4th ed. Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) ed. Washington: APA, 2000. and elderly with AD in the mild stage of the disease according to the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR).99 Montaño MBMM, Ramos LR. Validade da versão em português da Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR). Rev Saúde Pública. 2005;39.,1010 Morris J. The Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR): current version and scoring rules. Neurology. 1993;43:2412-4.

Table 1 shows the general characteristics of the group without dementia and the group with AD that participated in the study.

Table 1
Means and standard deviations of general characteristics and cognitive evaluation of the group without dementia and the group with AD.

The elderly without dementia, and the caregivers of these elderly with AD, signed an Informed Consent Form. The Research Ethics Committee of the Universidade Estadual Paulista approved both the consent form and the research Project under protocol number 3174.

Data collection

A psychiatrist specialized in geriatrics evaluated the participants on their first visit to the laboratory in order to confirm the diagnosis and staging of AD. The first sessions were then scheduled for evaluations of cognitive performance and level of physical activity followed by application of the functional tests.

Evaluation instruments

Cognitive evaluation and depressive symptoms

The Mini-Mental State Examination was used to evaluate overall cognitive function.1111 Folsten MF, Folsten SE, Mchugh PR. Mini-Mental State: a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res. 1975;12:198.,1212 Brucki SMD, Nitrini R, Caramelli P, Bertolucci PHF, Okamoto IH. Sugestões para o uso do Mini-Exame do Estado Mental no Brasil. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2003;61:777-81. The Frontal Assessment Battery was used for the evaluation of participants' frontal functions (executive and attention).1313 Beato RG, Nitrini R, Formigoni AP, Caramelli P. Brazilian version of the Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB). Dement Neuropsychol. 2007;1: 59-65.,1414 Dubois B, Slachevsky A, Litvan I, Pillon B. The BAF: A Frontal Assessment Battery at bedside. Neurology. 2000;55:1621-6.

Cognitive processing speed was evaluated by the auditory event-related potential P300. For this purpose, the oddball paradigm was adopted using a device for the electrophysiological auditory evaluation (CONTRONIC, model "MASBE ATC Plus").

The reference electrodes were placed on the right and left mastoid, and the electrode for recording P300 was placed on the vertex, at a high mid-frontal position (position Fz), according to the 10-2 international system. We applied a sequence of binaural auditory stimuli, containing two signals of the same intensity (90 dB). Within the sequence, the standard stimulus (1000 Hz) was presented 80% of the time, while the rare stimulus (2000 Hz) was randomly interposed between standard stimuli 20% of the time. A total of 300 stimuli were emitted, each of lasting 100 ms.

The Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-30) was applied to evaluate depressive symptoms.1515 Yesavage JA, Brink TL, Lum O, Huang V, Adev M, Leirer VO. Development and validation of a geriatric screening scale. J Psychiatr Res. 1983;17:37-49.

Evaluation of level of physical activity

The level of physical activity was assessed by the Modified Baecke Questionnaire for Older Adults (MBQ)1616 Voorrips L, Ravelli A, Dongelmans P, Deurenberg P, Van Staveren W. A physical activity questionnaire for elderly. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1991;23(8):974-9. and a Yamax Digiwalker pedometer for seven consecutive days.

Evaluation of functioning

Functioning was assessed using the Direct Assessment of Functional Status (DAFS-R) instrument.1717 Pereira FS, Oliveira AM, Diniz BS, Forlenza OV, Yassuda MS. Crosscultural Adaptation, Reliability and Validity of the DAFS-R in a Sample of Brazilian Older Adults. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2010;25:335-43. Several functional tests were applied: 6-minute Walk Test1818 Rikli RE, Jones CJ. Development and validation of a functional fitness test for community-residing older adults. J Aging Phys Activ. 1999;7: 129-61. to assess aerobic resistance, 30-s Chair-Stand Test1717 Pereira FS, Oliveira AM, Diniz BS, Forlenza OV, Yassuda MS. Crosscultural Adaptation, Reliability and Validity of the DAFS-R in a Sample of Brazilian Older Adults. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2010;25:335-43. and Arm Curl Test (AAHPERD)1919 Osness WH, Adrian M, Clark B, Horger W, Raab D, Wiswell R. Functional Fitness Assessment for Adults Over 60 Years. The American Alliance For Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance. Association For Research Administration, Professional Councils, and Societies. Council On Aging and Adult Development. 1990. to assess strength resistance of the lower and upper limbs, respectively, Berg Functional Balance Scale (BFBS)2020 Berg K, Wood-Dauphinée S, Williams JI, Fayton L. Measuring balance in the elderly: preliminary development of an instrument. Physiotherapy Canada. 1989;41(6):304-11. to evaluate static and dynamic balance and balance recovery, the Timed Up-and-Go test (TUG)2121 Podsiadlo D, Richardson S. The "Timed Up and Go": a test of basic functional mobility for frail elderly persons. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1991;39:142-8. to evaluate basic functional mobility, and finally the Wells Sit-and-Reach Test2222 Wells KF, Dillon EK. The Sit and Reach - A test of Back and Leg Flexibility. Research Quarterly. 1952;23:115-118. to evaluate flexibility.

Statistical analysis

The Shapiro Wilk test was initially used to analyze data distribution. Student's t- test was used for data displaying a normal distribution. For the groups that had a non-normal distribution, the Mann Whitney's U test was employed. The level of significance was set at 5% for all analyses. All data were expressed descriptively. The statistical software Statistica version 7.0 was used for all data analyses.

RESULTS

Cognitive functions

The elderly with mild AD exhibited impairment of cognitive and frontal functions when compared with the individuals without dementia (Table 1). Additionally, the P300 evaluation showed that the group with AD had longer latency, indicating slower cognitive processing than the group without dementia (p = 0.01) (Figure 1).

Figure 1
Median and interquartile range of P300 (ms) latency of the group without dementia and the group with AD.

Level of physical activity

According to both evaluation instruments, the elderly with mild AD had lower levels of physical activity (Table 2). Moreover, the analysis of the MBQ showed that the groups differed mainly for performance of household chores (Table 2).

Table 2
Means and standard deviations/median and interquartile range of functional tests and level of physical activity of the group without dementia and the group with AD.

Functional tests

The elderly with AD had higher deterioration of strength resistance of lower and upper limbs and worse balance, agility/mobility and aerobic resistance than the elderly without dementia. No significant differences were detected between the groups for flexibility (Table 2).

Functioning

The elderly with AD showed greater deterioration of functioning when compared with the elderly without dementia (Table 3). The groups differed on the sub-items time orientation, communication, finance, shopping and grooming. There were no differences for the sub-item eating (Table 3).

Table 3
Means and standard deviations/median and interquartile range on the Direct Assessment of Functional Status (DAFS) of the group without dementia and the group with AD.

DISCUSSION

Cognitive functions

The interpretation of the data found in this study revealed that the elderly with AD in the mild stage of the disease had greater deterioration in global cognitive functions and also frontal functions when compared with the elderly without dementia, where these results agree with other studies.2323 Laks J, Marinho V, Engeldhart E. Diagnóstico clínico da doença de Alzheimer. In: Bottino CMC, Laks J, Blay SL. Demência e Transtornos Cognitivos em Idosos. 1 ed. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan: 2006

The latency of P300 was analyzed in both groups using an electroencephalographic exam to identify possible differences in cognitive processing speed. The elderly with AD had longer P300 latency (416 ms) than the elderly without dementia (375 ms). In their review study, Pedroso et al.2424 Pedroso RV, Fraga FJ, Corazza DI, et al. P300 latency and amplitude in Alzheimer's disease: a systematc review. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2012;78(4):126-32. analyzed several studies that also made this comparison. However, few of them evaluated only elderly in the early stage of AD. Pedroso et al.2424 Pedroso RV, Fraga FJ, Corazza DI, et al. P300 latency and amplitude in Alzheimer's disease: a systematc review. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2012;78(4):126-32. found P300 values in the 358 ms-458 ms range. The results of the present study were also within this range, showing cognitive processing delay among the elderly in the mild stage of the disease.

Level of physical activity

The level of physical activity of the elderly with mild AD was lower than that of the elderly without dementia, both according to the MBQ and the pedometer, findings that corroborate results reported in the literature.44 Christofoletti G, Oliani MM, Gobbi LTB, Gobbi S, Stella F. Risco de quedas em idosos com Doença de Parkinson e demência de Alzheimer: um estudo transversal. Rev Bras Fisioter. 2006;10(4):429-36.,77 Lima RA, Freitas CMSM, Smethurst WS, Santos CM, Barros MVG. Nível de atividade física em idosos com doença de Alzheimer mediante aplicação do IPAQ e de pedômetros. Rev Bras Ativ Fis Saúde. 2010;15(3):180-5.,2525 Christofoletti G, Oliani MM, Bucken-Gobbi LT, Gobbi S, Beinotti F, Stella F. Physical activity attenuates neuropsychiatric disturbances and caregiver burden in patients with dementia. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2011;66(4):613-8.

Lima et al.77 Lima RA, Freitas CMSM, Smethurst WS, Santos CM, Barros MVG. Nível de atividade física em idosos com doença de Alzheimer mediante aplicação do IPAQ e de pedômetros. Rev Bras Ativ Fis Saúde. 2010;15(3):180-5. used a pedometer to evaluate the level of physical activity of patients with AD, and found low levels (4400 steps). Moreover, the authors suggested that 6000-6500 steps a day would be the recommended number for this specific group. The elderly with AD performed a median of only 1509 steps/day. The elderly without dementia had a median of 6154 steps/day, within the expected range according to Tudor-Locke et al.2626 Tudor-Locke C, Hatano Y, Pangrazi RP, Kang M. Revisiting "how many steps are enough?". Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008;S537-40.

The MBQ results also showed that the elderly with AD had a low level of physical activity (median of 1.9 points on the test). This result is in line with those of other studies in the literature that detected a mean of 2.59 points44 Christofoletti G, Oliani MM, Gobbi LTB, Gobbi S, Stella F. Risco de quedas em idosos com Doença de Parkinson e demência de Alzheimer: um estudo transversal. Rev Bras Fisioter. 2006;10(4):429-36. and 1.8 points.2727 Vital TM, Hernandez SSS, Stein AM, et al. Depressive Symptoms and level of physical activity in patients with Alzheimer's Disease. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2012;12(4):637-42. None of these studies, however, evaluated the level of physical activity of elderly individuals specifically in the mild stage of AD.

The analysis of MBQ domains revealed that the elderly with AD had lower performance for household chores in the very early stages of AD. This reduction may be associated with the cognitive impairment resulting from the condition.

Functional tests

Elderly with mild AD showed lower strength resistance of lower limbs. Eggermont et al.55 Eggermont LH, Gavett BE, Volkers KM, Blankevoort CG, Scherder EJ, Jefferson AL, et al. Lower-Extremity Function in Cognitively Healthy Aging, Mild Cognitive Impairment, and Alzheimer's Disease. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2010;91:584-8. observed no differences between groups, whereas Manckoundia et al.22 Manckoundia P, Mourey F, Pfitzenmeyer P, Papaxanthis C. Comparison of motor strategies in sit-to-stand and back-to-sit motions between healthy and Alzheimer's disease elderly subjects. Neuroscience. 2006; 137:385-92. found that the elderly with AD in the mild and moderate stages of the disease had poorer performance on the sit-to-stand and back-to-sit test.

The elderly with AD also showed impaired resistance of the upper limbs. The finding of altered lower and upper limb resistance is fundamental, since this muscle function is highly recruited in the performance of daily living activities2828 Rikli RE, Jones CJ. Development and Validation of Criterion-Referenced Clinically Relevant Fitness Standards for Maintaining Physical Independence in Later Years. The Gerontologist. 2012;0(0):1-13.,2929 Monteiro WD, Amorim PRS, Farjalla R, Farinatti PT. Força muscular e características morfológicas de mulheres idosas praticantes de um programa de atividades físicas. Rev Bras Ativ Fis Saúde. 1999; 4(1):20-28. and therefore directly affects the autonomy of the individual with dementia.

The only component of functional capacity that did not show significant difference between groups was flexibility. We found no studies in the literature comparing flexibility between elderly with and without AD. One of the explanations could be related to the test, which may not have been sensitive to detect few differences between groups. Another reason might be that flexibility suffers little influence from the cognitive declines of AD.

The elderly in the early stage of AD had impaired functional balance, with a median of 52 points on the BFBS versus 54 points in the elderly without AD. Pedroso et al.3030 Pedroso RV, Coelho FGM, Santos-Galduróz RF, Costa JLR, Gobbi S, Stella F. Balance, executive functions and falls in elderly with Alzheimer's disease (AD): A longitudinal study. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2012;54: 348-51. detected a mean of 49 points on the BFBS. The participants of the study, however, were in the early and mild stages of the disease. Kato-Narita et al.33 Kato-Narita EM, Nitrini R, Radanovic M. Assessment of balance in mild and moderate stages of Alzheimer's disease. Implications on falls and functional capacity. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2011;69(2-A):202-7. found greater balance deterioration (also evaluated by the BFBS) in elderly in the moderate stage of AD compared with elderly without AD. Our study found evidence that this deterioration might already be present in the early stage of AD.

According to the evaluation of agility and mobility by the TUG test, elderly with AD performed the test in 8.6 seconds. Coelho et al.,3131 Coelho FGM, Andrade LP, Pedroso RV, Santos-Galduróz RF, Gobbi S, Costa JLR, Gobbi LTB. Multimodal exercise intervention improves frontal cognitive functions and gait in Alzheimer's disease: A controlled trial. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2013;13:198-203. in a recent study comparing elderly with AD in several stages of the disease, found that those in the mild stage performed the test in 9.2 seconds. Some studies have shown that elderly with AD have greater mobility/agility impairment than those without dementia.44 Christofoletti G, Oliani MM, Gobbi LTB, Gobbi S, Stella F. Risco de quedas em idosos com Doença de Parkinson e demência de Alzheimer: um estudo transversal. Rev Bras Fisioter. 2006;10(4):429-36.,55 Eggermont LH, Gavett BE, Volkers KM, Blankevoort CG, Scherder EJ, Jefferson AL, et al. Lower-Extremity Function in Cognitively Healthy Aging, Mild Cognitive Impairment, and Alzheimer's Disease. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2010;91:584-8.

Rikli and Jones2828 Rikli RE, Jones CJ. Development and Validation of Criterion-Referenced Clinically Relevant Fitness Standards for Maintaining Physical Independence in Later Years. The Gerontologist. 2012;0(0):1-13. reported that elderly with AD are already within the range of impairment of functional independence, since 8.5 seconds on the test is the cutoff point identified as a predictor of falls among the older elderly, which occur at a rate of 4 to 5 falls per year.3232 Camicioli R, Licis L. Motor Impairment predicts falls in specialized Alzheimer care units. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2004;18(4):1-5.

Finally, the last component of the functional capacity evaluated was aerobic resistance. The group with AD had poorer performance (406 meters) than the group without dementia (443 meters) on the 6-minute Walk Test. This result corroborates data in the literature, according to which elderly with dementia have reduced cardiorespiratory capacity.3333 Abbot RD, White LR, Ross GW, Masaki KH, Curb JD, Petrovitch, H. Walking and dementia in physically capable elderly men. JAMA. 2014; 292:1447-53. Rikli and Jones2828 Rikli RE, Jones CJ. Development and Validation of Criterion-Referenced Clinically Relevant Fitness Standards for Maintaining Physical Independence in Later Years. The Gerontologist. 2012;0(0):1-13. suggested a cut-off point on the 6-minute Walk Test for elderly aged over 85 years of 400 to 460 meters in order to be considered independent.

Functioning

The elderly with AD had a median score of 62.5, lower than that of the group without dementia (85.5 points), suggesting impaired functioning and decreased ADLs in the elderly with AD. Zanetti et al.3434 Zanetti O, Frisoni GB, Rozzini L, Biachetti A, Trabucchi M. Validity of direct assessment of functiona l status as a tool for measuring Alzheimer's disease severity. Age and Ageing. 1998;27:615-22. also found differences between elderly with and without AD. However, the authors evaluated elderly at different stages of the disease in the same sample.

Several studies have suggested that this decrease in ADLs is associated not only with cognitive decline, but also with functional decline and behavioral disorders present during the progression of AD. 3535 Arcoverde C, Deslandes A, Rangel A, et al. Daily Living in Elderly with Alzheimer's Disease. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2008;66:323-7.

The AD group in the present study showed impairment for time orientation, communication, finance, shopping and grooming. The only variable evaluated that did not differ between the groups was eating .

The final score of the elderly in the mild stage of AD in the cited study was similar to the score found in the present study (58 points). The authors, however, did not investigate for which activities the elderly were impairment. Consequently, we can infer that eating may have been preserved in the early stages of AD. In fact, the first ADL altered in elderly with dementia is time orientation, followed by more complex tasks that require preserved cognitive functions, such as finance and shopping .1616 Voorrips L, Ravelli A, Dongelmans P, Deurenberg P, Van Staveren W. A physical activity questionnaire for elderly. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1991;23(8):974-9. The evaluation of functioning by the DAFS is important to assess the elderly with or without dementia for performance of ADLs.

The authors of the present study acknowledge several limitations that should be considered when interpreting the data. One of these limitations is related to the small sample size and the lack of sample size estimation. In addition, the assessment of the level of physical activity had some limitations. For instance, pedometers are unable to measure the intensity of physical activity. However, the questionnaires applied are subjective and the caregiver answers the questions about the patient. Based on the interpretation of the results obtained in the present study, it can concluded that the elderly with AD exhibited cognitive and functional impairment, and reduced physical activity, which can be present even in the early stages of the disease. The relevance of the present study is that it can help support the creation of intervention programs targeting the population with Alzheimer's disease, since these elderly individuals have specific needs, as highlighted by this study.

  • This study was conducted at Institute of Biosciences, Department of Physical Education, UNESP - University State of São Paulo, Physical Activity and Aging Lab (LAFE), Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil.
  • Financial support. FAPESP (process 11/03451-8).

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to the Physical Activity and Aging Lab (LAFE), the Programa de Cinesioterapia Funcional e Cognitiva em Idosos com Doença de Alzheimer (PRO-CDA), the Núcleo de Atividade Física e Saúde (NAFES), the Clínica Epiphanio - Rio Claro/SP, the Pró-Reitoria de Extensão Universitária (PROEX-UNESP) the Núcleo Local UNESP-UNATI, the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), the Fundação de Apoio a Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP), and the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq).

REFERENCES

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    Freitas EV. Tratado de geriatria e gerontologia. 2ª Edição. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan; 2006:1750.
  • 2
    Manckoundia P, Mourey F, Pfitzenmeyer P, Papaxanthis C. Comparison of motor strategies in sit-to-stand and back-to-sit motions between healthy and Alzheimer's disease elderly subjects. Neuroscience. 2006; 137:385-92.
  • 3
    Kato-Narita EM, Nitrini R, Radanovic M. Assessment of balance in mild and moderate stages of Alzheimer's disease. Implications on falls and functional capacity. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2011;69(2-A):202-7.
  • 4
    Christofoletti G, Oliani MM, Gobbi LTB, Gobbi S, Stella F. Risco de quedas em idosos com Doença de Parkinson e demência de Alzheimer: um estudo transversal. Rev Bras Fisioter. 2006;10(4):429-36.
  • 5
    Eggermont LH, Gavett BE, Volkers KM, Blankevoort CG, Scherder EJ, Jefferson AL, et al. Lower-Extremity Function in Cognitively Healthy Aging, Mild Cognitive Impairment, and Alzheimer's Disease. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2010;91:584-8.
  • 6
    Fuentes GP. Funcionalidad y demencia. Rev Hosp Clín Univ Chile. 2008;19:324-9.
  • 7
    Lima RA, Freitas CMSM, Smethurst WS, Santos CM, Barros MVG. Nível de atividade física em idosos com doença de Alzheimer mediante aplicação do IPAQ e de pedômetros. Rev Bras Ativ Fis Saúde. 2010;15(3):180-5.
  • 8
    APA. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-IV. 4th ed. Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) ed. Washington: APA, 2000.
  • 9
    Montaño MBMM, Ramos LR. Validade da versão em português da Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR). Rev Saúde Pública. 2005;39.
  • 10
    Morris J. The Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR): current version and scoring rules. Neurology. 1993;43:2412-4.
  • 11
    Folsten MF, Folsten SE, Mchugh PR. Mini-Mental State: a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res. 1975;12:198.
  • 12
    Brucki SMD, Nitrini R, Caramelli P, Bertolucci PHF, Okamoto IH. Sugestões para o uso do Mini-Exame do Estado Mental no Brasil. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2003;61:777-81.
  • 13
    Beato RG, Nitrini R, Formigoni AP, Caramelli P. Brazilian version of the Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB). Dement Neuropsychol. 2007;1: 59-65.
  • 14
    Dubois B, Slachevsky A, Litvan I, Pillon B. The BAF: A Frontal Assessment Battery at bedside. Neurology. 2000;55:1621-6.
  • 15
    Yesavage JA, Brink TL, Lum O, Huang V, Adev M, Leirer VO. Development and validation of a geriatric screening scale. J Psychiatr Res. 1983;17:37-49.
  • 16
    Voorrips L, Ravelli A, Dongelmans P, Deurenberg P, Van Staveren W. A physical activity questionnaire for elderly. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1991;23(8):974-9.
  • 17
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Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    Jan-Mar 2018

History

  • Received
    19 July 2017
  • Accepted
    31 Oct 2017
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