Antimicrobial activity of 2% chlorhexidine gluconate, 1% sodium hypochlorite and paramonochlorophenol combined with furacin against S. aureus, C. albicans, E. faecalise and P. aureginosa

Semenoff, Tereza A. Delle Vedove; Semenoff-Segundo, Alex; Borges, Alvaro Henrique; Pedro, Fabio Miranda Luiz; Caporossi, Leonardo Stephan; Rosa-Júnior, Aurélio

doi:10.1590/S1980-65232010000200013

Abstracts

PURPOSE: To analyze the antimicrobial action of 2% chlorhexidine gluconate, 1% sodium hypochlorite and paramonochlorophenol were combined with furacin against strains of S. aureus, C. albicans, E. faecalis and P. aureginosa. METHODS: Forty Petri plates were used. Four plates were separated from the others and used as a negative control. Four other plates were used a positive control. The other 32 plates were treated with four circles of sterilized filter paper impregnated with the test and control substances. The groups of plates were analyzed after an experiment time of seven days by the measuring the inhibition halos. RESULTS: Two percent chlorhexidine gave the largest inhibition zones, and the difference in size between its inhibition zones and the compound with the next largest inhibition zone, 1% sodium hypochlorite, was statistically significant. The 1% sodium hypochlorite also had significantly larger inhibition zones than the control group and PMC+F. CONCLUSION: Two percent chlorhexidine gluconate gave the best results, while PMC+F showed the weakest antibacterial activity.

Chlorhexidine; sodium hypochlorite; Endodontics

OBJETIVO: Analisar a ação antimicrobiana da clorexidina a 2%, do hipoclorito de sódio a 1% e do paramonoclorofenol associado ao furacin sobre S aureus, C albicans, E faecalise e P aureginosa. METODOLOGIA: Foram utilizadas 40 placas Petri. Quatro placas foram separadas como controle negativo e em 4 outras, além do meio de cultura, semearam-se os microrganismos, com o círculo de papel, para se obter o controle positivo. Em 32 placas seguiu-se a colocação de 4 círculos de filtro de papel esterilizados e impregnados das substâncias testes e controle, depositados em cada quadrante das mesmas. Os grupos foram analisados por 7 dias. Para a verificação dos resultados, usaram-se os halos de inibição de crescimento bacteriano. RESULTADOS: A clorexidina 2% foi significantemente (P<0,05) mais efetiva para todas as cepas microbianas que as demais substâncias. O hipoclorito de sódio a 1% apresentou resultados intermediários. O paramonoclorofenol associado ao furacin (PMC+F) obteve os piores resultados. CONCLUSÃO: A clorexidina obteve os melhores resultados. O PMC+F apresentou os menores halos de inibição.

Clorexidina; hipoclorito de sódio; Endodontia

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Antimicrobial activity of 2% chlorhexidine gluconate, 1% sodium hypochlorite and paramonochlorophenol combined with furacin against S. aureus, C. albicans, E. faecalise and P. aureginosa

Atividade antimicrobiana da clorexidina a 2%, hipoclorito de sódio a 1% e paramonoclorofenol com furacin sobre S. aureus, C. albicans, E. faecalise e P. aureginosa

Tereza A. Delle Vedove Semenoff^I; Alex Semenoff-Segundo^II; Alvaro Henrique Borges^II; Fabio Miranda Luiz Pedro^II; Leonardo Stephan Caporossi^II; Aurélio Rosa-Júnior^II

^IGraduate Program in Dentistry, UNESP, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil

^IIUniversity of Cuiabá, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil

^{Correspondence} Correspondence: Tereza Aparecida Delle Vedove Semenoff Rua professora Azélia Mamoré de Melo, 318/63 Cuiabá, MT - Brasil 78005 700 E-mail: t.semenoff@uol.com.br

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To analyze the antimicrobial action of 2% chlorhexidine gluconate, 1% sodium hypochlorite and paramonochlorophenol were combined with furacin against strains of S. aureus, C. albicans, E. faecalis and P. aureginosa.

METHODS: Forty Petri plates were used. Four plates were separated from the others and used as a negative control. Four other plates were used a positive control. The other 32 plates were treated with four circles of sterilized filter paper impregnated with the test and control substances. The groups of plates were analyzed after an experiment time of seven days by the measuring the inhibition halos.

RESULTS: Two percent chlorhexidine gave the largest inhibition zones, and the difference in size between its inhibition zones and the compound with the next largest inhibition zone, 1% sodium hypochlorite, was statistically significant. The 1% sodium hypochlorite also had significantly larger inhibition zones than the control group and PMC+F.

CONCLUSION: Two percent chlorhexidine gluconate gave the best results, while PMC+F showed the weakest antibacterial activity.

Key words: Chlorhexidine; sodium hypochlorite; Endodontics

RESUMO

OBJETIVO: Analisar a ação antimicrobiana da clorexidina a 2%, do hipoclorito de sódio a 1% e do paramonoclorofenol associado ao furacin sobre S aureus, C albicans, E faecalise e P aureginosa.

METODOLOGIA: Foram utilizadas 40 placas Petri. Quatro placas foram separadas como controle negativo e em 4 outras, além do meio de cultura, semearam-se os microrganismos, com o círculo de papel, para se obter o controle positivo. Em 32 placas seguiu-se a colocação de 4 círculos de filtro de papel esterilizados e impregnados das substâncias testes e controle, depositados em cada quadrante das mesmas. Os grupos foram analisados por 7 dias. Para a verificação dos resultados, usaram-se os halos de inibição de crescimento bacteriano.

RESULTADOS: A clorexidina 2% foi significantemente (P<0,05) mais efetiva para todas as cepas microbianas que as demais substâncias. O hipoclorito de sódio a 1% apresentou resultados intermediários. O paramonoclorofenol associado ao furacin (PMC+F) obteve os piores resultados.

CONCLUSÃO: A clorexidina obteve os melhores resultados. O PMC+F apresentou os menores halos de inibição.

Palavras chave: Clorexidina; hipoclorito de sódio, Endodontia

Texto completo disponível apenas em PDF.

Full text available only in PDF format.

Received: July 23, 2008

Accepted: November 18, 2009

Conflict of Interest Statement: The authors state that there are no financial and personal conflicts of interest that could have inappropriately influenced their work.

1. Kakehashi S, Stanley HR, Fitzgerald RJ. The effects of surgical exposures of dental pulps in germ free and conventional laboratory rats. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1965;20:340-9.
2. Nair RN, Sjögren U, Krey G, Kahnberg KE, Sundqvist G. Intraradicular bacteria and fungi in root-filled, asymptomatic human teeth with therapy-resistant periapical lesions: a long-term light and electron microscopic follow-up study. J Endod 1990;16:580-8.
3. Siqueira JF Jr, Batista MM, Fraga RC, Uzeda M. Antibacterial effects of endodontic irrigants on black-pigmented gram-negative anaerobes and facultative bacteria. J Endod 1998;24:414-6.
4. Yesilsoy C, Whitaker E, Cleveland D, Phillips E, Trope M. Antimicrobial and toxic effects of established and potential root canal irrigants. J Endod 1995;21:513-5.
5. Siqueira Jr JF. Aetiology of root canal treatment failure: why well-treated teeth can fail. Int Endod J 2001;34:1-10.
6. Estrela C, Ribeiro, RG, Estrela, CR, Pécora JD, Sousa-Neto MD. Antimicrobial effect of 2% sodium hypochlorite and 2% chlorhexidine tested by different methods. Braz Dent J 2003;14:58-62.
7. Kuruvilla JR, Kamath MP. Antimicrobial activity of 2,5% sodium hypochlorite and 0,2% chlorexidine guconate separately and combined endodontic. J Endod 1998;24:472-76.
8. Byström A, Sundqvist G. Bacteriologic evaluation of the effect of 0.5 percent sodium hypochlorite in endodontic therapy. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1983;55:307-12.
9. Grossman L, Meiman B. Solution of pulp tissue by chemical agents. J Am Dent Assoc 1941;28:223-5.
10. Morse DR. Endodontic microbiology in the 1970s. Int Endod J 1981;14:69-79.
11. Pashley E, Birdsong N, Bowman K, Pashley D. Cytotoxic effects of NaOCl on vital tissue. J Endod 1985;11:525-8.
12. Fardak O, Turnbull R. A review of literature on use of chlorhexidine in dentistry. J Am Dent Assoc 1985;112:863-9.
13. Greenstein G, Berman C, Chlorhexidine JR. An adjunct to periodontal therapy. J Periodontol 1986;57:370-6.
14. Leonardo MR, Filho MT, Silva LA, Filho N. In vivo antimicrobial activity of 2% chlorhexidine used as root canal irriganting solution. J Endod 1999;25:167-71.
15. White RR, Hays GL, Janer IR. Residual antimicrobial activity after canal Irrigation with chlorhexidine. J Endod 1997;23:229-31.
16. Dametto FR, Ferraz CC, Gomes BP, Zaia AA, Teixeira FB, Souza-Filho FJ. In vitro assessment of the immediate and prolonged antimicrobial action of chlorhexidine gel as an endodontic irrigant against Enterococcus faecalis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2005;99:768-72.
17. Estrela C. Eficácia antimicrobiana de pastas de hidróxido de cálcio. [Thesis]. Ribeirão Preto (SP): Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo; 1997.
18. Holland R. Emprego tópico de medicamentos no interior dos canais radiculares. Odonto Master: Endod 1994;1:1-13.
19. Sassone LM, Fidel RA, Murad CF, Fidel SR, Hirata Jr R. Antimicrobial activity of sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine by two different tests. Aust Endod J 2008;34:19-24.
20. Tobias RS. Antibacterial properties of dental restorative materials: a review. Int Endod J 1988;21:155-60.
21. Lynne RE, Liewehr FR, West LA, Patton WR, Buxton TB, Mcpherson JC. In vitro antimicrobial activity of various medication preparations on E. faecalis in root canal dentin. J Endod 2003;3:187-92.
22. Vier-Pelissera FV, Garbina RP, Só Mvr, Marca C, Pelissera A. Medicações intracanal e sistêmica preconizadas nas faculdades de Odontologia brasileiras para o tratamento de urgência do abscesso periapical agudo. Rev Odonto Ciênc 2008;23:278-2.
23. Melo AB, Albuquerque DS, Castro CMB. Estudo comparativo in vitro da capacidade antimicrobiana das diluições do tricresol formalina. JBE 2004;5:126-31.
24. Thomas Mi, Gonçalves Ts, Souza Ma, Schmitt Vm. Formaldeído na odontologia: aspectos antimicrobianos, carcinogênicos e mutagênicos. Um estudo da sua viabilidade na clínica odontológica. Rev Odonto Ciênc 2006;21:387-91.
25. Estrela, C, Bammann Ll, Pimenta FC, Pecora JD. Control of microorganisms in vitro by calcium hydroxide pastes. Int Endod J 2001;34:341-5.

Correspondence:

Tereza Aparecida Delle Vedove Semenoff

Rua professora Azélia Mamoré de Melo, 318/63

Cuiabá, MT - Brasil 78005 700

E-mail:

t.semenoff@uol.com.br

Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
26 Aug 2011
Date of issue
2010

History

Received
23 July 2008
Accepted
18 Nov 2009

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

[1] 1. Kakehashi S, Stanley HR, Fitzgerald RJ. The effects of surgical exposures of dental pulps in germ free and conventional laboratory rats. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1965;20:340-9.

[2] 2. Nair RN, Sjögren U, Krey G, Kahnberg KE, Sundqvist G. Intraradicular bacteria and fungi in root-filled, asymptomatic human teeth with therapy-resistant periapical lesions: a long-term light and electron microscopic follow-up study. J Endod 1990;16:580-8.

[3] 3. Siqueira JF Jr, Batista MM, Fraga RC, Uzeda M. Antibacterial effects of endodontic irrigants on black-pigmented gram-negative anaerobes and facultative bacteria. J Endod 1998;24:414-6.

[4] 4. Yesilsoy C, Whitaker E, Cleveland D, Phillips E, Trope M. Antimicrobial and toxic effects of established and potential root canal irrigants. J Endod 1995;21:513-5.

[5] 5. Siqueira Jr JF. Aetiology of root canal treatment failure: why well-treated teeth can fail. Int Endod J 2001;34:1-10.

[6] 6. Estrela C, Ribeiro, RG, Estrela, CR, Pécora JD, Sousa-Neto MD. Antimicrobial effect of 2% sodium hypochlorite and 2% chlorhexidine tested by different methods. Braz Dent J 2003;14:58-62.

[7] 7. Kuruvilla JR, Kamath MP. Antimicrobial activity of 2,5% sodium hypochlorite and 0,2% chlorexidine guconate separately and combined endodontic. J Endod 1998;24:472-76.

[8] 8. Byström A, Sundqvist G. Bacteriologic evaluation of the effect of 0.5 percent sodium hypochlorite in endodontic therapy. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1983;55:307-12.

[9] 9. Grossman L, Meiman B. Solution of pulp tissue by chemical agents. J Am Dent Assoc 1941;28:223-5.

[10] 10. Morse DR. Endodontic microbiology in the 1970s. Int Endod J 1981;14:69-79.

[11] 11. Pashley E, Birdsong N, Bowman K, Pashley D. Cytotoxic effects of NaOCl on vital tissue. J Endod 1985;11:525-8.

[12] 12. Fardak O, Turnbull R. A review of literature on use of chlorhexidine in dentistry. J Am Dent Assoc 1985;112:863-9.

[13] 13. Greenstein G, Berman C, Chlorhexidine JR. An adjunct to periodontal therapy. J Periodontol 1986;57:370-6.

[14] 14. Leonardo MR, Filho MT, Silva LA, Filho N. In vivo antimicrobial activity of 2% chlorhexidine used as root canal irriganting solution. J Endod 1999;25:167-71.

[15] 15. White RR, Hays GL, Janer IR. Residual antimicrobial activity after canal Irrigation with chlorhexidine. J Endod 1997;23:229-31.

[16] 16. Dametto FR, Ferraz CC, Gomes BP, Zaia AA, Teixeira FB, Souza-Filho FJ. In vitro assessment of the immediate and prolonged antimicrobial action of chlorhexidine gel as an endodontic irrigant against Enterococcus faecalis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2005;99:768-72.

[17] 17. Estrela C. Eficácia antimicrobiana de pastas de hidróxido de cálcio. [Thesis]. Ribeirão Preto (SP): Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo; 1997.

[18] 18. Holland R. Emprego tópico de medicamentos no interior dos canais radiculares. Odonto Master: Endod 1994;1:1-13.

[19] 19. Sassone LM, Fidel RA, Murad CF, Fidel SR, Hirata Jr R. Antimicrobial activity of sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine by two different tests. Aust Endod J 2008;34:19-24.

[20] 20. Tobias RS. Antibacterial properties of dental restorative materials: a review. Int Endod J 1988;21:155-60.

[21] 21. Lynne RE, Liewehr FR, West LA, Patton WR, Buxton TB, Mcpherson JC. In vitro antimicrobial activity of various medication preparations on E. faecalis in root canal dentin. J Endod 2003;3:187-92.

[22] 22. Vier-Pelissera FV, Garbina RP, Só Mvr, Marca C, Pelissera A. Medicações intracanal e sistêmica preconizadas nas faculdades de Odontologia brasileiras para o tratamento de urgência do abscesso periapical agudo. Rev Odonto Ciênc 2008;23:278-2.

[23] 23. Melo AB, Albuquerque DS, Castro CMB. Estudo comparativo in vitro da capacidade antimicrobiana das diluições do tricresol formalina. JBE 2004;5:126-31.

[24] 24. Thomas Mi, Gonçalves Ts, Souza Ma, Schmitt Vm. Formaldeído na odontologia: aspectos antimicrobianos, carcinogênicos e mutagênicos. Um estudo da sua viabilidade na clínica odontológica. Rev Odonto Ciênc 2006;21:387-91.

[25] 25. Estrela, C, Bammann Ll, Pimenta FC, Pecora JD. Control of microorganisms in vitro by calcium hydroxide pastes. Int Endod J 2001;34:341-5.

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