Influence of the hydration on autonomic modulation and cardiorespiratory parameters of coronary heart disease patients submitted to a cardiovascular rehabilitation session: crossover clinical trial protocol

Abstract

Aims:

The influence of fluid replacement, realized during and after the exercise on individuals with coronary artery disease (CAD) remains poorly understood. To investigate the influence of hydration on cardiac autonomic modulation, cardiorespiratory parameters and perceived exertion and discommodity, of coronary heart patients submitted to cardiac rehabilitation (CR) session.

Methods:

This cross-over clinical trial, will recruit 31 adults with more than 45 years old, participants of a cardiovascular rehabilitation program, with CAD diagnosis. The participants will be submitted to an experimental protocol composed of three phases: I) Maximal stress test; II) Control protocol (CP); and III) Hydration protocol (HP). The CP and HP will consist of 10 min of rest in a supine position, 15 min of warming, 40 min of treadmill exercise, 5 min of cooling down and 60 min of rest in a supine position. In the HP, the participants will be hydrated with mineral water, based on the bodyweight reduction of the CP. The water intake will be divided into eight equal portions, offered during the treadmill exercise and recovery period. On CP and HP will be evaluated linear and nonlinear indices of heart rate variability, the heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, respiratory rate, oxygen partial saturation, perceived exertion and discommodity on specifics moments.

Conclusion:

The results of this study will allow us to identify if the proposed protocol will be able to positively influence the outcomes and, consequently, if could be implement in the clinical practice.

Keywords:
autonomic nervous system; aerobic exercise; recovery; hydration

Introduction

The exercise practice is associate to innumerous physical and mental benefits¹ in many populations²-⁵ that include individuals with cardiovascular disease (CVD)⁶,⁷, and the cardiovascular rehabilitation programs specifically, can also promote many benefits for health, like positive changes in the cardiorespiratory and autonomic system⁸-¹¹. However, during the physical exercise realization, the body temperature is high and, consequently, an increase in the transpiration rate occurs, which can promote liquid loss and if the answer is not correctly can promote a dehydrate state¹². This liquid loss induced for exercise, causes injuries on cardiovascular and autonomic systems¹³-¹⁵ which can compromise the recovery capacity and cardiovascular health¹⁶,¹⁷.

In this sense, different strategies to accelerate the autonomic and cardiovascular system recovery after physical exercise practice have been studied on literature¹⁵-²⁰, and water intake is one of than²¹-²³. Studies that investigated the effects of water intake associated to physical exercise, pointed that this strategy was able to attenuate cardiovascular¹⁸,²⁴ and autonomic²⁰-²³ alterations promoted by the thermic stress as a result of physical exercise and to promote a faster recovery of the organism¹⁸,²⁰-²³.

However, studies that approach this thematic, used different strategies, as the type of the drink (water²¹-²³ and/or drinks with electrolytes or carbohydrates¹⁴-¹⁸,²⁰), the moment (during¹⁷ and/or after the exercise¹⁴-¹⁶,¹⁸,²⁰-²⁴), the quantity of the hydric ingestion (single dose¹⁶,²²,²³ or fractional dose¹⁴,¹⁵,¹⁷,¹⁸,²⁰,²¹), the exercise intensity (maximum²² and/or submaximum¹⁴,¹⁵,¹⁷,¹⁸,²⁰,²¹,²³,²⁴), exercise duration (30²³, 45¹⁶ to 90¹⁴,¹⁵,¹⁷,¹⁸,²⁰,²¹ minutes), the type of the proposed exercise (resistance¹⁶,²² or aerobic¹⁴,¹⁵,¹⁷,¹⁸,²⁰,²¹,²³,²⁴) and recovery time (30²²,²³, 45¹⁷, 60¹⁴-¹⁶,¹⁸,²⁰,²¹ or 4 hours²⁴). Furthermore, this thematic was investigated on health young and/or athletes with a sample that varied between 5 and 31 individuals¹⁴-¹⁸,²⁰-²⁴. However, the absence of studies that investigate these aspects on individuals with CVD, known for presenting autonomic and cardiovascular conditions at rest different of healthy individuals²⁵,²⁶, needs to be highlighted.

In this sense, we understand how much relevant is to submit individuals with coronary artery disease to a hydration protocol associate to a conventional model of rehabilitation session, to determine if the model of the proposed exercise can promote liquid loss, if this loss can influence the cardiovascular and autonomic parameters of individuals with coronary artery disease, and if the hydration is also a protector factor of the cardiovascular and autonomic system, how was observed in healthy individuals¹³,²¹,²⁷. Furthermore, we could evaluate if the hydration influences cardiorespiratory parameters and the subjective perceived exertion/pain as well as if we could use these findings as predictor factors during the clinical practice.

Therefore, the objective of this study aimed to investigate the influence of the hydration on cardiac autonomic modulation, through heart rate variability (linear and nonlinear indices), cardiorespiratory parameters (heart rate, respiratory rate, oxygen partial saturation, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure), subjective perceived exertion and subjective perceived pain, of coronary artery disease patients submitted to a moderate-intensity aerobic exercise. The hypothesis is that these individuals will be beneficiated by restoring the liquid, improving the autonomic answer, cardiorespiratory parameters, and subjective perceived exertion and pain during the exercise and recovery time.

Material and Methods

Study design and participants

The present protocol is a crossover clinical trial, registered prospectively on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT 03198806) and follows the SPIRIT 2013²⁸ and TIDieR²⁹ recommendations for clinical trials.

The participants of this study will be recruited in two sectors of cardiovascular rehabilitation, in the city of Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil. The inclusion criteria will be:

• Male participants with more than 45 years old

• A medical diagnosis of ischemic coronary artery disease, with left ventricular function preserved, that corresponds to an ejection fraction of left ventricle higher than 50%, confirmed by echocardiogram indexed previously in their medical record

• Do not have a recent history of smoking and/or alcoholism

• To be performing cardiovascular rehabilitation program for at minimum 3 months previously the data collection

• Do not have historic of infections, unstable angina, uncontrolled hypertension, significates valvar disease and/or uncontrolled metabolic disease (for example, uncontrolled diabetes and thyroid disease) during the recruitment period.

Exclusion criteria will be when at least one of the following characteristics after the beginning of the protocol:

• Abnormal hemodynamic answers during the exercise, like heart rate and/or blood pressure increase/fall disproportionate with lower/higher load levels.

• Presence of myocardial ischemia and/or several ventricular arrhythmias during the exercise test.

• Temporal series of RR intervals with less than 95% of sinus beat³⁰

• Nonattendance at least one of the protocol phases

Sample size

The sample size was defined by the online software contained on the website http://www.lee.dante.br/, based on RMSSD index. The magnitude of the significant difference assumed was 12 ms, considering a standard deviation of 16 ms¹⁵, with an alpha risk of 5% and a beta of 80%, the sample size resulted in 28 participants. Considering possible sample losses will be increased by 10% of de sample size calculated, totalizing 31 participants.

Ethic aspects

The participants will be informed about the procedures and the aims of this study and after agreeing to participate, signed a written informed consent form. This study was approved by the Committee for Ethics and Research of the Faculty of Science and Technology FCT/UNESP (CAAE: 54864716.8.0000.5402) and followed the Helsinki declaration.

Design of the experimental approach

The participants will be submitted individually to an experimental procedure realized on a treadmill, with a minimum of 48 hours of interval, to permit their recovery. The experimental procedure will be divided into three following phases, with a duration of one day each (Figure 1):

1. Maximum stress test: will be performed to determine the peak oxygen consumption (VO₂ peak), to define the used load in the following phases:

2. Control protocol (CP): the participants will remain 10 minutes at rest position followed by 15 minutes of warming, with activities involving stretching and global exercises, 40 minutes of physical exercise in a treadmill, 5 minutes of cooling down and 60 minutes of recovery. In this phase, the participants will not be hydrated.

3. Hydration protocol (HP): the participants will perform the equal CP activities, but with the administration of mineral water (Bonafont, Brazil) that will be divided into 8 portions uniformly, administered for 10 minutes in regular intervals from the 10^th minute of the exercise until the lasts 25 minutes of the recovery period.

Figure 1
Protocol design.

Previous orientation to the experimental procedure

Aiming for the reliability of the results, the participants will receive orientations to comply with the experimental procedure phase, as state below:

• Not to ingest caffeine-based drinks (coffee, chocolate, soda and tea) for 24 hours prior to all study phases;

• Consume light meal for two hours prior all the study protocol;

• Wear comfortable clothes appropriate for exertion, such as shorts, shirt, shoes, and socks;

• To maintain their habitual physical activities during the protocol development, but to avoid vigorous physical exertion the day before;

• To intake 500 mL of water two hours before the beginning of the phases II (CP) and III (HP)³⁰, to guarantee the basal hydration condition of all participants.

Details of the experimental procedure

The details of the experimental procedure are described below and the Figure 2 illustrates the protocols activities.

Figure 2
Graph abstract of the experimental procedure.

Phase I: Maximum stress test

For definition of the exercise load used in the protocols, the participants will perform in a treadmill (Super ATL, Inbrasport, Brazil) a maximum stress test, in accordance with the maximal Bruce protocol³¹ on Laboratório de Fisiologia Celular do Exercício (LaFICE) at Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia - UNESP/PP.

The participants will remain at rest on the treadmill in orthostatic position to stabilization of the initial values and after that, will begin the maximum stress test, with 5 minutes of warming and 2.5 km/h of speed, followed by the maximal Bruce protocol, that consist in progressive incremental of load through the tilt and speed on every three minutes. Verbal encouragement will be used to achieve the maximum physical exertion, with the test being interrupted by the participant exhaustion or when the maximum stress test was achieved³¹. All participants will be continuously monitored during the rest and the exercise until exhaustion, and for 5 min of recovery through an electrocardiogram. Aiming the safety of the participants, all the procedures related to the incremental test will be supervised by a Cardiologist with expertise in maximum stress test.

To determine the oxygen consumption (VO_2peak), exhaled gases will be analyzed using a commercial system Quark PFT, (Cosmed, Rome, Italy), calibrated with volumes and gases of known concentration. The VO_2peak will be considered the highest VO₂ reached in the test. The used load in the CP and HP will be 60% to 80% of the maximum heart rate (HR) reached at the anaerobic threshold (AT) of the test. For individuals that do not reach the AT during the test, the used load will be 60% to 80% of the HR value reached in VO_2peak. For the determination of HR, the participant will wear a HR monitor (RS800CX, Polar Electro Oy, Finland) and the beat-to-beat will be recorded³² and subsequently, the values obtained will be extracted.

Phases II and III: Control and hydration protocol

The protocols will be realized on CEAFiR of Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia - UNESP, between 01h30 a.m to 6h00 p.m. to avoid circadian variations. Temperature (temperature between 22 °C to 25 °C) and the humidity (humidity between 40 to 60%) will be controlled. To reduce the anxiety of the participants during the tests, a small number of people will stay on the data collection locally. During this phase, researchers with expertise in the ambulatory phase of cardiovascular physical therapy will supervise all the procedures of the study.

Initially, in both protocols, the participants will be oriented to collect a urine sample despising the first jet to analyze the degree of hydration of the participants. In the hydration condition, it will be verified: bodyweight, though a digital scale (Plenna, TIN 00139 MAXIMA, Brazil) and height, though a stenographer (ES 2020 - Sanny, Brazil).

Before the beginning of the protocols (CP and HP) will be placed on the participants a HR monitor (RS800CX, Polar Electro Oy, Finland) to record the heart rate beat-to-beat during the protocols and the participants will remain lying comfortably for 10 minutes. At the final of 10 minutes of rest, the axillar temperature will be measured through a Thermometer (BD Thermofácil, China). The cardiorespiratory parameters Heart Rate (HR), Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP), Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP), respiratory rate (f), Oxygen partial saturation (SpO2), Subjective perceived exertion (SPE) and subjective perceived pain (SPP) will be also measured at this moment.

After these measures, the participants will realize 15 minutes of warming, with activities involving stretching and global exercise, 40 minutes of treadmill (intensity of 60% to 80% to VO_2peak or AT) and 5 minutes of cooling down with a half of load used on the previous exercise. During the exercise period on a treadmill, new measurements of the parameters: HR, SBP, DBP, SpO2, SPE, SPP in minutes 15 and 35 will be realized.

At the end of the activity (rest + warming + treadmill exercise + cooling down), on the 70^th minute, the axillar temperature of the individuals will be measured again with than at rest, lied in a calm environment and monitored for further 60 minutes. During this period, it will be analyzed the HR, SBP, DBP, SpO2, SPE, SPP parameters on 1^st, 3^rd, 5^th, 7^th, 10^th and every 10 minutes from this, until the end of the recovery.

The RR intervals will be analyzed on the following moments: M1 (lasts 5 minutes of the rest), M2 (15^th to 20^th minutes of the exercise), M3 (35^th to 40^th minutes of the exercise), M4 (0 to 5^th minutes of the recovery), M5 (5^th to 10^th minutes of the recovery), M6 (15^th to 20^th minutes of the recovery), M7 (25^th to 30^th minutes of the recovery), M8 (40^th to 45^th minutes of the recovery) and M9 (55^th to 60^th minutes of the recovery). For the evaluation of the autonomic modulation will be obtained in this section at least 256 RR consecutive intervals³².

In both protocols, after the recovery period, the participants will be oriented to collect a urine sample again in order to analyze its composition and after this, the final body weight measurement will be performed.

Hydration strategy

The amount of drink administered during the treadmill physical exercise and HP recovery, will be obtained through the body mass loss, evaluated thought the body mass difference verified before of the CP begins and after their recovery period. The body mass will be measured thought a digital scale (Plenna -TIN 00139 MAXIMA, Brazil). The use of this technic implies that one gram of body mass loss is equivalent to one milliliter of liquid loss³³,³⁴. Thus, the body mass loss of each participant indicates the amount that will be administered during the treadmill physical exercise and the HP recovery period.

For the participants hydration, it will be used mineral water without gas (Bonafont, Brazil). The strategy adopted on this protocol will be realized, based on previous studies of the group²⁰,²¹, which will be done in intervals of 10 minutes from the 10^th minute of the treadmill physical exercise until the lasts 25 minutes of the recovery period. Therefore, the total amount of ingested will be divided into 8 equal portions.

Furthermore, the hydration dynamic condition before and after the CP and HP performed will be verified through the urine analysis (Combur 10 M teste, Roche®, Brazil) and the specific density will be used as a marker of the hydration degree³³. For the performed of this procedure, the participants will be instructed to collect their urine previously to CP and HP and after the recovery period, despising the first jet. The participants that have a specific density under of 1.020 will be considered hydrated and those with specific density above, dehydrated³⁵.

Assessed outcomes

1. Primary outcome

   • Heart rate variability: The heart rate variability (HRV) analysis will be realized from the recorded data through a HR monitor Polar RS800CX (Polar Electro, Kempele, Finland)³⁶ through linear methods, that will be analyzed on time(SDNN and RMSSD), frequency domain (LF, HF and LF/HF), geometric indices (SD1, SD2 and SD1/SD2) and nonlinear methods (Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (DFA), recurrence rate (REC), determinism (DET) and approximated entropy (ApEn)³²,³⁷-³⁹.

     The HRV indices will be obtained from the Kubios HRV software - 2.0 version⁴⁰, except DFA indices that will be calculated by an available software on PhysioNet (http://www.physionet.org/), an online forum that collects biomedical and signal records and software to analyze this signals⁴¹. For this analyze, temporal series of RR intervals will be initially submitted to digital filtering from the Polar Pro Trainer software (5.0 version) complemented by manual, for the elimination of the ectopic, premature and artefacts beats, and just series with more than 95% of the sinus beat will be included in the study ³⁰. From the visual analysis of the temporal series will be observed the absence of the artifacts or cardiac arrhythmias that would influence on HRV analyze.

2. Secondary outcomes

   • Blood pressure: The SBP and DBP parameters will be measured, using a stethoscope (Littmann, Saint Paul, USA) and aneroid sphygmomanometer (Welch Allyn - Tycos, New York, USA), according to the VI Brazilian Hypertension Guidelines⁴². The values will be registered in individual file. To avoid errors in blood pressure determination, a trained profissional will measure this parameter during all the experimental.

   • Heart rate: The HR will be recorded beat-to-beat through a HR monitor Polar RS800CX (Polar Electro, Kempele, Finland), previously validated equipment to capture this parameter³⁶.

   • Respiratory rate: The measures will be realized through the respiratory score during one minute, without the volunteer knowledge, to maintain the usual respiration⁴³.

   • Partial oxygen saturation: The SpO2 will be verify through a pulse oximeter (Mindray PM-50 Pulse Oximeter, China).

   • Subjective perceive exertion: The subjective perceive exertion (SPE or RPE) will be obtained using a Borg scale⁴⁴. The scale will be presented to the participants at a form that they can express the degree of exertion feeling.

   • Subjective perceive pain: At the reason of the studied population, will be also evaluated the subjective perceive pain through the Borg CR10 scale⁴⁴, with the objective to evaluate the discommodity degree perceived to the participants during the protocol phases. The Scale comprises 10 points, varying of 0 (absolutely nothing/ without pain) to 10 (extremely strong/ maximum pain). The participants will be questioned if present some discommodity and in affirmative cases the scale will be presented at a form that they can indicate the score of the discommodity felling.

Blinding, randomization, and allocation

The draw of the study did not permit the randomization of the groups and consequently the secret allocation since for this execution the participants mandatorily will need to follow the sequence of the study pre-determined (Phase I → Phase II → Phase III). The first phase is necessary for the definition of the exercise load used in the protocols and only after this phase, the protocol will be applied. The randomization of the other protocols does not allow because the amount of the drink administered during the HP (phase III), that will be obtained through the body mass loss, as described previously.

The blinding (AKFS and LCMV) will be possible to the extraction of the primary outcome data (HRV), HR (secondary outcome) and to statistical analysis, where the researcher will have the assess to the data. To the others secondary variables, it will be not possible the blinding because of the logistic adopted at the study.

Data analyses

Descriptive statistics will be used to describe the population profile and the results will be presented as mean, median, standard deviation, minimum and maximum, and confidence interval values. The data files will be examined regularly to ensure their integrity and participants will receive an ID to preserve the confidentiality of the data. The normality of the data will be determined by Shapiro-Wilk test. For the variables weight and body temperature, the comparison of the moments of the same protocol will be realized by paired Student's t-test for normal distribution of data or Wilcoxon test for non-normal distribution of data. For the analyze between the protocols unpaired Student's t-test will be used for normal distribution data or Mann-Whitney test for non-normal data. The comparison of the cardiorespiratory parameters, perceived exertion and pain, and HRV indices between the protocols (CP vs HP) and moments (rest vs exercise and rest times vs recovery times) will be made by two-way repeated measures ANOVA. The repeated-measures data will be checked for sphericity violation using Mauchly's test and the Greenhouse-Geisser correction will be conducted when sphericity is violated. For analyzing of the moments (rest vs exercise and rest times vs recovery times) will be applied ANOVA for repeated measurements followed by the Bonferroni post-test for parametric distribution or the Dunnet post-test for non-parametric distribution. The analysis of the different moments between the groups will be made by non-paired Student's t-test for normal distribution data or Mann-Whitney test for non-normal data. The analyses will be performed using the commercial Minitab software - 13.20 version (Minitab, PA., USA) and GraphPad Instat -3.01 version, 1998 (GraphPad Software, Inc., San Diego California USA). P < 0.05 will be accepted as statistically significant.

Conclusion

This protocol design would allow to answer important questions and will open new perspectives helping both clinicians and researchers. If the results showed unfavorable impact on autonomic behavior and cardiorespiratory parameters, and that the liquid reposition attenuates this impact, these findings will add an important contribution to cardiovascular rehabilitation program⁶-¹¹,⁴⁵. Furthermore, to study the recovery period after physical exercise is fundamental since cardiovascular events and sympathovagal unbalance can occur during this period⁴⁶,⁴⁷.

Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledgements to Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq for financial support in this study. Funding - The study receives financial support of the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq- Grant 401258/2016-5 and Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) - Financial code 001.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  08 May 2020
• Date of issue
  2020

History

• Received
  13 Feb 2020
• Accepted
  11 Mar 2020