Exercise program on the health of people with epilepsy: protocol of a randomized controlled trial study

Abstract

Aim:

This study aimed to describe an experimental protocol to evaluate how a structured exercise program can impact on the health of people with epilepsy.

Methods:

For this purpose, a randomized control trial will be conducted in the city of Pelotas, southern Brazil. Participants will be randomized into two groups: 1) Control- maintain usual activities, and 2) Exercise- a structured exercise program, with two 60-minute sessions per week, for 12 weeks. The intervention will be composed by warm-up (5-minutes), moderate-intensity aerobic exercise (15-20 minutes, performed on a treadmill), resistance training (2-3 sets, 10-15 repetitions), and 5-minutes of stretching exercises. Sociodemographic characteristics, clinical information, cognitive function, anthropometric measurements (weight, height, hip and waist circumferences), cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max), and strength (dynamometer) will be measured at baseline and 12-week post-intervention. Participants will receive a diary to record their seizures throughout the study.

Results:

A structured exercise program is expected to generate beneficial health effects, and the results can assist in health professionals’ clinical practice for people with epilepsy.

Keywords:
epilepsy; motor activity; seizures; trial; mental health

Introduction

Epilepsy is one of the most prevalent neurological diseases, especially in low- and middle-income countries,¹ that affects nearly 50 million people of all ages worldwide². Epilepsy is characterized by hyperexcitability in the brain that leads to recurrent epileptic seizures. Although the cause of the disease is still unknown in about 50% of global cases, many underlying disease mechanisms can lead to epilepsy². This disease is characterized by a brain disorder defined by any of the following conditions: a) at least two unprovoked epileptic seizures within 24 hours; b) an unprovoked seizure, and a high risk of having another seizure; or c) a diagnosis of epileptic syndrome³. The World Health Organization estimates that only 25% of epileptic patients have access to proper treatment and 70% could live seizure-free if properly diagnosed and treated².

This disease is a chronic condition that directly affects psychological, social, and labor factors among individuals⁴. These people are more likely to present psychiatric morbidities, such as anxiety and depression⁵, and may also present cognitive impairment in the domains of learning, memory, attention, and executive functions⁶,⁷. Antiepileptic drugs can exacerbate the deficits arising from this neurological disease.⁸ Although carbamazepine was associated with deficits in attention⁹ and verbal fluency,¹⁰ valproate and phenobarbital were associated with worse cognitive deficit¹¹,¹². Together, these factors portray a negative influence on the quality of life among this population¹³,¹⁴.

In addition to conventional treatment, non-pharmacological therapies have been used to treat epilepsy. Regular exercise is an emerging strategy for improving health conditions, seizure control, and cognitive function in people with epilepsy¹⁵-¹⁷. Studies have shown that exercise might have a neuroprotective action in the brain,¹⁸ protecting against seizures¹⁷,¹⁹. Some studies have assessed the chronic effect of exercise on people with epilepsy¹⁹-²¹. Erikssen et al.¹⁹ showed that physical exercise may also contribute to control epileptic seizures. McAuley et al.²⁰ and Nakken et al.²¹ did not find differences in the frequency of seizures, however, an improvement in health and psychological variables was reported.

There are few studies worldwide that evaluate the chronic effect of physical exercise on the health of people with epilepsy²¹. Therefore, promotion of physical activity or exercise could be an emergent low-cost nonpharmacological approach to reduce the burden of epilepsy for the patients, mainly in low- and middle-income countries where approximately 80% of people with epilepsy are living². Thus, this study aims to present an experimental protocol to evaluate how a structured exercise program can impact the health of people with epilepsy.

Methods

This study will be a randomized controlled trial, single-blinded, conducted in the city of Pelotas, southern Brazil. The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the School of Physical Education from the Federal University of Pelotas (protocol number: 2.187.723). The clinical trial has been registered at www.ensaiosclinicos.gov.br (registration number: RBR-8h4dty).

In addition, the ethical procedures will be followed: (1) participation in the study will occur only after consent form has been signed; (2) data confidentiality will be guaranteed; (3) participants reporting health problems, after or during the study, will be referred to appropriate health services.

Participants recruitment

People with epilepsy who used the Brazilian Public Health System primary care service, who are possibly in greater social vulnerability, will be invited first. Participants must be diagnosed with epilepsy (confirmed by a physician who will be part of the research team) and be on antiepileptic drugs. The recruitment will be as follow: 1) people with epilepsy from the Neurology Outpatient Clinic of the Medical School - Federal University of Pelotas, participants from a previous descriptive study,²² 2) identification on records from the Neurology Outpatient Clinic of the Medical School - Federal University of Pelotas; and 3) dissemination by social media (e.g. Facebook, WhatsApp) and local press.

Participants

Potential participants who agree to take part in the study will be instructed to attend the School of Physical Education in the following week to receive detailed explanations and sign the consent form. To be included in the study participants must comply with the following characteristics: 1) age between 18 and 60 years; 2) sedentary; 3) and diagnosed with epilepsy (confirmed by a physician). Physical impairment that does not allow exercise practice or inability to answer the questionnaire, will be defined as exclusion criteria. All participants will be required to undergo a physical examination performed by a physician to ensure safety to engage in exercise training. The participants with uncontrolled blood pressure will be instructed to look for a health center.

Participants will be randomized into two groups: exercise (EG) or control group (CG). EG will perform two 60-minute sessions per week of combined training (aerobic + strength + stretching), for 12 weeks. The CG will be recommended to maintain their usual daily activities. To ensure equivalence in sample size between groups the block randomization technique, with a 1:1 allocation rate will be used. In each block, the first patient drawn will be allocated to EG, and the second to CG, and so on.

Intervention

The intervention will take place at the gym of the School of Physical Education of the Federal University of Pelotas, which will supply treadmills, bicycles, dumbbells, shin guards, elastic bands, Swiss balls, and weight-training equipment for strength training, in addition to an air-conditioned environment. The schedules training will be from 6 a.m. to 9 p.m. from Monday to Friday, and from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. on Saturdays. All training sessions will be individually guided by a trained exercise science professional. In addition, door-to-door transportation to and from the gym will be provided for research participants.

In case of absence, another day will be offered to recover training and a 70% adherence rate will be required to be included in the analysis. Participants will be instructed not to exercise two days in a row.

While participants allocated to the CG will be encouraged to continue their normal daily activities, the participants in EG will receive a structured, individually supervised, exercise program with two 60-minute sessions per week. Each session will be composed of warm-up, aerobic, strength, and stretching exercises. The periodization and exercise program were adapted from other studies²⁰,²³,²⁴ and will be based on the American College of Sports Medicine recommendations for sedentary people²⁵. The exercise program will be divided into three cycles, each cycle performed in one month, using progressive periodization. Physical tests will be monitored by two exercise science specialists and a physician. All professionals will be trained on safety measures in case a seizure occurs.

Warm-up will be performed at the first 5 minutes of the sessions, using light activity (walking at treadmill). Immediately after warm-up, aerobic training will be started at a treadmill, with intensity controlled by the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) using the 6-to-20 Borg scale²⁶ with target intensity between 14 and 17.

Resistance training will be focused on main muscle groups using strength exercise machines and free weights. The following exercises will be performed: chest press, seated row, leg press, squat, shoulder press, sit-up, and plank. During the last 5 minutes of each session, active stretching (shoulders, hamstrings, quadriceps, chest, triceps, lower back, and neck) will be executed in 3 sets of 10 seconds in each exercise.

From week 1 to 4, each session will begin with a 5-minute warm-up, 15 minutes of aerobic exercise, 35 minutes of strength training, and 5 minutes of stretching. In the first week, there will be an adaptation period to emphasize the correct execution of movements, in which two series of 12 to 15 submaximal repetitions will be performed.

In weeks two, three, and four, the intensity will be increased and participants will be instructed to perform 12 to 15 maximum repetitions. Then, at weeks five to eight, the volume will be increased in aerobic (20 minutes) and strength training (3 sets). Lastly, at week nine to twelve, participants will perform 25 minutes of aerobic training and 3 sets of 10 to 12 maximum repetitions at strength training. The total time on plank will be increased from 20 seconds from weeks 1 to 4, to 30 seconds at weeks 5 to 8, and then 45 seconds from weeks 9 to 12. The interval time will always be 90 seconds between sets²⁴ and as suggested by the American College of Sports Medicine,²⁵ the intensity will be controlled by a trained exercise Science based on evaluation of perceived exertion (Figure 1).

Figure 1
Overview of the protocol. Max rep: maximal repetition; Sub: submaximal repetition; RPE: rating of perceived exertion.

Assessments

Baseline

Baseline measures will be held in two visits. In the first visit, participants will answer a questionnaire covering sociodemographic, neuropsychological, clinical, and health questions. In addition, a strength test, as well as a treadmill and the mask used for the maximum oxygen consumption (VO₂max) test familiarization will be conducted. In the second visit, hemodynamic (blood pressure and heart rate), anthropometric (weight, height, waist, and hip circumferences), and VO₂max test (accompanied by a physician) will be performed. In addition, a seizure diary will be provided, in which subjects will record the days and the number of seizures throughout the trial.

Primary outcomes

Frequency and Number of Epileptic Seizures

Participants will be asked, in the baseline, about the seizure experience: “Have you had seizure in the past three months?”. If yes, they will be asked about the number of seizures: “How many seizures did you have?”.

Quality of Life

Quality of Life in Epilepsy Inventory (QOLIE-31) will be used. This instrument contains 31 items divided into seven domains: seizure worry, the general quality of life, emotional well-being, energy and fatigue, cognitive function, social function, and medication effects. The scores range from 0 to 100, with results closer to 100 corresponding to a better quality of life²⁷.

Depression

The Neurological Disorders Depression Inventory for Epilepsy (NDDI-E) will be used. It contains six items and its final score can vary from 6 to 24. Scores higher than or equal to 15 indicate a diagnosis of depression²⁸.

Anxiety

The short version of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) will be used for this study. Each sub-scale contains six items, totaling 12 questions for anxiety assessment. The anxiety state scale describes the feelings of the individual at a given time, under specific conditions. The trait anxiety scale describes the subjects’ usual feelings. The scores, both for trait and anxiety state, range from six to 24 points. The higher scores, the higher state, and trait of anxiety²⁹.

Adverse Effects of Antiepileptics

The Adverse Effects Profile (AEP) will be used to evaluate the adverse effects of antiepileptic drugs. The scale has 19 items and scores vary between 19 and 76. The higher the scores, the higher the perceived adverse effects³⁰.

Cognitive Function

Global Cognitive Function

The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA) will be used to assess cognitive function. This instrument evaluates visuospatial and executive function, appointment, memory, attention, language, late evocation, and orientation. Scores range from 0 to 30 points³¹. In addition, the trail making test, digit span test, the Stroop color, and word test, and verbal fluency test will be used in order to assess mental flexibility, working memory, inhibit cognitive interference, and verbal fluency, respectively.

Attention, visual search speed, speed of processing, mental flexibility, and executive function

Trail making test will provide valuable information about visual search speed, speed of processing, mental flexibility, and executive function³². In the first moment, a researcher will present a figure with 8 circles with numbers from 1 to 8 inside each one. The researcher will explain that the participant should draw a line from number 1 (point to “1”) to number 2 (point to “2”), 2 to 3 (point to “3”), and so on. After this non-scored task, the researcher will present a second figure with 25 numbers (1-25), and the participants should follow the same instruction that the previous task. Later, the researcher will show to the participant a figure with 8 circles with numbers (1-4) or letters (A to D) inside each circle. The researcher will give the following instruction: draw a line from number 1 (point to “1”) to letter A (point to “A”), A to 2 (point to “2”), 2 to B (point to “B”) and so on. In the last task from this test, participants will be given a figure with 25 circles with numbers (1-13) or letters (A to L) inside each circle. The researcher will give instructions as follow: draw a line from number 1 (point to “1”) to letter A (point to “A”), A to 2 (point to “2”), 2 to B (point to “B”) and so on. In all tasks, the participants will be instructed not to lift the pencil from the paper. The time spent in each task will be recorded.

Working memory

Digit span test will be used to identify working memory from participants.³³ In the first part of this test, a sequence of numbers will be presented to them, starting from sequences compounded from 2 to 7 digits. Immediately after the researcher says the first sequence, participants should recall the same digits at the same sequence. If participants do not recall the information correctly, the researcher will give a new sequence with the same number of digits. In case they recall incorrectly again, this part of the test will be ended. If not, the researcher will give a new sequence compounded by 3 digits. The test will end when participants make two consecutive errors. In the second part, the instruction will be the same as previously, however, participants should recall the numbers backward.

Cognitive interference

Stroop color and word task tests the inhibit cognitive interference, an important compound of executive function³⁴. Participants should read a list of 112 words ignoring the printed color of each word. In the second moment, participants should name the color from which each word was printed ignoring its meaning. The time to complete the list in each task will be recorded.

Language domain

A verbal fluency task will be performed to assess another domain of executive function³⁵. Participants will be asked to recall in one minute, as many words they can, that start with letters F, A, and S. Words repetition, proper names, and words derived in number, gender, conjugation, and degree of comparison will not be scored. Fluency will be indexed by the sum of correct words across all three trials.

Stress

The Perceived stress scale (PSS-10) will be used. This scale is composed of 10 items and refers to situations and events of the last 30 days. Each item has a Likert scale that varies from 0 (never) to 4 (very frequent). Scores range from 0 to 40, and the higher the score, the higher the individual’s perception of stress³⁶.

Quality of Sleep

The Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) will be used.³⁷ The questionnaire contains 19 items and for each item, a scale from 0 to 3 will be used. The total score ranges from 0 to 21, with scores between 0 and 4 indicating good sleep quality, 5 to 10 indicating bad quality, and above 10 indicating a sleep disorder.

Secondary outcomes

Strength

The handgrip strength test will be conducted, using a Takei Scientific Instruments dynamometer, model T.K.K.5401. The participant will be standing, with their feet together, arms close to the body, elbows extended, and holding the dynamometer with the dominant hand. When the researcher gives a signal, the participant will have three seconds to tighten the device. Three attempts will be made with an interval of 30 seconds of rest among them and the highest value will be used.

Physical fitness

The VO₂max will be assessed using a maximum incremental protocol on a treadmill through a stress test, where at the end of each stage, 1km/hour will be added to the running speed until volitively fatigue is reached. The initial test speed will be 6km.h^-1, and prior to that, a 4-minute warm-up will be performed at 6km.h^-1. The gas collection will be performed by open-circuit spirometry, continuously, using the VO2000 (MedGraphics®, Ann Arbor, USA) mix box type. The analyzer will be calibrated before each collection with ambient air, according to the manufacturer’s recommendations and the subjects will be submitted to familiarization with the mask. Blood pressure will be checked using the Littmann Master Classic stethoscope and the Nylon Bic Sphygmomanometer and Contact Closure, before and after the test by a physician. The heart rate will be measured using a heart rate monitors (Polar® RS800CX, Finland) with a recording frequency of 1 beat per second; participants will use the device throughout the test. During the test, the intensity will be controlled by the objective (evaluator) and subjective (individual) perception of exertion by the Borg scale from 6 to 20²⁶.

Anthropometric

Height and weight will be measured using a wall stadiometer (resolution scale of 0.1 centimeters) and a Filizola digital precision scale (resolution of 0.1 kg), respectively. The waist circumference will be measured with an inextensible tape at the largest circumference between the last rib and the iliac crest. Hip circumference will be measured at the maximum protruding part of the buttocks at the level of the greater trochanter with the participant wearing minimal clothing and standing with feet together. In both, the waist and hip circumference measurements will be performed with minimal clothing while standing.

Clinical variables

The variables of interest related to epilepsy are type of epilepsy, antiepileptic drugs, type and duration of treatment (monotherapy or polytherapy, years with epilepsy, seizure control (controlled, not always controlled or not controlled) and clinical family history.

Sample size and statistical analysis

The sample size of this study is based on the expected difference in the primary outcome variable (quality of life) between the EG and the CG after 3 months. The sample size calculation was based on the difference of means, considering 80% statistical power and 5% significance level. We have estimated that 20 people will be necessary for the study²².

The SPSS 20.0 software will be used to analyze the data. A p-value of <0.05 will be considered for statistical significance. The analysis will be conducted by treatment intent and by adherence to study protocol. Baseline characteristics will be presented using descriptive statistics to compare both groups. Data will be presented as mean (standard deviation), or frequency (%), as appropriate. The Shapiro-Wilk test will be used to check for normality. For categorical variables, Fisher’s exact test will be used (n, %). Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) or two-way analysis of variance with repeated measures (ANOVA two-way) will be used to compare moments (pre- and post-training) and groups (EG and CG). If the significant influence of any factors (group, time, group x time interaction) is found, differences between specific means will be verified by Bonferroni post-hoc test.

Discussion

Physical exercise has increasingly attracted attention as a non-pharmacological alternative to assist people with epilepsy treatment. Although the literature shows promising results, physical activity prevalence among people with epilepsy is low²²,³⁸.

Studies evaluating the influence of physical exercise by using animal models of epilepsy showed important results.³⁸-⁴¹ However, intervention research using physical exercise in humans is scarce²¹ with only one randomized clinical trial being found to date²⁰.

A strength of our study is the fact that is going to be performed in an Upper-middle income country. In addition, the initial invitation for people who use the Public Health System, which is possibly in greater social vulnerability, is another strength of our study. To ensure a greater participation in the exercise program, free transportation to the intervention site and from intervention site to participant’s home will be offered.

This is the first randomized clinical trial in Brazil and the second in the world to evaluate the impact of a structured exercise program on the health of people with epilepsy. If the trial hypothesis is confirmed, the results are expected to assist in clinical practice as a means of disease control and general improvement of the health conditions of these people.

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• Associate Editor:

  Iane de Paiva Novaes, UESB/Jequié, BA, Brazil.

• Acknowledgments:

  The authors would like to acknowledge the subjects who volunteered their time to participate in this study. This study was financed in part by the Federal Institute of Education, Science, and Technology South Rio Grande (IFSul). This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior. - Brasil (CAPES) - Finance Code 001. “This study was financed in part by the Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel) - PIB-M/D Program”

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  14 Dec 2020
• Date of issue
  Nov 2020

History

• Received
  28 Aug 2020
• Accepted
  18 Sept 2020