Human security paradigms and economic crisis in first year of the North Caucasus Federal District

Lopes, Tiago Ferreira

Abstract

The decrease in insecurity in the North Caucasus during the first eight years of the 21st century was achieved with the help of federal money used to amnesty soldiers and to pacify ethnic leaders' ambitions. But circumstances changed after Dmitry Kozak's announcement that the federal budget for the entire region would decrease significantly. As all the republics in the North Caucasus are dependent on federal aid of no less than 50% (in Ingushetia, Chechnya and Dagestan dependence is superior to 80%), such cut represented a politically potential danger. The main goal of the article is to present a deeper understanding of the potential link between the international and regional economic dynamics and the current acceleration of social disruption in the North Caucasus region. The paper explains how ethno-political and transition studies can benefit from the inclusion of the economic dimension into the analysis, and so it clarifies the importance of a bi-level analysis using two concepts: economic society and economic security. The paper employs the concepts of economic security and economic society to perform a richer and innovative analysis.

Human Security; North Caucasus; Insecurity; Insurgence; Ethno-politics

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BELL, Daniel. (1975), Ethnicity and Social Change, In: Ethnicity: Theory and Experience, edited by Nathan Glazer and Daniel Moynihan. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
BLOKKER, Paul. (2005), Post-Communist Modernization, Transition Studies and Diversity in Europe, European Journal of Social Theory, vol. 8, nº 4, pp. 503–525.
BLUM, Douglas W. (Ed.). (2008), Russia and Globalization: Identity, Security, and Society in an Era of Change. Maryland: John Hopkins University Press.
BROOKDALE INSTITUTE . (2003), The Social and Economic Situation in Countries of the FSU – Case Studies of Ukraine, Russia & Moldova, Brookdale/ONAD Information System, August 20, <http://www.claimscon.org/forms/allocations/The%20Social%20and_FSU%20JDC_.pdf>
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COENE, Frederik. (2009), The Caucasus: An Introduction. New York: Routledge.
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CORNELL, Svante E., and STARR, Frederick S. (2006), The Caucasus: A Challenge for Europe, Central Asia – Caucasus Institute and Silk Road Studies Program, pp. 1–85.
DZUTSEV, Valery. (2010), Khloponin's Innovative Approach to the North Caucasus Faces Uphill Struggle, Eurasia Daily Monitor, vol. 7, nº 129, <http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=36581&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=7&cHash=435f32fe32>
FREEZE, Gregory L. (2009), Russia: A History New York: Oxford University Press.
FREITAS, João Teixeira de. (2012), Uma visão sobre o neo-patrimonialismo russo na era pós-soviética, Observatório de Segurança Humana, pp. 1–15, <http://www.segurancahumana.eu/data/res/27/1826.pdf>
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GOBLE, Paul. (2009), Moscow to Cut Subsidies to North Caucasus, Shifting Them to Russian Region, Kozak Says, Window on Eurasia, September 13, <http://windowoneurasia.blogspot.com/2009/09/window-on-eurasia-moscow-to-cut.html>
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______________. (2000), The parade of sovereignties: Testing Theories of Secession in the Soviet Settlement, British Journal of Political Science, vol. 30, nº 1, pp. 31–56.
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PRZEWORSKI, Adam., and LIMONGI, Fernando. (1997), Modernization: Theories and Facts, World Politics, vol. 49, nº 2, pp. 155–183.
SERVICE, Robert W. (1997), A History of Twentieth-Century Russia London: Penguin Books.
SMITH, Graham. (1999), The Post-Soviet States: Mapping the Politics of Transition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
UNITED NATIONS EDUCATION, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION. (2008), Human Security: Approaches and Challenges. Paris: Stedi Media.
UNITED NATIONS. (2009), Human Security in Theory and Practice – Application of the Human Security Concept and The United Nations Trust Fund for Human Security New York: Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs.
VATCHAGAEV, Mairbek. (2010), Kremlin Offers Money and Financial Incentives to Change the Mood in the North Caucasus, Eurasia Daily Monitor, vol. 7, nº 136, <http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=36625>
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Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
20 Aug 2013
Date of issue
2013

History

Received
Sept 2011
Accepted
Feb 2013

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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[2] BELL, Daniel. (1975), Ethnicity and Social Change, In: Ethnicity: Theory and Experience, edited by Nathan Glazer and Daniel Moynihan. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.

[3] BLOKKER, Paul. (2005), Post-Communist Modernization, Transition Studies and Diversity in Europe, European Journal of Social Theory, vol. 8, nº 4, pp. 503–525.

[4] BLUM, Douglas W. (Ed.). (2008), Russia and Globalization: Identity, Security, and Society in an Era of Change. Maryland: John Hopkins University Press.

[5] BROOKDALE INSTITUTE . (2003), The Social and Economic Situation in Countries of the FSU – Case Studies of Ukraine, Russia & Moldova, Brookdale/ONAD Information System, August 20, <http://www.claimscon.org/forms/allocations/The%20Social%20and_FSU%20JDC_.pdf>

[6] CAUCASUS REPORT . (2010), Medvedev Creates New North Caucasus Federal District, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, January 20, <http://www.rferl.org/content/Medvedev_Creates_New_North_Caucasus_Federal_District/1934705.html>

[7] COENE, Frederik. (2009), The Caucasus: An Introduction. New York: Routledge.

[8] COMMISSION ON HUMAN SECURITY. (2003), Human Security Now - Report New York: Communications Development Incorporated.

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[10] CORNELL, Svante E., and STARR, Frederick S. (2006), The Caucasus: A Challenge for Europe, Central Asia – Caucasus Institute and Silk Road Studies Program, pp. 1–85.

[11] DZUTSEV, Valery. (2010), Khloponin's Innovative Approach to the North Caucasus Faces Uphill Struggle, Eurasia Daily Monitor, vol. 7, nº 129, <http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=36581&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=7&cHash=435f32fe32>

[12] FREEZE, Gregory L. (2009), Russia: A History New York: Oxford University Press.

[13] FREITAS, João Teixeira de. (2012), Uma visão sobre o neo-patrimonialismo russo na era pós-soviética, Observatório de Segurança Humana, pp. 1–15, <http://www.segurancahumana.eu/data/res/27/1826.pdf>

[14] GAMMER, Moshe. (2005), The Lone Wolf and the Bear: Three Centuries of Chechen Defiance - A History London: C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd.

[15] GOBLE, Paul. (2009), Moscow to Cut Subsidies to North Caucasus, Shifting Them to Russian Region, Kozak Says, Window on Eurasia, September 13, <http://windowoneurasia.blogspot.com/2009/09/window-on-eurasia-moscow-to-cut.html>

[16] HALBACH, Uwe. (2010), Russia's Internal Abroad: The North Caucasus as an Emergency Zone at the Edge of Europe, German Institute for International and Security Affairs, Research Paper nº 5, pp. 1–34, <http://www.swp-berlin.org/fileadmin/contents/products/research_papers/2010_RP_05_hlb_ks.pdf>

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[18] ______________. (2000), The parade of sovereignties: Testing Theories of Secession in the Soviet Settlement, British Journal of Political Science, vol. 30, nº 1, pp. 31–56.

[19] HOROWITZ, Donald L. (2000), Ethnic Groups in Conflict Berkeley: University of California Press.

[20] HUMAN DEVELOPMENT NETWORK. (2005), Peace, Human Security and Human Development in the Philippines, <http://hdn.org.ph/wp-content/uploads/2008/11/Highlights-of-PHDR-2005.pdf>

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[24] KING, Charles. (2008), The Ghost of Freedom – A History of the Caucasus New York: Oxford University Press.

[25] KÖRBEL, Thomas. (2009), La Russie peut-elle apaiser le Caucase du Nord?, Actualités de la Russie et de la CEI - Institut de Relations Internationales et Stratégiques, nº 17, pp. 1–6, < http://www.iris-france.org/docs/pdf/actu_cei/2009-07-01.pdf>

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[27] LINZ, Juan., and STEPAN, Alfred. (1996), Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America, and Post-Communist Europe Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press.

[28] LIONO, Alexandru. (2000), Economic Survival Strategies in North Caucasus, Circassian World, <http://www.circassianworld.com/economic.html>

[29] LOPES, Tiago Ferreira. (2010), Honor, faith, politics and complexity from Cherkessk to Makhachkala – Analysis to the rebirth of ethno-religious nationalisms in North Caucasus, Daxiyangguo – Revista Portuguesa de Estudos Asiáticos, nº 15, pp. 3–32.

[30] LORDKIPANIDZE, Vazha., and TOTADZE, Anzor. (Ed.). (2010), The Population of the Caucasus New York: Nova Science Publishers.

[31] MARKEDONOV, Sergey. (2009), The Big Caucasus – Consequences of the "Five Day War", Threats and Political Prospects, International Centre for Black Sea Studies - Xenophon Paper, nº 7, pp. 1–75, < http://cis.uchicago.edu/sites/cis.uchicago.edu/files/resources/THE BIG CAUCASUS.pdf>

[32] ______________________. (2010), Radical Islam in the North Caucasus: Evolving Threats, Challenges, and Prospects – A Report of the CSIS Russia and Eurasia Program, Center for Strategic & International Studies, pp. 1–13, <http://csis.org/files/publication/101122_Markedonov_RadicalIslam_Web.pdf>

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[34] MELVIN, Neil. (2007), Building Stability in the North Caucasus – Ways forward for Russia and the European Union, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, Policy Paper nº 16, pp. 1–58.

[35] MENDELSON, Sarah., MALARKEY, Matthew., and MOORE, Lucy. (2010), Violence in North Caucasus – Spring 2010: On the Rise Again?, Center for Strategic and International Studies – Human Rights and Security Initiative, pp. 1–24, < http://csis.org/files/publication/100513_Violence_in_the_North_Caucasus_Spring_2010.pdf>

[36] PEROVIC, Jeronim. (2006), The North Caucasus on the Brink, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, pp. 1–31, < http://dspace.cigilibrary.org/jspui/bitstream/123456789/7580/1/The North Caucasus on the Brink.pdf?1>

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[38] PRZEWORSKI, Adam., and LIMONGI, Fernando. (1997), Modernization: Theories and Facts, World Politics, vol. 49, nº 2, pp. 155–183.

[39] SERVICE, Robert W. (1997), A History of Twentieth-Century Russia London: Penguin Books.

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[42] UNITED NATIONS. (2009), Human Security in Theory and Practice – Application of the Human Security Concept and The United Nations Trust Fund for Human Security New York: Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs.

[43] VATCHAGAEV, Mairbek. (2010), Kremlin Offers Money and Financial Incentives to Change the Mood in the North Caucasus, Eurasia Daily Monitor, vol. 7, nº 136, <http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=36625>

[44] WASSERSTEIN, Bernard. (2007), Barbarism & Civilization – A History of Europe in our Time. New York: Oxford University Press.

[45] WEGREN, Stephen. (2003), Neoliberalism and Market Reforms in Rural Russia, In: Dilemmas of Transition in Post-Soviet Countries, edited by Joel Moses. Chicago: Burnham Publishers.

[46] WORLD BANK. (2008), Russian Economic Report, nº 17, <http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTRUSSIANFEDERATION/Resources/rer17_eng.pdf>

[47] ___________________. (2012), Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line (% of population) – Russia, <http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.NAHC/countries/RU?display=graph>

Brasil

Brasil

Human security paradigms and economic crisis in first year of the North Caucasus Federal District

Abstract

Publication Dates

History