Public policy and media frames: the debate over migration in Brazil

Leão, Augusto Veloso

Abstract

The main goal of this article is to provide a good basis to assess the way media frames are embedded in a wider social scenario, and how public and political preferences can be researched through media debate. The methodology adopted allows for an analysis of newspaper articles that can show broader trends of the debate and serve as a thermometer to measure public debate. It can further highlight details and enable in-depth analyses of media discourse. The article explores the interconnectedness of media debate and policy-making process by means of the analysis of articles published in a Brazilian newspaper between 2009 and 2010. Quantitative and qualitative methodologies are employed to identify the frames used in media and to offer insights of their relationship with the political debate. The ongoing political debate has raised attention to the issue of migration, with a great numbers of actors expressing very diverse points of view. A broader public debate has been initiated and some portions of it find voice in different means of communication. The paper argues that changes in the public and in the media debate are a response to changes in the political debate, while at the same time the first two also help to outline the latter.

migration; public policy; media debate

BATESON, Gregory. (1972), A Theory of Play and Fantasy, In: Steps to an Ecology of Mind Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 138-148.
BELLAMY, Richard., and WARLEIGH-LACK, Andrew. (1998), From an Ethics of Integration to an Ethics of Participation: Citizenship and the Future of the European Union, Millennium: A Journal of International Studies, vol. 27, n° 3, pp. 447-470.
BRASIL, Câmara dos Deputados. (2009), Projeto de Lei 5655/2009, <http://www.camara.gov.br/proposicoesWeb/fichadetramitacao?idProposicao=443102
BRASIL, Câmara dos Deputados. (1980), Lei 6815/1980, <http://www2.camara.gov.br/legin/fed/lei/1980-1987/lei-6815-19-agosto-1980-366138-norma-pl.html>
BRASIL. Conselho Nacional de Imigração (2012), Resolução Normativa 97/2012, <http://www.migrante.org.br/IMDH/fckeditor/editor/filemanager/connectors/aspx/userfiles/file/Veja%20Tamb%C3%A9m/RN%2097_12,%20DOU%2013jan12-1.doc>
BRASIL, Ministério do Trabalho, Conselho Nacional de Imigração. (2010), Política Nacional de Imigração e Proteção ao(a) Trabalhador(a) Migrante ("National Policy on Immigration and Protection to the Migrant Worker"), 12 de Maio de 2010.
CASTLES, Stephen. (1986), The Guest-worker in Western Europe – An Obituary, International Migration Review, vol. 20, nº 4, pp. 761-778.
_______. (2006), Guestworkers in Europe: A Resurrection?. International Migration Review, vol. 40, nº 4, pp. 741-766.
DEMANT, Peter R. (2009), Het Islamdebat in Nederland: van exceptionalisme tot convergentie?, Res Publica, vol. 51, nº 2, pp. 239-256.
ENTMAN, Robert M. (1993), Framing: Toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm, Journal of Communication, vol. 43, nº 4, pp. 51-58.
FOLHA DE S. PAULO. (2009-2010) São Paulo, Online. Archive available in: <http://acervo.folha.com.br>
» link
FREEMAN, Gary P. (1995), Modes of immigration politics in liberal democratic states. International Migration Review, vol. 29, nº 4, pp. 881-913.
FREYRE, Gilberto. (2006), Casa Grande & Senzala São Paulo: Editora Global, 51^st edition.
GAMSON, William A. (1992), Talking Politics Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
_______., and MODIGLIANI, Andre. (1989), Media Discourse and Public Opinion on Nuclear Power: A constructionist approach, American Journal of Sociology, vol. 95, nº 1, pp. 1-37.
________., and MODIGLIANI, Andre. (1994), The Changing Culture of Affirmative Action, In: Equal Employment Opportunity, edited by Paul Burnstein. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
GITLIN, Todd (1980), The whole World is Watching Berkeley: University of California Press.
GOFFMAN, Erving. (1986), Frame Analysis: an essay on the organization of experience. York: The Maple Press.
HABERMAS, Jürgen. (1997), Direito e democracia: entre facticidade e validade Volume I. Rio de Janeiro: Tempo Brasileiro.
HOLANDA, Sérgio Buarque de. (1995), Raízes do Brasil São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 26^th edition.
HURRELL, Andrew. (2007), On Global Order: Power, Values and the Constitution of International Society New York: Oxford University Press.
HUGO, Graeme. (1996), Environmental concerns and international migration, International Migration Review, vol. 30, nº 1, pp. 105-131.
IYENGAR, Shanto. (1990), Framing Responsibility for Political Issues: The Case of Poverty, Political Behaviour, vol. 12, nº 1, pp. 19-40.
KOOPMANS, Ruud., and STATHAM, Paul. (1999), Challenging the Liberal Nation-State? Postnationalism, Multiculturalism, and the Collective Claims-Making of Migrants and Ethnic Minorities in Britain and Germany, American Journal of Sociology, vol. 105, nº 3, pp. 652-696.
LIJPHART, Arend. (1968), The Politics of Accommodation: Pluralism and Democracy in the Netherlands Berkeley: University of California Press.
LINKLATER, Andrew. (1998), Cosmopolitan Citizenship, Citizenship Studies, vol. 2, nº 1, pp. 23-41.
MAIA, Rousiley C. M. (2009), Atores da sociedade civil e ação coletiva: relações com a comunicação de massa, Lua Nova. Revista de Cultura e Política, vol. 76, pp. 87-118.
______., DINIZ, Aline., VELOSO LEÃO, Augusto., SANTOS, Débora., OLIVEIRA, Vanessa., and GUIMARAES, Victor. (2008), Mídia e enquadramentos em ambientes competitivos: a troca pública de razões. In: XXXII Encontro Anual da Anpocs - Associação Nacional de Pós Graduação e Pesquisa em Ciências Sociais, Caxambu, MG: Grupo de Trabalho em Democracia, Comunicação Política e Eleições.
MATTAR, Marina R.M. (2012), Migrações ambientais: o caso dos pequenos países insulares, Universitas Relações Internacionais, vol. 10, nº 1, pp. 111-121.
PORTO, Mauro P. (2007), Framing Controversies: Television and the 2002 Presidential Election in Brazil, Political Communication, vol. 24, nº 1, pp. 19-36.
PRADO JUNIOR, Caio. (1994), Formação do Brasil Contemporâneo São Paulo: Editora Brasiliense, 23^rd editon.
REESE, Stephen D. (2001), Prologue – Framing Public Life: a bridging model for media research. In: Framing Public Life: Perspectives on Media and our Understanding of the Social World, edited by Stephen Reese, Oscar H. Gandy and August E. Grant. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum, pp. 7-31.
REIS, Rossana R. (2007), Políticas de Imigração na França e nos Estados Unidos São Paulo: Aderaldo & Rothschild.
RIBEIRO, Darcy. (1995), O Povo Brasileiro: a formação e o sentido do Brasil São Paulo: Companhia das Letras.
ROSENZWEIG, Mark. (2005), Consequences of Migration for Developing Countries. United Nations Expert Group Meeting on International Migration and Development New York, 6-8 July, <http://www.unclef.com/esa/population/meetings/ittmigdev2005/P08_Rosenzweig.pdf>
RUDOLPH, Christopher. (2003), Security and the Political Economy of International Migration, The American Political Science Review, vol. 97, nº 4, pp. 603-620.
SCHEUFELE, Dietram A. (1999), Framing as a theory of media effects, Journal of Communication, vol. 49, nº 1, pp. 103-122.
TRAQUINA, Nelson. (2001), O Estudo do Jornalismo no Século XX São Leopoldo: Editora Unisinos.
TUCHMAN, Gaye. (1978), Making the news. Nova York: Free Press.
TVERSKY, Amos., and KAHNEMAN, Daniel. (1981), The Framing of Decisions and the Psychology of Choice, Science, vol. 211, nº 4481, pp. 453-458.
_______. (1984), Choices, Values and Frames, American Psychologist, vol. 39, nº 4, pp. 341-350.
UNITED NATIONS. (1990), International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families, <http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cmw/cmw.htm>
UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM. (2009), Overcoming Barriers: Human mobility and development, Human Development Report 2009, <http://www.un.org/esa/population/meetings/eighthcoord2009/UNDP_OHDR_Klugmann.pdf>
VAN GORP, Baldwin. (2005), Where is the frame? Victims and Intruders in the Belgian Press Coverage of the Asylum Issue, European Journal of Communication, vol. 20, nº 4, pp. 484-507.
VELOSO LEÃO, Augusto. (2011), Governança Regional das Migrações: a lei de imigração na União Europeia, Alemanha, Áustria e Suíça. 3^rd Annual Meeting of Brazilian Association of International Relations, São Paulo, SP.
VENTURA, Deisy., and ILLES, Paulo. (2010), Estatuto do estrangeiro ou lei de imigração?, Le Monde Diplomatique Brasil, vol. 4, nº 37, pp. 14-15.
VIMIEIRO, Ana Carolina., and DANTAS, Marcela. (2009), Entre o implícito e o explícito: proposta de análise de enquadramentos da mídia, Lumina, vol. 3, nº 2, pp. 1-16.
WEINER, Myron. (1993), Security, Stability, and International Migration, International Security, vol. 17, nº 3, pp. 91-126.
WORLD BANK. (2012), Annual Remittances Data: Inflows, <http://econ.worldbank.org>

Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
20 Aug 2013
Date of issue
2013

History

Received
Feb 2012
Accepted
Mar 2013

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

[1] BATESON, Gregory. (1972), A Theory of Play and Fantasy, In: Steps to an Ecology of Mind Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 138-148.

[2] BELLAMY, Richard., and WARLEIGH-LACK, Andrew. (1998), From an Ethics of Integration to an Ethics of Participation: Citizenship and the Future of the European Union, Millennium: A Journal of International Studies, vol. 27, n° 3, pp. 447-470.

[3] BRASIL, Câmara dos Deputados. (2009), Projeto de Lei 5655/2009, <http://www.camara.gov.br/proposicoesWeb/fichadetramitacao?idProposicao=443102

[4] BRASIL, Câmara dos Deputados. (1980), Lei 6815/1980, <http://www2.camara.gov.br/legin/fed/lei/1980-1987/lei-6815-19-agosto-1980-366138-norma-pl.html>

[5] BRASIL. Conselho Nacional de Imigração (2012), Resolução Normativa 97/2012, <http://www.migrante.org.br/IMDH/fckeditor/editor/filemanager/connectors/aspx/userfiles/file/Veja%20Tamb%C3%A9m/RN%2097_12,%20DOU%2013jan12-1.doc>

[6] BRASIL, Ministério do Trabalho, Conselho Nacional de Imigração. (2010), Política Nacional de Imigração e Proteção ao(a) Trabalhador(a) Migrante ("National Policy on Immigration and Protection to the Migrant Worker"), 12 de Maio de 2010.

[7] CASTLES, Stephen. (1986), The Guest-worker in Western Europe – An Obituary, International Migration Review, vol. 20, nº 4, pp. 761-778.

[8] _______. (2006), Guestworkers in Europe: A Resurrection?. International Migration Review, vol. 40, nº 4, pp. 741-766.

[9] DEMANT, Peter R. (2009), Het Islamdebat in Nederland: van exceptionalisme tot convergentie?, Res Publica, vol. 51, nº 2, pp. 239-256.

[10] ENTMAN, Robert M. (1993), Framing: Toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm, Journal of Communication, vol. 43, nº 4, pp. 51-58.

[11] FOLHA DE S. PAULO. (2009-2010) São Paulo, Online. Archive available in: <http://acervo.folha.com.br>
» link

[12] FREEMAN, Gary P. (1995), Modes of immigration politics in liberal democratic states. International Migration Review, vol. 29, nº 4, pp. 881-913.

[13] FREYRE, Gilberto. (2006), Casa Grande & Senzala São Paulo: Editora Global, 51^st edition.

[14] GAMSON, William A. (1992), Talking Politics Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[15] _______., and MODIGLIANI, Andre. (1989), Media Discourse and Public Opinion on Nuclear Power: A constructionist approach, American Journal of Sociology, vol. 95, nº 1, pp. 1-37.

[16] ________., and MODIGLIANI, Andre. (1994), The Changing Culture of Affirmative Action, In: Equal Employment Opportunity, edited by Paul Burnstein. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.

[17] GITLIN, Todd (1980), The whole World is Watching Berkeley: University of California Press.

[18] GOFFMAN, Erving. (1986), Frame Analysis: an essay on the organization of experience. York: The Maple Press.

[19] HABERMAS, Jürgen. (1997), Direito e democracia: entre facticidade e validade Volume I. Rio de Janeiro: Tempo Brasileiro.

[20] HOLANDA, Sérgio Buarque de. (1995), Raízes do Brasil São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 26^th edition.

[21] HURRELL, Andrew. (2007), On Global Order: Power, Values and the Constitution of International Society New York: Oxford University Press.

[22] HUGO, Graeme. (1996), Environmental concerns and international migration, International Migration Review, vol. 30, nº 1, pp. 105-131.

[23] IYENGAR, Shanto. (1990), Framing Responsibility for Political Issues: The Case of Poverty, Political Behaviour, vol. 12, nº 1, pp. 19-40.

[24] KOOPMANS, Ruud., and STATHAM, Paul. (1999), Challenging the Liberal Nation-State? Postnationalism, Multiculturalism, and the Collective Claims-Making of Migrants and Ethnic Minorities in Britain and Germany, American Journal of Sociology, vol. 105, nº 3, pp. 652-696.

[25] LIJPHART, Arend. (1968), The Politics of Accommodation: Pluralism and Democracy in the Netherlands Berkeley: University of California Press.

[26] LINKLATER, Andrew. (1998), Cosmopolitan Citizenship, Citizenship Studies, vol. 2, nº 1, pp. 23-41.

[27] MAIA, Rousiley C. M. (2009), Atores da sociedade civil e ação coletiva: relações com a comunicação de massa, Lua Nova. Revista de Cultura e Política, vol. 76, pp. 87-118.

[28] ______., DINIZ, Aline., VELOSO LEÃO, Augusto., SANTOS, Débora., OLIVEIRA, Vanessa., and GUIMARAES, Victor. (2008), Mídia e enquadramentos em ambientes competitivos: a troca pública de razões. In: XXXII Encontro Anual da Anpocs - Associação Nacional de Pós Graduação e Pesquisa em Ciências Sociais, Caxambu, MG: Grupo de Trabalho em Democracia, Comunicação Política e Eleições.

[29] MATTAR, Marina R.M. (2012), Migrações ambientais: o caso dos pequenos países insulares, Universitas Relações Internacionais, vol. 10, nº 1, pp. 111-121.

[30] PORTO, Mauro P. (2007), Framing Controversies: Television and the 2002 Presidential Election in Brazil, Political Communication, vol. 24, nº 1, pp. 19-36.

[31] PRADO JUNIOR, Caio. (1994), Formação do Brasil Contemporâneo São Paulo: Editora Brasiliense, 23^rd editon.

[32] REESE, Stephen D. (2001), Prologue – Framing Public Life: a bridging model for media research. In: Framing Public Life: Perspectives on Media and our Understanding of the Social World, edited by Stephen Reese, Oscar H. Gandy and August E. Grant. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum, pp. 7-31.

[33] REIS, Rossana R. (2007), Políticas de Imigração na França e nos Estados Unidos São Paulo: Aderaldo & Rothschild.

[34] RIBEIRO, Darcy. (1995), O Povo Brasileiro: a formação e o sentido do Brasil São Paulo: Companhia das Letras.

[35] ROSENZWEIG, Mark. (2005), Consequences of Migration for Developing Countries. United Nations Expert Group Meeting on International Migration and Development New York, 6-8 July, <http://www.unclef.com/esa/population/meetings/ittmigdev2005/P08_Rosenzweig.pdf>

[36] RUDOLPH, Christopher. (2003), Security and the Political Economy of International Migration, The American Political Science Review, vol. 97, nº 4, pp. 603-620.

[37] SCHEUFELE, Dietram A. (1999), Framing as a theory of media effects, Journal of Communication, vol. 49, nº 1, pp. 103-122.

[38] TRAQUINA, Nelson. (2001), O Estudo do Jornalismo no Século XX São Leopoldo: Editora Unisinos.

[39] TUCHMAN, Gaye. (1978), Making the news. Nova York: Free Press.

[40] TVERSKY, Amos., and KAHNEMAN, Daniel. (1981), The Framing of Decisions and the Psychology of Choice, Science, vol. 211, nº 4481, pp. 453-458.

[41] _______. (1984), Choices, Values and Frames, American Psychologist, vol. 39, nº 4, pp. 341-350.

[42] UNITED NATIONS. (1990), International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families, <http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cmw/cmw.htm>

[43] UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM. (2009), Overcoming Barriers: Human mobility and development, Human Development Report 2009, <http://www.un.org/esa/population/meetings/eighthcoord2009/UNDP_OHDR_Klugmann.pdf>

[44] VAN GORP, Baldwin. (2005), Where is the frame? Victims and Intruders in the Belgian Press Coverage of the Asylum Issue, European Journal of Communication, vol. 20, nº 4, pp. 484-507.

[45] VELOSO LEÃO, Augusto. (2011), Governança Regional das Migrações: a lei de imigração na União Europeia, Alemanha, Áustria e Suíça. 3^rd Annual Meeting of Brazilian Association of International Relations, São Paulo, SP.

[46] VENTURA, Deisy., and ILLES, Paulo. (2010), Estatuto do estrangeiro ou lei de imigração?, Le Monde Diplomatique Brasil, vol. 4, nº 37, pp. 14-15.

[47] VIMIEIRO, Ana Carolina., and DANTAS, Marcela. (2009), Entre o implícito e o explícito: proposta de análise de enquadramentos da mídia, Lumina, vol. 3, nº 2, pp. 1-16.

[48] WEINER, Myron. (1993), Security, Stability, and International Migration, International Security, vol. 17, nº 3, pp. 91-126.

[49] WORLD BANK. (2012), Annual Remittances Data: Inflows, <http://econ.worldbank.org>

Brasil

Brasil

Public policy and media frames: the debate over migration in Brazil

Abstract

Publication Dates

History