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Analysis of cutting capacity, preparation time, and apical deviation after instrumentation of artificial curved canals with the waveone ® and reciproc ® reciprocating systems

Análise da capacidade de corte, tempo de prepare e desvio apical após a instrumentação de canais curvos artificiais com sistemas reciprocantes Waveone ® e Reciproc ®

ABSTRACT

Objective

To analyze cutting capacity, preparation time, and occurrence of apical deviation, after instrumentation of curved canals with reciprocating Primary WaveOne® and R25 Reciproc® systems.

Methods

Twenty simulated canals with 35° bends were randomly assigned to the Primary WaveOne® or R25 Reciproc® . The preparations were made by a single operator. The cutting capacity was assessed by the difference in weight (on an analytical balance) of the canals before and after preparation. The time needed for the preparation was analyzed. The canals were filled with India ink and photographed on a platform before and after the preparation to analyze the apical deviation to a 1 mm length. The images were superimposed in Photoshop® and the measurement was performed with the ruler tool. Statistical analysis was performed using Student’s t-test. The level of significance was set at 5%.

Results

The WaveOne® Primary system was more effective (in terms of cutting capacity) but had a longer preparation time than the R25 Reciproc® instrument. Apical deviation was the only variable that did not significantly differ between the two systems.

Conclusion

The WaveOne® Primary had a higher cutting capacity than the R25 Reciproc® . Both systems maintained the original canal path. The preparation time was shorter for the R25 Reciproc® than the WaveOne® Primary system.

Indexing terms:
Endodontics; Root canal preparation; Physical properties; Time; Dental equipment; Nitinol

RESUMO

Objetivo

Analisar a capacidade de corte, o tempo de preparo e a ocorrência de desvio apical, após a instrumentação de canais curvos com os sistemas reciprocantes WaveOne® e Reciproc® .

Métodos

Vinte canais simulados, com 35° de curvatura, foram randomicamente divididos para os dois sistemas. Os instrumentos utilizados foram o WaveOne® Primary e o R25 Reciproc® . Cada instrumento foi utilizado em um canal. Os preparos foram feitos por um único operador. Para análise da capacidade de corte, os canais foram pesados em balança analítica antes e após o preparo. A diferença na pesagem foi utilizada para aferição. O tempo para execução do preparo foi cronometrado e os valores obtidos foram analisados. Já para análise do desvio a 1 mm do comprimento de trabalho, antes e após o preparo, os canais foram preenchidos com tinta nanquim e fotografados em uma plataforma. As imagens foram sobrepostas no Photoshop® e, com a ferramenta régua, foi realizada a medição.

Resultados

Para análise estatística foi utilizado o teste T de Student, com nível de significância de 5%. Na análise da capacidade de corte, o sistema WaveOne® Primary foi mais eficaz que o instrumento R25 Reciproc® , embora o seu tempo de preparo tenha sido maior. Apenas no critério, desvio apical, não se verificou diferença significativa entre os dois sistemas.

Conclusão

O WaveOne® Primary apresentou uma maior capacidade de corte que o R25 Reciproc® . Ambos os sistemas respeitaram a trajetória original do canal. O tempo de preparo do R25 Reciproc® foi menor que o WaveOne® Primary.

Termos de indexação:
Endodontia; Preparo de canal radicular; Propriedades físicas; Tempo; Equipamentos odontológicos; Nitinol

INTRODUCTION

The proper cleaning, disinfection, and shaping of the root canal system are one of the most challenging goals in endodontic treatment. The anatomical characteristics of root canals - such as moderate curvatures and lacerations, physiological or pathological mineralization, and variable diameter along the root path - make the procedure difficult and require greater caution, skill, and technical expertise from the professional.

The use of continuous rotation instruments during preparation has minimized the effects of these anatomical differences. It is more important that the path of the root canal be preserved when compared to manual preparation, performed with stainless steel instruments11 Kumar BS, Pattanshetty S, Prasad M, Soni S, Pattanshetty KS, Prasad S. An in vitro evaluation of canal transportation and centering ability of two Rotary nickel titanium systems (Twisted Files and Hyflex Files) with conventional stainless steel hand K-Flexofiles by using spiral computed tomography. J Int Oral Health. 2013;5(5):108-15.. The risk of fracture and concern regarding the reuse of newer instruments persists22 Kaul R, Farooq R, Kaul V, Khateeb SU, Purra AR, Mahajan R. Comparative evaluation of physical surfasse changes and incidence of separation in Rotary nickel-titanium instruments: na in vitro SEM study. Iran Endod J. 2014;9(3):204-9..

With the goal of simplifying the preparation and increasing safety, in 2008, Yared33 Yared G. Canal preparation using only one NiTi Rotary instrument: preliminar observations. Int Endod J. 2008;41(4):339-44. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2007.01351.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2591.2007...
reported the different preparation that only used one instrument, Finishing File no. 2 (F2) (Universal Protaper®) system. This novel concept inspired the industry to develop new instruments, predominantly reciprocating systems. According to De Deus et al.44 De Deus G, Brandão MC, Barino B, Di Giorgi K, Fidel RA, Luna AS. Assessment of apically extruded debris produced by the single-file ProTaper F2 technique under reciprocating movement. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2010 Sep;110(3):390-4. doi: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2010.04.020
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tripleo.2010.0...
, the use of “single use” instruments in reciprocating motion systems provides some advantages. Previous studies found that these advantages include shorter working time55 Paqué F, Zehnder M, De Deus G. Microtomography-based comparison of reciprocating single-file F2 ProTaper technique versus Rotary fullsequence. J Endod. 2011 Oct;37(10):1394-7. doi: 10.1016/j.joen.2011.06.031
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2011.06.0...
, lesser curvature learning66 Yang Y, Shen Y, Ma J, Cao Y, Haapasalo M. A Micro-computed tomographic assessment of the influence of operator's experience on the quality of WaveOne instrumentation. J Endod. 2016 Aug;42(8):1258-62. doi: 10.1016/j.joen.2016.04.020
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2016.04.0...
, and lower risk of fracture within the channel77 Shen Y, Coil JM, Mo AJ, Wang Z, Hieawy A, Yang Y, et al. WaveOne rotary instruments after clinical use. J Endod. 2016 Feb;42(2):186-9. doi: 10.1016/j.joen.2015.10.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2015.10.0...
.

This study investigated the cutting capacity, preparation time, and the occurrence of apical deviation after instrumentation of curved canals with two different reciprocating systems: WaveOne® and Reciproc®.

METHODS

Collection and preparation of simulated canals

Twenty simulated 16-mm-long canals (Dentsply Maillefer Instruments SA, Ballaigues, Switzerland) having a 35° curvature and 0.15-mm apex diameter were used.

During the preparations, the simulated canals were fixed in a clamp (Vonder®, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil) to facilitate the implementation. The canals were laterally wrapped in foil (Wyda Packaging Industry Ltda., Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil) with only the notion of tilt direction of curvature, which was positioned in a standardized way, always facing the operator’s right side.

The preparation of the canals was performed by a single operator who was trained to use the two systems. The instruments in both systems, WaveOne® Primary 25/8 (Dentsply Maillefer Instruments SA, Ballaigues, Switzerland) and Reciproc® R25-25/8 (VDW, Munich, Germany) were used for the preparation of a dummy canal.

Before the reciprocating systems were used, endodontic instrument type K no. 15 (Dentsply Maillefer Instruments SA, Ballaigues, Switzerland) was used manually to explore and advance dilate the path to be followed by the WaveOne® or Reciproc® instruments. The working length (WL) was standardized at 15 mm from the canal entrance.

During the procedure, the canals were filled with distilled water (Iodontosul - Dental South Industrial Ltda., Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil). An anionic detergent, Tergensol (Inodon, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil) was applied to the reciprocating instruments for lubrication during insertion.

The endodontic instruments were powered by an electric motor VDW Silver (VDW GmbH, Munich, Germany). Prior to the procedure, the speed and torque were calibrated with the calibration function (CAL).

The instruments come in WL. Three consecutive pecking movements, ranging from 3 to 4 mm, were performed without removing the file from the simulated canal. This cycle of instrumentation was performed progressively in the cervical, middle and apical third of the canal, until mechanical preparation was finished.

Analysis of cutting efficiency

Each simulated canal was numbered and weighed on a very precise analytical balance (Ohaus Adventurer™, New Jersey, USA) to assess the cutting efficiency of the instruments. This weighing was performed before and after completion of the preparation.

After preparation, the simulated canal was irrigated and the solution was aspirated. Immediately afterwards, absorbent paper points no. 25 (Dentsply Maillefer Instruments SA, Ballaigues, Switzerland) were used to completely dry the canal and the final weight of the simulated canal was measured. The difference between the initial and final weight of the simulated canal estimated the cutting ability for the preparation.

Preparation time measurement

A digital timer (Herweg®, Timbo, Santa Catarina, Brazil) was used to measure the time required for the completion of the preparation. The start time was the time that the reciprocating instrument was placed into the simulated canal. The stop time was the time when the canal was properly prepared.

Analysis of apical deviation

Before and after completion of the preparations, the simulated canals were placed on a platform in the same position and photographed with a digital camera D3200 (Nikon Corporation, Nagoyashi, Tokyo, Japan) from the same distance focal. To improve the contrast in the photographs, ink (Corfix, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil) was injected into the simulated canals with a disposable syringe.

The images were manipulated in Adobe Photoshop, version 6.0. The images were transformed in millimeters using a rule of three, comparing the original size of the simulated canal with the image size on the computer screen. The sharpness of the images was retained and the number of pixels was not reduced the pixels.

Using the same program, the images were subjected to contrast adjustment. Each postoperative image was transformed into a layer with 50% transparency and superimposed onto the preoperative image.

The position to be analyzed was always in the same region and was 1 mm short of apical stop. The “ruler” tool in the Adobe Photoshop® software as used to locate the canal in the picture.

The offset value, measured using the “ruler” tool, was the distance from the point on the 1 mm WL on the opposite side wall to the canal bend area. The same canal position was measured before and after preparation (Figure 1).

Figure 1
Analysis of apical deviation by overlapping images before and after the preparation of the simulated canal with the WaveOne® instrument.

Statistical analysis

Student’s t-tests were used to compare the cutting capacity, preparation time, and apical deviation after instrumentation of curved canals with two reciprocating systems. The significance level was set at 5%. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS, version 22.0 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL).

RESULTS

Table 1 shows the mean and standard deviation of the cutting capacity, the time to perform the preparation, and occurrence of apical deviation for the two reciprocating systems. The Primary 25/8 WaveOne® system had a greater cutting capacity than the R25 Reciproc® (P <0.001). The time required for the preparation was shorter for the Reciproc® system, compared with the WaveOne® (P <0.001). The apical deviation analysis showed no significant difference between the two reciprocating instruments (P=1.000). The average deviation was 0.032 mm.

Table 1
Mean and standard deviation of the cutting capacity, time to perform the preparation, and occurrence of apical deviation for the two reciprocating systems.

DISCUSSION

There has been an increase in the availability of endodontic reciprocating instruments with different designs (WaveOne® (Dentsply Maillefer - United States), Reciproc® (VDW - Alemanha), Unicone® (Medin - Czech), and ProDesign Logic® (Easy - Brazil)). Studies have been conducted to analyze their properties, such as cutting efficiency during preparation88 Giansiracusa Rubini A, Plotino G, Al-Sudani D, Grande NM, Sonnino G, Putorti E, et al. A new device to test cutting efficiency of mechanical endodontic instruments. Med Sci Monit. 2014; 20: 374-378. doi: 10.12659/MSM.890119
https://doi.org/10.12659/MSM.890119...
, preservation of the anatomical path of the root canal99 Jatahy ROFA, Leonardi DP, Gabardo MC, Coelho BS, Oliveira KV, Baratto Filho F. Influence of cervical and apical enlargement associated with the waveone system on the transportation and centralization of endodontic preparations. J Endod. 2016 Apr;42(4):626-31. doi: 10.1016/j.joen.2015.12.005
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2015.12.0...
, instrumentation time1010 Bane K, Faye B, Sarr M, Niang SO, Ndiaye D, Machtou P. Root canal shaping by single-file systems and rotary instruments: a laboratory study. Iran Endod J. 2015;10(2):135-9., and production of dentin debris1111 De Deus G, Marins J, Silva EJ, Souza E, Belladonna FG, Reis C, et al. Accumulated hard tissue debris produced during reciprocating and Rotary nickel-titanium canal preparation. J Endod. 2015 May;41(5):676-81. doi: 10.1016/j.joen.2014.11.028
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2014.11.0...
. This study compared three factors (cutting capacity, preparation time, and occurrence of apical deviation) for preparation of canals with the WaveOne® and Reciproc® reciprocating systems.

The decision to use artificial canals was based on several studies in the literature1212 Franco V, Fabiani C, Taschieri S, Malentacca A, Bortolin M, Del Fabbro M. Investigation on the shaping ability of nickel-titanium files when used with a reciprocating motion. J Endod. 2011 Oct;37(10):1398-401. doi: 10.1016/j.joen.2011.06.030
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2011.06.0...
-1313 Berutti E, Paolino DS, Chiandussi G, Alovisi M, Cantatore G, Castellucci A, et al. Root canal anatomy preservation of WaveOne reciprocating files with or without glide path. J Endod. 2012 Jan;38(1):101-4. doi: 10.1016/j.joen.2011.09.030
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2011.09.0...
. This method allows for standardization in the hardness of the material, diameter, and bend in the simulated root canal, which would not be possible in samples of natural teeth.

The first variable analyzed in the study was the cutting capacity of the two instruments during preparation. The Primary 25/8 WaveOne® system was more effective than the R25 Reciproc®. The WaveOne® has a section that varies along the instrument axis, where the middle part and closer to the handle is triangular, with convex sides and the region closest to the tip of this triangle is more concave. This instrument features three cutting blades, unlike the Reciproc®, that has only two. The R25 Reciproc® has an S-shaped cross-section around its axis1414 De Deus G, Leal Vieira VT, Nogueira da Silva EJ, Lopes H, Elias CN, Moreira EJ. Bending resistance and dynamics and static cyclic fatigue life of Reciproc and WaveOne large instruments. J Endod. 2014 Apr;40(4):575-9. doi: 10.1016/j.joen.2013.10.013
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2013.10.0...
. There are some consistencies with these results and those obtained from other studies. Although Jeon et al.1515 Jeon HJ, Paranjpe A, Ha JH, Kim E, Lee W, Kim HC. Apical enlargement according to different pecking times at working length using reciprocating files. J Endod. 2014 Feb;40(2):281-4. doi: 10.1016/j.joen.2013.08.020
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2013.08.0...
and Saber et al.1616 Saber SE, Nagy MM, Schäfer E. Comparative evaluation of the shaping ability of WaveOne, Reciproc and OneShape single-file systems in severely curved root canals of extracted teeth. Int Endod J. 2015 Jan;48(1):109-14. doi: 10.1111/iej.12289
https://doi.org/10.1111/iej.12289...
did not find significant differences between the two reciprocating systems, Plotinus et al.1717 Plotino G, Giansiracusa Rubini A, Grande NM, Testarelli L, Gambarini G. Cutting efficiency of Reciproc and WaveOne reciprocating instruments. J Endod. 2014 Aug;40(8):1228-30. doi: 10.1016/j.joen.2014.01.041
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2014.01.0...
, observed a higher cutting efficiency to Reciproc® R25 in relative Primary WaveOne®. In the study by Bürklein et al.1818 Bürklein S, Hinschitza K, Dammaschke T, Schäfer E. Shaping ability and cleaning effectiveness of two single-file systems in severely curved root canals of extracted teeth: Reciproc and WaveOne versus Mtwo and ProTaper. Int Endod J. 2012 May;45(5):449-61. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2011.01996.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2591.2011...
, the R25 Reciproc® was better at cleaning the apical third of the root canal compared to the Finishing File no. 3 (F3) and the Primary 25/8 WaveOne®.

With respect to the preparation runtime, R25 instrument required less time to perform instrumentation of the WaveOne® Primary as well as in studies Bürklein et al.1818 Bürklein S, Hinschitza K, Dammaschke T, Schäfer E. Shaping ability and cleaning effectiveness of two single-file systems in severely curved root canals of extracted teeth: Reciproc and WaveOne versus Mtwo and ProTaper. Int Endod J. 2012 May;45(5):449-61. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2011.01996.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2591.2011...
and Saber et al.1616 Saber SE, Nagy MM, Schäfer E. Comparative evaluation of the shaping ability of WaveOne, Reciproc and OneShape single-file systems in severely curved root canals of extracted teeth. Int Endod J. 2015 Jan;48(1):109-14. doi: 10.1111/iej.12289
https://doi.org/10.1111/iej.12289...
. On the other hand, Park et al.1919 Park SK, Kim YJ, Shon WJ, You SY, Moon YM, Kim HC, et al. Clinical efficiency and reusability of the reciprocating nickel-titanium instruments according to the root canal anatomy. Scanning. 2014 Mar-Apr;36(2):246-51. doi: 10.1002/sca.21096
https://doi.org/10.1002/sca.21096...
and Tongfei et al.2020 Tongfei S, Xiaomei H, Benxiang H. Comparison of the shaping capability of reciprocating instruments in simulated canals in vitro. Hua Xi Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2014;32(6):606-10. observed that the preparation was faster with WaveOne® system.

Vahid et al.2121 Vahid A, Roohi N, Zayeri F. A comparative study of four Rotary NiTi instruments in preserving canal curvature, preparation time and change of working length. Aust Endod J. 2009 Aug;35(2):93-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1747-4477.2008.00135.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4477.2008...
observed that the type of cross-section of mechanized tools can be a variable, which affects the time needed for the job. The same authors found that the continuous rotation instrument, Mtwo®, allowed for more rapid preparation than the ProTaper® universal tool, due to its “S” shape, which resulted in a much more aggressive cutting angle. For these instruments, even the continuous rotational motion is different than the alternating reciprocating motion. It is noteworthy that the Reciproc® system has the same section as the Mtwo® instrument and the WaveOne® relative to ProTaper® universal, which may explain the differences between the studies.

In the correlation between the two factors analyzed above, cutting capacity and preparation runtime, it is believed that the higher cutting capacity observed in the WaveOne® may have occurred due to the influence of the longer time of operation of the instrument within the simulated canal when compared to Reciproc®.

Both reciprocating systems respected the original path of the simulated canal, as was observed in studies by Gergi et al.2222 Gergi R, Arbab-Chirani R, Osta N, Naaman A. Micro-computed tomographic evaluation of canal transportation instrumented by different kinematics rotary nickel-titanium instruments. J Endod. 2014 Aug;40(8):1223-7. doi: 10.1016/j.joen.2014.01.039
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2014.01.0...
, Alattar et al.2323 Alattar S, Nehme W, Diemer F, Naaman A. The influence of brushing motion on the cutting behavior of 3 reciprocating files in oval-shaped canals. J Endod. 2015 May;41(5):703-9. doi: 10.1016/j.joen.2014.12.016
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2014.12.0...
, and Coelho et al.2424 Coelho MS, Fontana CE, Kato AS, Martin AS, Silveira Bueno CE. Effects of glide path on the centering ability and preparation time of two reciprocating instruments. Iran Endod J. 2016 Winter;11(1):33-7. doi: 10.7508/iej.2016.01.007
https://doi.org/10.7508/iej.2016.01.007...
. Silva et al.2525 Silva EJ, Vieira VC, Tameirão MD, Belladonna FG, Neves Ade A, Souza EM, et al. Quantitative transportation assessment in curved canals prepared with an off-centered rectangular design system. Braz Oral Res. 2016;30(1):e43. doi: 10.1590/1807-3107BOR-2016.vol30.0043
https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-3107BOR-201...
reported that the Reciproc® instrument causes minor changes in the geometric conditions of the root canal during the preparation than WaveOne®. According to Tongfei et al.2020 Tongfei S, Xiaomei H, Benxiang H. Comparison of the shaping capability of reciprocating instruments in simulated canals in vitro. Hua Xi Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2014;32(6):606-10., the Reciproc® has a greater capacity centering the apical third of the root canal, while the WaveOne® instrument exhibits this property in the middle third of the canal.

CONCLUSION

According to the results of this study, it can be concluded that the Primary 25/8 WaveOne® system has greater cutting capacity than the R25 Reciproc® instrument; the R25 Reciproc® instrument performed the task faster than the Primary 25/8 WaveOne® system and the tested systems promoted similar apical deviation.

REFERENCES

  • 1
    Kumar BS, Pattanshetty S, Prasad M, Soni S, Pattanshetty KS, Prasad S. An in vitro evaluation of canal transportation and centering ability of two Rotary nickel titanium systems (Twisted Files and Hyflex Files) with conventional stainless steel hand K-Flexofiles by using spiral computed tomography. J Int Oral Health. 2013;5(5):108-15.
  • 2
    Kaul R, Farooq R, Kaul V, Khateeb SU, Purra AR, Mahajan R. Comparative evaluation of physical surfasse changes and incidence of separation in Rotary nickel-titanium instruments: na in vitro SEM study. Iran Endod J. 2014;9(3):204-9.
  • 3
    Yared G. Canal preparation using only one NiTi Rotary instrument: preliminar observations. Int Endod J. 2008;41(4):339-44. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2007.01351.x
    » https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2591.2007.01351.x
  • 4
    De Deus G, Brandão MC, Barino B, Di Giorgi K, Fidel RA, Luna AS. Assessment of apically extruded debris produced by the single-file ProTaper F2 technique under reciprocating movement. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2010 Sep;110(3):390-4. doi: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2010.04.020
    » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tripleo.2010.04.020
  • 5
    Paqué F, Zehnder M, De Deus G. Microtomography-based comparison of reciprocating single-file F2 ProTaper technique versus Rotary fullsequence. J Endod. 2011 Oct;37(10):1394-7. doi: 10.1016/j.joen.2011.06.031
    » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2011.06.031
  • 6
    Yang Y, Shen Y, Ma J, Cao Y, Haapasalo M. A Micro-computed tomographic assessment of the influence of operator's experience on the quality of WaveOne instrumentation. J Endod. 2016 Aug;42(8):1258-62. doi: 10.1016/j.joen.2016.04.020
    » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2016.04.020
  • 7
    Shen Y, Coil JM, Mo AJ, Wang Z, Hieawy A, Yang Y, et al. WaveOne rotary instruments after clinical use. J Endod. 2016 Feb;42(2):186-9. doi: 10.1016/j.joen.2015.10.008
    » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2015.10.008
  • 8
    Giansiracusa Rubini A, Plotino G, Al-Sudani D, Grande NM, Sonnino G, Putorti E, et al. A new device to test cutting efficiency of mechanical endodontic instruments. Med Sci Monit. 2014; 20: 374-378. doi: 10.12659/MSM.890119
    » https://doi.org/10.12659/MSM.890119
  • 9
    Jatahy ROFA, Leonardi DP, Gabardo MC, Coelho BS, Oliveira KV, Baratto Filho F. Influence of cervical and apical enlargement associated with the waveone system on the transportation and centralization of endodontic preparations. J Endod. 2016 Apr;42(4):626-31. doi: 10.1016/j.joen.2015.12.005
    » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2015.12.005
  • 10
    Bane K, Faye B, Sarr M, Niang SO, Ndiaye D, Machtou P. Root canal shaping by single-file systems and rotary instruments: a laboratory study. Iran Endod J. 2015;10(2):135-9.
  • 11
    De Deus G, Marins J, Silva EJ, Souza E, Belladonna FG, Reis C, et al. Accumulated hard tissue debris produced during reciprocating and Rotary nickel-titanium canal preparation. J Endod. 2015 May;41(5):676-81. doi: 10.1016/j.joen.2014.11.028
    » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2014.11.028
  • 12
    Franco V, Fabiani C, Taschieri S, Malentacca A, Bortolin M, Del Fabbro M. Investigation on the shaping ability of nickel-titanium files when used with a reciprocating motion. J Endod. 2011 Oct;37(10):1398-401. doi: 10.1016/j.joen.2011.06.030
    » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2011.06.030
  • 13
    Berutti E, Paolino DS, Chiandussi G, Alovisi M, Cantatore G, Castellucci A, et al. Root canal anatomy preservation of WaveOne reciprocating files with or without glide path. J Endod. 2012 Jan;38(1):101-4. doi: 10.1016/j.joen.2011.09.030
    » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2011.09.030
  • 14
    De Deus G, Leal Vieira VT, Nogueira da Silva EJ, Lopes H, Elias CN, Moreira EJ. Bending resistance and dynamics and static cyclic fatigue life of Reciproc and WaveOne large instruments. J Endod. 2014 Apr;40(4):575-9. doi: 10.1016/j.joen.2013.10.013
    » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2013.10.013
  • 15
    Jeon HJ, Paranjpe A, Ha JH, Kim E, Lee W, Kim HC. Apical enlargement according to different pecking times at working length using reciprocating files. J Endod. 2014 Feb;40(2):281-4. doi: 10.1016/j.joen.2013.08.020
    » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2013.08.020
  • 16
    Saber SE, Nagy MM, Schäfer E. Comparative evaluation of the shaping ability of WaveOne, Reciproc and OneShape single-file systems in severely curved root canals of extracted teeth. Int Endod J. 2015 Jan;48(1):109-14. doi: 10.1111/iej.12289
    » https://doi.org/10.1111/iej.12289
  • 17
    Plotino G, Giansiracusa Rubini A, Grande NM, Testarelli L, Gambarini G. Cutting efficiency of Reciproc and WaveOne reciprocating instruments. J Endod. 2014 Aug;40(8):1228-30. doi: 10.1016/j.joen.2014.01.041
    » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2014.01.041
  • 18
    Bürklein S, Hinschitza K, Dammaschke T, Schäfer E. Shaping ability and cleaning effectiveness of two single-file systems in severely curved root canals of extracted teeth: Reciproc and WaveOne versus Mtwo and ProTaper. Int Endod J. 2012 May;45(5):449-61. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2011.01996.x
    » https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2591.2011.01996.x
  • 19
    Park SK, Kim YJ, Shon WJ, You SY, Moon YM, Kim HC, et al. Clinical efficiency and reusability of the reciprocating nickel-titanium instruments according to the root canal anatomy. Scanning. 2014 Mar-Apr;36(2):246-51. doi: 10.1002/sca.21096
    » https://doi.org/10.1002/sca.21096
  • 20
    Tongfei S, Xiaomei H, Benxiang H. Comparison of the shaping capability of reciprocating instruments in simulated canals in vitro. Hua Xi Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2014;32(6):606-10.
  • 21
    Vahid A, Roohi N, Zayeri F. A comparative study of four Rotary NiTi instruments in preserving canal curvature, preparation time and change of working length. Aust Endod J. 2009 Aug;35(2):93-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1747-4477.2008.00135.x
    » https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4477.2008.00135.x
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    » https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-3107BOR-2016.vol30.0043

Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    Jul-Sep 2017

History

  • Received
    29 Nov 2016
  • Reviewed
    19 Apr 2017
  • Accepted
    29 Apr 2017
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