The effect of different exposure parameters on proximal caries detection using the Kodak 9000 3D CBCT system

Efeito de diferentes parâmetros de exposição na detecção de cáries proximais usando o sistema Kodak 9000 3D TCFC

ABSTRACT

Objective:

The objective of study was to evaluate the diagnostic quality of CBCT images for caries lesions detection using different exposure parameters.

Methods:

Sixty extracted human teeth were selected and scanned using Kodak 9000 3D CBCT system, with the following exposure parameters combinations: 74 kV, 10mA; 74 kV, 12mA; 74 kV, 8 mA; 70 kV, 10 mA; 70kV, 12 mA; 70 kV e 8 mA; 70 kV, 6.3 mA. Two observers evaluated the images for caries presence using CS 3D Imaging Software. Each observer scored the proximal surfaces of each tooth on a 5-point scale. The scores were compared to histological sections used as gold standard. Accuracy for caries lesion detection was assessed for each exposure parameter combination and evaluated by means of ROC curve analysis.

Results:

The mean values for the areas under the ROC curves for each exposure parameter combination varied from 0.35 to 0.60. There was no statistical significant difference among protocols 1, 2, 4, 6 and 7. However, protocols 3 and 5 differed from all protocols.

Conclusion:

Although the highest dose protocol was the most efficient for proximal caries detection, the lowest dose protocol should be chosen based on the ALADA principle.

Indexing terms:
Dental caries; Radiation dosage; Radiography, dental; Tomography, x-ray computed

RESUMO

Objetivo:

Avaliar a qualidade de diagnóstico de imagens de TCFC para detecção de lesões de cárie utilizando parâmetros de exposição diferentes.

Métodos:

Sessenta dentes humanos extraídos foram selecionados e digitalizados usando o sistema Kodak 9000 3D TCFC, com as seguintes combinações de parâmetros de exposição: 74 kV, 10 mA; 74 kV, 12 mA; 74 kV, 8 mA70 kV, 10 mA; 70 kV, 12 mA; 70 kV e 8 mA; 70 kV, 6,3 mA. Dois observadores avaliaram as imagens para a presença de cárie utilizando o CS 3D Imaging Software. Cada observador pontuou as superfícies proximais de cada dente em uma escala de 5 pontos. Os escores foram comparados com cortes histológicos, utilizados como padrão-ouro. A precisão para detecção de lesões de cárie foi analisada para cada combinação de parâmetros de exposição e avaliada por meio de análise da curva ROC.

Resultados:

Os valores médios para as áreas sob as curvas ROC para cada combinação de parâmetro de exposição variou de 0,35-0,60. Não houve diferença estatística significativa entre os protocolos 1, 2, 4, 6 e 7. No entanto, os protocolos 3 e 5 diferem de todos os protocolos.

Conclusão:

Embora o protocolo de dose mais elevada foi o mais eficiente para a detecção da cárie proximal, o protocolo de dose mais baixa deverá ser escolhido com base no princípio ALADA.

Termos de indexação:
Cárie dentária; Dose de radiação; Radiografia dentária; Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X

INTRODUCTION

Early proximal caries diagnosis still is a challenge for dental professionals. The main difficulty attributed to caries clinical detection is its proximal localization, usually in between the cervical and vestibular surfaces closer to the contact point. Those lesions are only visualized clinically when a great extension of the proximal surface is compromised¹.

Proximal caries exam demands higher clinical attention, and should be done in association with complementary exams, so information on its presence and characteristics can be obtained. Although interproximal radiography is the technique of choice to complement proximal caries diagnosis, lesions in early stages to cavity formoften cannot be detected by this image modality. Aiming to increase the precise diagnosis of proximal caries lesions, especially in its early stages, new methods have been constantly proposed and tested to facilitate the precise identification of those lesions².

Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) systems were first used in dentistry in the end of last century and, since then; the indications of this three-dimensional exam have expanded significantly³. One of the advantages of CBCT is its lower radiation dose when compared to Computed Tomography (CT). The absorbed dose during CBCT exam is around twelve times lower than CT exam and equivalent to a complete series of periapical radiographs^4-7.

It is important to emphasize that the amount of effective dose depends on exposure parameters as tube voltage (kV) and tube current (mA). The usage of lower kV, mA, voxel size, degree of rotation, exposure time and field of view (FOV) is a way to reduce the dosage of radiation to which the patient is exposed⁸. However, at the same time, kV and mA alternatives parameters can reduce image quality when compared to the images achieved using higher dosage parameters⁹. An agreement between accepted exposure and image quality needs to be established, using as guidance the ALADA principle: “"as low as diagnostically acceptable"¹⁰.

Although CBCT images are not recommended for the exclusive purpose of detecting caries, when the lesion is present, it should be reported during image analyses. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, previous studies have been done using CBCT to detect caries lesions, however none of them comparing Kodak 9000 3D (Kodak Dental Systems, Carestream Health, Rochester, NY, EUA) exposure protocols. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate proximal caries detection on acquired using different exposure parameters, in order to establish a precise image acquisition protocol using as lower as possible radiation dose for a correct diagnosis and treatment planning.

METHODS

This study protocol was approved by the last author Institutional Review Board and it is in compliance with Helsinki Declaration.

Sixty extracted human teeth (12 canines, 24 premolars and 24 molars) were mounted in twelve blocks of silicone, with four test teeth (2 premolars and 2 molars) and one non-test tooth (canine) each. The canine tooth was only used to assure proximal contact to the first premolar. The premolars and molars had either no or little demineralization in their proximal surfaces.

Kodak 9000 3D (Kodak Dental Systems, Carestream Health, Rochester, NY, EUA) was used to obtain CBCT images of the studied sample. Kodak 9000 3D permits kV and mA variations, what is not possible in most of the CBCT systems available in the market. The phantoms were fixed in a dried human mandible using utility wax and immersed in a foam box filled with water. The CBCT scanning was achieved using the following exposure parameters protocols: 1 -74 kV, 10mA; 2 - 74 kV, 12mA; 3 - 74 kV, 8 mA; 4 - 70 kV, 10 mA; 5 - 70kV, 12 mA; 6 - 70 kV e 8 mA; 7 - 70 kV, 6.3 mA. All chosen protocols were variations of the pre-established Kodak 9000 3D parameters recommended for adults. All images were acquired using 0.100 voxel size and 5 cm x 3.75 cm FOV. The volumetric acquisitions using the seven studied parameters were saved with a code corresponding to the parameter used and phantom scanned.

Viewing sessions

Prior to all examination sessions, verbal and practical instructions and calibration tests were performed. Twelve DVDs with 7 acquisitions in random order each were handed to the observers. The images were visualized using CS 3D Imaging Software (Kodak Dental Systems, Carestream Health, Rochester, NY, EUA), displayed in a Sony VAIO (SVS151C1SX Intelcore i7, Windows 8) laptop with a 17.3-inch color monitor placed in a quiet room with dimmed light.

A maximum of seven acquisitions were evaluated per day. To avoid fatigue, a minimum of 24 h interval between each evaluation was established. Each proximal surface was evaluated separately. A total of 1344 evaluations were done.

The presence of proximal caries lesions was scored on a 5-point confidence scale: 1 = definitely not present, 2 = probably not present, 3 = unsure, 4 = probably present, and 5 = definitely present.

For validating the presence of true caries, the teeth were individually embedded in acrylic (Vipcril, Vipi, São Paulo, Brazil) and serially sectioned into 100-µm-thick sections in the mesiodistal direction, using a 200 µm diamond band. The tooth sections were cleaned of dust and glued to microscope slides using transparent varnish. Histological validation was performed by 2 observers using a light microscope at 12.5-20X magnification. Caries were defined as present when an opaque-white demineralization or brown discoloration was observed on the surface. For validation, the observers individually assessed the teeth. If the observers’ ratings varied, they were asked to perform a joint assessment to establish agreement. For the histological surface, the following scale was applied: 0 = sound; 1 = caries in enamel; and 2 = caries in dentine.

Data analysis

To evaluate the accuracy the CBCT images acquired using different exposure parameters, the means areas under the ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) curve for each exposure parameter protocol were compared by ANOVA test using the appropriate model for experiments in block, were the observers were taken as blocks and the exposure parameters as the principle factor to be evaluated.

RESULTS

Of the 96 microscopically evaluated surfaces, 63 (65%) were shown to be healthy, 33 (35%) presented caries lesions in enamel.

The mean ROC curve areas varied from 0.35 to 0.60. Protocols 1 (74 kV, 10mA), 2 (74 kV, 12mA), 4 (70 kV, 10 mA), 6 (70 kV, 8 mA) and 7 (70 kV, 6.3 mA), and did not differ statistically from each other. However, protocols 3 (74 kV, 8 mA) and 5 (70kV, 12 mA) differed from all protocols, but did not differ statistically from each other (p=0.05).

Protocol 1 (74 kV, 10mA) presented the higher mean ROC curve area (0.60) for caries detection in this studied sample, demonstrating that the best results were for protocols with higher exposures doses.

DISCUSSION

CBCT has a significant importance on lesion diagnosis and determination of its size, localization and involved structures of the oral maxillofacial complex. Studies in the field report that the images obtained using CBCT systems have higher diagnostic accuracy and sharpness^3,11.

An ideal method for caries detection should present high accuracy and allow the detection of initial demineralization, therefore, CBCT systems have some advantages when compared to bitewing radiography. Since one can assess one slice of tissue at a time in CBCT images, the low contrast presented by incipient carious lesions due to the small mass differences between the surrounding sound tissues and the superimposition of those tissues can be overcome by this method¹².

The advantages of CBCT when compared to conventional radiographic exams are numerous. Among those advantages, the elimination of superposition, multiplanar reconstruction, high resolution due to its high image contrast and three-dimensional visualization of the structure of interest stand out from other modalities of radiographic exams^3-7. The small and isotropic voxels of the CBCT images contribute to the achievement of images with higher details, sharpness, and high definition; although a smaller voxel size can be related to higher exposure time and higher tube current, demanding higher radiation doses than intraoral radiography^13-14.

Torres et al.¹⁵ reported that when exposure parameters, as exposure time, kV and mA, are not altered according to voxel size, the alteration of the voxel size isolated does not interfere significantly on radiation dose. However, established CBCT parameter protocols associate small voxel size to higher exposure time and mA, what invariably lead to the emission of higher radiation doses. CBCT radiation dose is considerably superior in comparison to the radiation doses of conventional radiographic techniques⁷. Therefore, Valizadeh et al.¹¹ consider the use of CBCT as a clinical routine exam impracticable.

Kodak 9000 3D CBCT due to its variable kV and mA, permits the operator to lower the radiation dose to which the patients will be exposed during image acquisition according to their size and physical type. As the kVp increases, so does the X-ray energy, the flux emitted by the tube, the X-ray penetrability and the number of X-ray photons that reach the detector. When lowering kVp and mA parameters, the effective radiation dose is also reduced9. Radiation doses can vary according to the commercial brand of the equipment, and technical specifications used during image scanning¹⁶.

Previous studies suggested that CBCT images could be applied to different areas of dentistry, including caries detection, due to its images possibility of visualizing the dental structure in different image planes^3-6. Authors diverge on the superiority of CBCT images against conventional radiographic images for the detection of caries lesions, especially interproximal images. According to Haiter-Neto et al.¹⁷ and Young et al.¹⁸, CBCT and digital radiographic images fail to detect incipient enamel caries lesions, as both methods present low sensibility values Charuakkra et al.³ and Valizadeh et al.¹¹ evaluated the CBCT accuracy on proximal caries detection and compared its results to conventional radiographs. Although those studies had similar aims, their conclusions were different.

Charuakkra et al.³ evaluated secondary caries detection using two CBCT systems (Pax-500ECT e Promax 3D) to a conventional radiographic system. Pax-500ECT images were acquired using85kVand 3.5mA, and Promax 3D system using 84kVand4 mA. The results showed higher accuracy for the CBCT images (Az= 0.995 and 0.978, respectively) than conventional radiographs (Az 0.882) on secondary caries lesions detection. The high Az values found in this study are justified by the fact that the sample was composed by artificially prepared secondary proximal caries. The authors also state that more researches are needed to evaluate the application of CBCT for caries detection.

Valizadeh et al.¹¹ evaluated radiographic images (65kVp, 10mA) and CBCT images (110kVp, 1.98mA) and found Az values of 0.432 for conventional radiography and 0.568 for CBCT for proximal caries detection. The authors concluded that the CBCT images did not increase caries detection accuracy compared to conventional technique. Therefore, taking in consideration CBCTs high radiation dose, this technique should not be recommended if caries detection is the only diagnostic purpose of this image. Those results may be explained by the lack of experience of the observers on CBCT images or even on their higher qualification on conventional image interpretation.

In Charuakkra et al.³ study, all acquisitions were made using lower mA values than the ones used in this study. According to Jaju & Jaju¹⁰, a reduction on tube current is a practical way to reduce radiation dose, but any reduction on tube current should be carefully considered, as this reduction can cause noise increase on the final image, what can reflect on diagnostic accuracy.

Wenzel et al.⁶ also compared CBCT images (3D AccuitomoFPD80, Morita) to two digital radiographic systems (Digora Optime, Soredex; Digora Toto, Soredex) on proximal lesions detection. All images were obtained using 65kV and 10mA. The results showed a significant improvement in the detection of proximal caries by CBCT images. However, other studies compared digital intraoral radiographs and CBCT images and concluded that the use of CBCT did not increase the accuracy of proximal caries detection^19-21.

Zhang et al.¹⁹ evaluated two CBCT systems (Promax 3D eKodak90003D), a PSP system and radiographic film on proximal caries detection. Kodak 9000 3D was operated using 70kV and 10mA, what corresponded to the protocol 4 used in this study. Promax 3D system was operated using 76kV and 6mA, and the PSP and radiographic film images were acquired using 70kV and 6mA. Their results showed that CBCT images presented a slightly higher efficiency on caries detection with Azs of 0.528 for Promax 3D and 0.525 for Kodak 9000 3D, but there was no statistical difference from the other studied modalities. In this study, the protocol 4, the same used on Zhang et al.¹⁹, showed one of the best results for proximal caries detection.

Radiation dose and image quality must always be part of the process when deciding which image acquisition protocol should be established. Aside from the benefits of CBCT image, this system has a relatively high exposure dose. According to SEDENTEXCT²², an intraoral radiographic image has less than 1.5 µSv effective dose, while a small Field of View (FOV) CBCT acquisition varies from 11 to 674 µSv. It is important to emphasize the ALADA principle, and the chosen protocol should be adapted to each specific usage¹⁰. The permitted variation on kV and mA in Kodak 9000 3D system can interfere considerably on image quality when detecting proximal caries lesions.

CONCLUSION

In this study, the studied protocol that used 74 kV and 10 mA presented higher results for proximal caries detection. Although the highest dose protocol was the most efficient for proximal caries detection, the lowest dose protocol should be chosen based on the ALADA principle since they did not differ statistically. New studies should be done evaluating the effect of kV and mA using other CBCT systems available in the market.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  Dec 2017

History

• Received
  02 Dec 2016
• Reviewed
  27 Mar 2017
• Accepted
  21 May 2017