Acessibilidade / Reportar erro

Photodynamic therapy as an aiding in the endodontic treatment: case report

Terapia fotodinâmica em Endodontia: relato de caso

ABSTRACT

This article describes the application of Photodynamic Therapy as an aid to the endodontic treatment performed on a permanent tooth iatrogenically perforated and with pulp necrosis. After clinical and radiographic examination, the coronary access, curettage of the drilling area and mechanized preparation with the Reciproc System were performed. The drilling area was sealed with Mineral Trioxide Aggregate after prior alkalinization and decontamination by a calcium hydroxide buffer. After successive intracanal medication changes, the remission of the fistula, a clinical sign of endodontic infection, was not observed. Photodynamic therapy was then performed to reduce bacterial load in the root canal system, which resulted in fistula suppression. Then, it was possible to end the treatment with the obturation of the ducts by the Tagger Hybrid thermomechanical technique. After a year of proservation, the tooth presents no symptomatology and it is concluded that the Photodynamic Therapy was an effective solution in this case.

Indexing terms
Endodontics; Photochemotherapy

RESUMO

Neste artigo descreve-se a aplicação da Terapia Fotodinâmica (PDT) como coadjuvante ao tratamento endodôntico realizado em dente permanente perfurado iatrogenicamente e portador de necrose pulpar. Após exame clínico e radiográfico, realizou-se a abertura coronária, curetagem da área da perfuração e preparo mecanizado com o sistema Reciproc (VDW/Alemanha). A área da perfuração foi selada com agregado trióxido mineral (MTA) depois de prévia alcalinização e descontaminação por um tampão de hidróxido de cálcio (HC). Após sucessivas trocas de medicação intracanal (MI) a fístula, sinal clínico de infeção endodôntica, não desaparecia. A terapia fotodinâmica então foi executada para reduzir a carga bacteriana do sistema de canais radiculares (SCR), o que resultou na remissão da fístula, propiciando a finalização do tratamento, com a obturação dos condutos pela técnica termomecânica Híbrida de Tagger e sucesso clínico com 1 ano de proservação.

Termos de indexação
Fístula dentária; Endodontia; Fotoquimioterapia

INTRODUCTION

Eosinophilic (monostotic or polystotic) granuloma (EG) is the mildest form of the disease of Langerhans’ cell Histiocytosis [11 Singh S, Nagpal R, Manuja N, Tyagi SP. Photodynamictherapy: an adjunctto conventional root canal disinfection strategies. Aust Endod J. 2015;41(1): 54-71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aej.12088
https://doi.org/10.1111/aej.12088...
]. It is a bone lesion that may present in a solitary or multiple forms. Approximately 50% of cases develop in the first two decades of life and between 10 and 20% occur in the mandibular bone [22 Mohammadi Z, Jafarzadeh H, Shalavi S, Palazzi F. Recent advances in root canal disinfection: a review. Iran Endod J. 2017;12(4):402-406. http://dx.doi.org/10.22037/iej.v12i4.17935
https://doi.org/10.22037/iej.v12i4.17935...

3 Torabinejad M, Handysides R, Khademi AA, Bakland LK. Clinical implications of the smear layer in endodontics: a review. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2002; 94(6):658-66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/moe.2002.128962
https://doi.org/10.1067/moe.2002.128962...

4 Lacerda MFLS, Alfenas CF, Campos CN. Terapia fotodinâmica associada ao tratamento endodôntico - revisão de literatura. RFO. 2014;19(1):115-120. http://dx.doi.org/10.5335/rfo.v19i1.3600
https://doi.org/10.5335/rfo.v19i1.3600...

5 Bolhari B, Pourhajibagher M, Bazarjani F, Chiniforush N, Rad MR, Pirmoazen S, et al Ex vivo assessment of synergic effect of chlorhexidine for enhancing antimicrobial photodynamic therapy efficiency on expression patterns of biofilm-associated genes of Enterococcus faecalis. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2018;22:227-232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pdpdt.2018.04.019
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdpdt.2018.04....
-66 Hamblin MR, Hasan T. Photodynamic therapy: a new antimicrobial approach to infectious disease? Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2004; 3(5):436-50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b311900a
https://doi.org/10.1039/b311900a...
].

The most frequent signs and symptoms of this pathology are pain, edema, ulceration, gingival necrosis, destruction of the alveolar bone with mobility and loss of teeth [33 Torabinejad M, Handysides R, Khademi AA, Bakland LK. Clinical implications of the smear layer in endodontics: a review. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2002; 94(6):658-66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/moe.2002.128962
https://doi.org/10.1067/moe.2002.128962...
,66 Hamblin MR, Hasan T. Photodynamic therapy: a new antimicrobial approach to infectious disease? Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2004; 3(5):436-50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b311900a
https://doi.org/10.1039/b311900a...
,77 Cieplik F, Tabenski L, Buchalla W, Maisch T. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy for inactivation of biofilms formed by oral key pathogens. Front Microbiol. 2014 Aug 12;5:405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2014.00405
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2014.00405...
]. Depending on the bone destruction of the maxillae, it may lead to pathological fractures [33 Torabinejad M, Handysides R, Khademi AA, Bakland LK. Clinical implications of the smear layer in endodontics: a review. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2002; 94(6):658-66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/moe.2002.128962
https://doi.org/10.1067/moe.2002.128962...
,77 Cieplik F, Tabenski L, Buchalla W, Maisch T. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy for inactivation of biofilms formed by oral key pathogens. Front Microbiol. 2014 Aug 12;5:405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2014.00405
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2014.00405...
].

Radiographically, the lesions present as radiolucent areas accompanied by a perforating aspect without cortical margin, and become more evident when the alveolar cortical bone is destroyed. Extensive involvement of the alveolar bone may result in the appearance of teeth “floating in the air” [11 Singh S, Nagpal R, Manuja N, Tyagi SP. Photodynamictherapy: an adjunctto conventional root canal disinfection strategies. Aust Endod J. 2015;41(1): 54-71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aej.12088
https://doi.org/10.1111/aej.12088...
,66 Hamblin MR, Hasan T. Photodynamic therapy: a new antimicrobial approach to infectious disease? Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2004; 3(5):436-50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b311900a
https://doi.org/10.1039/b311900a...
,88 Masuda Y, Sakagami H, Horiike M, Kadokura H, Yamasaki T, Klokkevold PR, et al. Photodynamic therapy with pyoktanin blue and diode laser for elimination of enterococcus faecalis. In Vivo. 2018;32(4):707-712. http://dx.doi.org/10.21873/invivo.11298
https://doi.org/10.21873/invivo.11298...
]. In these cases teeth may be observed with the presence of mobility and deep periodontal pockets, mucosa with ulcerative or proliferative lesions, with erythema and severe tendency to bleeding on probing [77 Cieplik F, Tabenski L, Buchalla W, Maisch T. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy for inactivation of biofilms formed by oral key pathogens. Front Microbiol. 2014 Aug 12;5:405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2014.00405
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2014.00405...
]. These clinical and radiographic characteristics resemble those of aggressive periodontal diseases [11 Singh S, Nagpal R, Manuja N, Tyagi SP. Photodynamictherapy: an adjunctto conventional root canal disinfection strategies. Aust Endod J. 2015;41(1): 54-71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aej.12088
https://doi.org/10.1111/aej.12088...
,22 Mohammadi Z, Jafarzadeh H, Shalavi S, Palazzi F. Recent advances in root canal disinfection: a review. Iran Endod J. 2017;12(4):402-406. http://dx.doi.org/10.22037/iej.v12i4.17935
https://doi.org/10.22037/iej.v12i4.17935...
,44 Lacerda MFLS, Alfenas CF, Campos CN. Terapia fotodinâmica associada ao tratamento endodôntico - revisão de literatura. RFO. 2014;19(1):115-120. http://dx.doi.org/10.5335/rfo.v19i1.3600
https://doi.org/10.5335/rfo.v19i1.3600...
,55 Bolhari B, Pourhajibagher M, Bazarjani F, Chiniforush N, Rad MR, Pirmoazen S, et al Ex vivo assessment of synergic effect of chlorhexidine for enhancing antimicrobial photodynamic therapy efficiency on expression patterns of biofilm-associated genes of Enterococcus faecalis. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2018;22:227-232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pdpdt.2018.04.019
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdpdt.2018.04....
], and therefore, it is important to perform differential diagnosis by means of specific clinical findings, evolution of the pathology and biopsy for histopathological exam.

Acute dissemination of this pathology is more commonly found in children, with involvement of the skin, mucosa and bone. In addition to the maxillae, the cranial bones may be affected, particularly the parietal, spinal column and pelves. Furthermore, it may present the development of lesions in viscera such as the liver, spleen and lungs. When there is involvement of these organs, death occurs in over 50% of the cases [99 Carrera ET, Dias HB, Corbi SCT, Marcantonio RAC, Bernardi ACA, Bagnato VS, et al. The application of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) in dentistry: a critical review. Laser Phys. 2016 Dec;26(12). pii: 123001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1054-660X/26/12/123001
https://doi.org/10.1088/1054-660X/26/12/...
].

The chronic form of this pathology is associated with the presence of a triad of with their own characteristics, which include osteolytic lesions, exophthalmia and insipid diabetes [55 Bolhari B, Pourhajibagher M, Bazarjani F, Chiniforush N, Rad MR, Pirmoazen S, et al Ex vivo assessment of synergic effect of chlorhexidine for enhancing antimicrobial photodynamic therapy efficiency on expression patterns of biofilm-associated genes of Enterococcus faecalis. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2018;22:227-232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pdpdt.2018.04.019
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdpdt.2018.04....
,77 Cieplik F, Tabenski L, Buchalla W, Maisch T. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy for inactivation of biofilms formed by oral key pathogens. Front Microbiol. 2014 Aug 12;5:405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2014.00405
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2014.00405...
,99 Carrera ET, Dias HB, Corbi SCT, Marcantonio RAC, Bernardi ACA, Bagnato VS, et al. The application of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) in dentistry: a critical review. Laser Phys. 2016 Dec;26(12). pii: 123001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1054-660X/26/12/123001
https://doi.org/10.1088/1054-660X/26/12/...
].

The therapeutic options for the treatment of EG are surgical removal by means of curettage, radiotherapy in low doses, chemotherapy, intralesional injection of steroids for reduction in size of the lesion followed by curettage, and depending on the case, there are reports of spontaneous resolution of the lesion [33 Torabinejad M, Handysides R, Khademi AA, Bakland LK. Clinical implications of the smear layer in endodontics: a review. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2002; 94(6):658-66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/moe.2002.128962
https://doi.org/10.1067/moe.2002.128962...
,77 Cieplik F, Tabenski L, Buchalla W, Maisch T. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy for inactivation of biofilms formed by oral key pathogens. Front Microbiol. 2014 Aug 12;5:405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2014.00405
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2014.00405...
,88 Masuda Y, Sakagami H, Horiike M, Kadokura H, Yamasaki T, Klokkevold PR, et al. Photodynamic therapy with pyoktanin blue and diode laser for elimination of enterococcus faecalis. In Vivo. 2018;32(4):707-712. http://dx.doi.org/10.21873/invivo.11298
https://doi.org/10.21873/invivo.11298...
]. Moreover, for confirmation of the diagnosis, incisional biopsy and histopathological analysis [66 Hamblin MR, Hasan T. Photodynamic therapy: a new antimicrobial approach to infectious disease? Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2004; 3(5):436-50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b311900a
https://doi.org/10.1039/b311900a...
] are necessary, because from the clinical characteristics of the lesion, it may present differential diagnosis from other pathologies, such as osteomyelitis, carcinoma, sarcoma, lymphoma, Paget’s disease, multiple myeloma and Papillon-Lefèvre Syndrome [33 Torabinejad M, Handysides R, Khademi AA, Bakland LK. Clinical implications of the smear layer in endodontics: a review. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2002; 94(6):658-66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/moe.2002.128962
https://doi.org/10.1067/moe.2002.128962...
,66 Hamblin MR, Hasan T. Photodynamic therapy: a new antimicrobial approach to infectious disease? Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2004; 3(5):436-50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b311900a
https://doi.org/10.1039/b311900a...
,88 Masuda Y, Sakagami H, Horiike M, Kadokura H, Yamasaki T, Klokkevold PR, et al. Photodynamic therapy with pyoktanin blue and diode laser for elimination of enterococcus faecalis. In Vivo. 2018;32(4):707-712. http://dx.doi.org/10.21873/invivo.11298
https://doi.org/10.21873/invivo.11298...
].

Based on these considerations, the aim of this article was to present a clinical case of EG affecting the mandible of a 9-year-old patient, whose treatment was performed by surgical curettage, and who received post-operative follow-up for 14 years. Furthermore, discussion of the lesion based on the literature was presented.

CASE REPORT

The patient presented to an Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Service of the Dental School - UNESP Araraquara with complaint about edema in the regions of the right mandibular angle, with the evolution of an increase in volume having been observed in the last fifteen days. On extra-oral physical exam (figure 1A), facial asymmetry was noted due to the increase in volume in the right mandibular angle region, with a soft consistency, absence of hyperemia at the site and/or presence of fistula that could be a suspected tooth abscess. The patient reported pain on palpation and palpable right submandibular lymph node. On intra-oral physical exam (figure 1B), erythematous mucosa, ulcerated in the area of the right retromolar trigone and absence of purulent exudation were observed.

Figure 1
Initial of extra (A) and intra-oral(B) physical exams.

The imaging exams showed a radiolucent lesion delimited by sclerotic margins in the right mandibular angle region, extending up to the permanent first molar and base of the mandible (figure 2A). The computed tomography images showed expansion of the cortical bones in both the vestibular and lingual areas, and with bone lysis, which extended from the mandibular base up to the alveolar bone (figure 2B), involving the first molar and second molar tooth germs of the region (figure 2A).

Figure 2
Pre-operative Panoramic Radiograph (A- circle highlights well defined radiolucent area) and Tomography (B)

From the clinical and imaging findings, the suggested diagnoses were 1. ameloblastoma, 2. eosinophilic granuloma, 3. keratocyst, 4. lymphoma and 5.osteomyelitis. The tendency to suspect these lesions was justified, in general, by the increase in volume with cortical bone expansion and radiolucent area characteristic of bone tissue destruction. Furthermore, in the case of keratocyst and ameloblastoma, there was involvement of the tooth germ and osteomyelitis due to the presence of ulceration in the mucosa.

The patient was submitted to incisional biopsy in an outpatient environment. The mandibular bone in the region of the lesion had a porous aspect with bone cavities presenting yellow colored, softened tissue, and sometimes liquefied within them. Both tissues of the lesion - the external cortical bone and tissue within the cavity were submitted to histopathological analysis. The result of analysis predominantly showed the presence of pale colored Langerhans’ histiocytes with heterogeneous and cleaved nuclei, in addition to numerous eosinophils, determining the diagnosis of Eosinophilic Granuloma, with confirmation by means of immunohistochemistry.

Thus, the patient was submitted to tomographic exam of the abdomen, radiographs of the thorax, cranium and pelves, as well as scintigraphy to eliminate the presence of lesions in other organs.

After determining that the only EG lesion present was that in the region of the mandibular angle and body, the patient was submitted to surgical intervention under general anesthesia for excision of the lesion together with teeth 47 and 48, with the intention of maintaining the bony base that was preserved. Due to the fragility and great chance of mandibular fracture, after excision of the lesion, a 2.4 mm system reconstruction plate was fixated to this mandibular segment, followed by scarification by means of a bur throughout the extension of the localization of the lesion. Simultaneously the inferior alveolar canal neurovascular bundle was preserved (figure 3). Sutures were performed by submandibular planes of access, and the alveoli where the molar teeth were removed were also occluded by sutures.

Figure 3
Transoperative image showing preservation of inferior alveolar nerve and fixation of reconstruction plate.

Post-operative follow-up was conducted by means for consultations with periodic returns. Immediately after discharge from hospital the patient was re-evaluated at time intervals of 07, 15, 30 and 45 days. From this time onwards, until a year post-operatively was completed, follow-up was conducted every 3 months, and after this, annually. During the entire period of follow-up until the present time, in which the patient has completed 14 post-operative years, no recurrence of the lesion was observed, as shown in figures 4A and 4B. In the radiographic images of the post-operative time intervals of 7 and 14 years (figures 5A and 5B) there was evidence of adequate mandibular growth and absence of recurrence of the lesion. In addition, throughout the course of the post-operative period there was bone formation partially filling the space previously occupied by the mandibular lesion, allowing continuity of bone in the mandible.

Figure 4
Images of extra (A) and intra-oral(B) Clinical exams in 7 years of follow-up.

The fixation material is still present, in spite of its removal having been proposed. The patient and her guardians did not agree to another surgical procedure for removal of the material.

Figure 5
Postoperative panoramic radiographs of 7(A) and showing preservation of inferior alveolar nerve and (B)14 years without signsof recurrence.

DISCUSSION

EG is the most common presentation and is responsible for 50% to 70% of cases of Langerhans’ cell Histiocytosis, more frequently occurring as a solitary osteolytic lesion, particularly in children and young adults, and is most frequent in the first decade of life [33 Torabinejad M, Handysides R, Khademi AA, Bakland LK. Clinical implications of the smear layer in endodontics: a review. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2002; 94(6):658-66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/moe.2002.128962
https://doi.org/10.1067/moe.2002.128962...
,55 Bolhari B, Pourhajibagher M, Bazarjani F, Chiniforush N, Rad MR, Pirmoazen S, et al Ex vivo assessment of synergic effect of chlorhexidine for enhancing antimicrobial photodynamic therapy efficiency on expression patterns of biofilm-associated genes of Enterococcus faecalis. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2018;22:227-232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pdpdt.2018.04.019
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdpdt.2018.04....
,77 Cieplik F, Tabenski L, Buchalla W, Maisch T. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy for inactivation of biofilms formed by oral key pathogens. Front Microbiol. 2014 Aug 12;5:405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2014.00405
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2014.00405...
] which corroborates the findings of the present case. According to Atarbashi Moghadam et al. [44 Lacerda MFLS, Alfenas CF, Campos CN. Terapia fotodinâmica associada ao tratamento endodôntico - revisão de literatura. RFO. 2014;19(1):115-120. http://dx.doi.org/10.5335/rfo.v19i1.3600
https://doi.org/10.5335/rfo.v19i1.3600...
], Langerhans’ cell Histiocytosis, is a disease of unknown pathogenesis, considered rare, with a prevalence of lower than 1% in the population studied between 1992 and 2012. In a recent review of the literature, Guruprasad & Chauhan et al. [33 Torabinejad M, Handysides R, Khademi AA, Bakland LK. Clinical implications of the smear layer in endodontics: a review. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2002; 94(6):658-66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/moe.2002.128962
https://doi.org/10.1067/moe.2002.128962...
] reported that around 76% of lesions of the maxillae occur in the mandible, with over 96% of the cases involving the mandibular ramus and body, facts that were considerably coincident with those of the case described.

The clinical and radiographic aspects of EG are very similar to those of other lesions, particularly chronic inflammatory lesion, odontogenic cyst, osteomyelitis, lymphoma, ameloblastoma and aneurysmal bone cyst [33 Torabinejad M, Handysides R, Khademi AA, Bakland LK. Clinical implications of the smear layer in endodontics: a review. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2002; 94(6):658-66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/moe.2002.128962
https://doi.org/10.1067/moe.2002.128962...
,66 Hamblin MR, Hasan T. Photodynamic therapy: a new antimicrobial approach to infectious disease? Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2004; 3(5):436-50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b311900a
https://doi.org/10.1039/b311900a...
,1010 Chiniforush N, Pourhajibagher M, Shahabi S, Kosarieh E, Bahador A. Can antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (apdt) enhance the endodontic treatment? J Lasers Med Sci. 2016 Spring;7(2):76-85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/jlms.2016.14
https://doi.org/10.15171/jlms.2016.14...
]. In the case presented, some diagnostic hypotheses were suggested based on the history, clinical and radiographic findings, among them osteomyelitis by the evidence of bone resorption and presence of lesion in the mucosa; lymphoma, due to the complaint of pain and aspect of bone destruction with sclerotic margins. However, there was no history of weight loss, lymphadenopathy or splenomegaly. Ameloblastoma was one of the diagnostic hypotheses due to the presence of bone destruction and cortical expansions. In addition, a rare hypothesis - squamous cell carcinoma - was suggested by the presence of ulcer in the dental alveolar region, however, the patient’s age was uncommon for this tumor.

From the radiographic point of view, in EG the presence of bone resorption with sclerotic margins with oval or rounded shape is frequent. The area of bone lysis is filled with softened, light brown colored tissue that becomes fibrous and grayish colored with time [66 Hamblin MR, Hasan T. Photodynamic therapy: a new antimicrobial approach to infectious disease? Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2004; 3(5):436-50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b311900a
https://doi.org/10.1039/b311900a...
]. This characteristic of softened tissue with a coloring tending towards brown, was the same as the type described and found within the lesion of the clinical case presented. However, the definitive diagnosis needs to be determined by correlation of the clinical, imaging findings and histological characteristics [33 Torabinejad M, Handysides R, Khademi AA, Bakland LK. Clinical implications of the smear layer in endodontics: a review. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2002; 94(6):658-66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/moe.2002.128962
https://doi.org/10.1067/moe.2002.128962...
,66 Hamblin MR, Hasan T. Photodynamic therapy: a new antimicrobial approach to infectious disease? Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2004; 3(5):436-50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b311900a
https://doi.org/10.1039/b311900a...
].

Histologically, the main characteristics of the lesion were a histiocytic infiltrate, predominantly of a Langerhans’ clonal proliferation, pathological cells that resembled tissue macrophages, typical Langerhans’ dendritic cells on the skin. Typically the histiocytic cells have folded nuclei. Langerhans’ cell infiltrate is accompanied by a variable quantity of giant cells similar to osteoclasts and eosinophils that are not necessarily mandatory for diagnosis. Moreover, polymorphonuclear lymphocytes, macrophages and a variable quantity of necrosis could also be present [33 Torabinejad M, Handysides R, Khademi AA, Bakland LK. Clinical implications of the smear layer in endodontics: a review. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2002; 94(6):658-66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/moe.2002.128962
https://doi.org/10.1067/moe.2002.128962...
].

Thus, identification of Langerhans’ lesional cells is necessary for confirming the diagnosis. As these cells cannot be differentiated from other histiocytes by routine histological staining, additional methods are necessary for diagnosis. Electron microscopy and immunohistochemical procedures are used to visualize cytoplasmic structures in the form of rods called Birbeck granules that belong to the Langerhans’ cells [33 Torabinejad M, Handysides R, Khademi AA, Bakland LK. Clinical implications of the smear layer in endodontics: a review. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2002; 94(6):658-66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/moe.2002.128962
https://doi.org/10.1067/moe.2002.128962...
]. For this reason, in addition to electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry was performed for differentiation of the Langerhans’ cells, and diagnostic confirmation of the case presented. In immunohistochemistry, the protein markers S-100 and CD1-a are frequently used, which help with differentiation from other histiocytic processes.

Treatment is variable, depending on the presentation of this pathology. Spontaneous repair may have a favorable prognosis or may disseminate and change the function of vital organs with fatal consequences [99 Carrera ET, Dias HB, Corbi SCT, Marcantonio RAC, Bernardi ACA, Bagnato VS, et al. The application of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) in dentistry: a critical review. Laser Phys. 2016 Dec;26(12). pii: 123001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1054-660X/26/12/123001
https://doi.org/10.1088/1054-660X/26/12/...
,1111 Sebrão CC, Bezerra AG Jr, de França PH, Ferreira LE, Westphalen VP. Comparison of the Efficiency of Rose Bengal and Methylene Blue as Photosensitizers in Photodynamic Therapy Techniques for Enterococcus faecalis Inactivation. Photomed Laser Surg. 2017 Jan;35(1):18-23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/pho.2015.3995
https://doi.org/10.1089/pho.2015.3995...
]. Normally, this is indicated for simple lesions that have not promoted asymmetry or bone discontinuity. A corticosteroid injection into the EG is another treatment option, and is preferably indicated for solitary lesions of a moderate size11, however the treatment by means of corticotherapy for EG is still without elucidation about the action of this medication.

Chemotherapy is indicated for cases of Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis involving multiple organs and/or multiple bone lesions associated with lymphadenopathies. These chemotherapeutic drugs are used for chemotherapy, immuno-modulator and cytostatic drug (pharmacotherapy) treatments or an association of these. Low doses of radiotherapy may be applied in cases of lesions in areas with that are difficult to access surgically.

Surgical treatment is still the treatment of choice for EG [44 Lacerda MFLS, Alfenas CF, Campos CN. Terapia fotodinâmica associada ao tratamento endodôntico - revisão de literatura. RFO. 2014;19(1):115-120. http://dx.doi.org/10.5335/rfo.v19i1.3600
https://doi.org/10.5335/rfo.v19i1.3600...
]. The possibility of performing surgery in the case presented made this procedure the first option, in accordance with the classification presented by Bartnick et al.[1313 Amaral RR, Amorim JCF, Nunes E, Soares JA, Silveira, FF. Terapia fotodinâmica na endodontia: revisão de literatura. RFO. 2010;15(2):207-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5335/rfo.v15i2.1347
https://doi.org/10.5335/rfo.v15i2.1347...
] in which stagings I and II, which involve bone or soft tissues, the treatment of choice is only surgical. This type of treatment was performed because it concerned a single lesion, with a large area of bone destruction, in which asymmetry of the mandibular bone was present, and by the absence of involvement of multiple organs.

The prognosis of treatment for EG is generally favorable for localized lesions. There is no literary description of malignant transformation. In rare circumstances, the solitary lesion may recur and result in death [33 Torabinejad M, Handysides R, Khademi AA, Bakland LK. Clinical implications of the smear layer in endodontics: a review. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2002; 94(6):658-66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/moe.2002.128962
https://doi.org/10.1067/moe.2002.128962...
,99 Carrera ET, Dias HB, Corbi SCT, Marcantonio RAC, Bernardi ACA, Bagnato VS, et al. The application of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) in dentistry: a critical review. Laser Phys. 2016 Dec;26(12). pii: 123001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1054-660X/26/12/123001
https://doi.org/10.1088/1054-660X/26/12/...
]. Therefore, a long follow-up time is imperative, and this fact justified the follow-up of 14 years of this clinical case.

CONCLUSION

Therefore, we were able to conclude, in general agreement with the literature [33 Torabinejad M, Handysides R, Khademi AA, Bakland LK. Clinical implications of the smear layer in endodontics: a review. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2002; 94(6):658-66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/moe.2002.128962
https://doi.org/10.1067/moe.2002.128962...
,77 Cieplik F, Tabenski L, Buchalla W, Maisch T. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy for inactivation of biofilms formed by oral key pathogens. Front Microbiol. 2014 Aug 12;5:405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2014.00405
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2014.00405...
], that eosinophilic granuloma has the potential for bone destruction; it is necessary to establish the differential diagnosis by means of biopsy; its incidence is higher in the first decades of life; and surgical excision in the present case was shown to be adequate treatment. However, it is important to evaluate the possibility of advanced staging and with compromise of other organs which would require coadjuvant procedures.

How to cite this article

REFERENCES

  • 1
    Singh S, Nagpal R, Manuja N, Tyagi SP. Photodynamictherapy: an adjunctto conventional root canal disinfection strategies. Aust Endod J. 2015;41(1): 54-71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aej.12088
    » https://doi.org/10.1111/aej.12088
  • 2
    Mohammadi Z, Jafarzadeh H, Shalavi S, Palazzi F. Recent advances in root canal disinfection: a review. Iran Endod J. 2017;12(4):402-406. http://dx.doi.org/10.22037/iej.v12i4.17935
    » https://doi.org/10.22037/iej.v12i4.17935
  • 3
    Torabinejad M, Handysides R, Khademi AA, Bakland LK. Clinical implications of the smear layer in endodontics: a review. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2002; 94(6):658-66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/moe.2002.128962
    » https://doi.org/10.1067/moe.2002.128962
  • 4
    Lacerda MFLS, Alfenas CF, Campos CN. Terapia fotodinâmica associada ao tratamento endodôntico - revisão de literatura. RFO. 2014;19(1):115-120. http://dx.doi.org/10.5335/rfo.v19i1.3600
    » https://doi.org/10.5335/rfo.v19i1.3600
  • 5
    Bolhari B, Pourhajibagher M, Bazarjani F, Chiniforush N, Rad MR, Pirmoazen S, et al Ex vivo assessment of synergic effect of chlorhexidine for enhancing antimicrobial photodynamic therapy efficiency on expression patterns of biofilm-associated genes of Enterococcus faecalis. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2018;22:227-232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pdpdt.2018.04.019
    » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdpdt.2018.04.019
  • 6
    Hamblin MR, Hasan T. Photodynamic therapy: a new antimicrobial approach to infectious disease? Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2004; 3(5):436-50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b311900a
    » https://doi.org/10.1039/b311900a
  • 7
    Cieplik F, Tabenski L, Buchalla W, Maisch T. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy for inactivation of biofilms formed by oral key pathogens. Front Microbiol. 2014 Aug 12;5:405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2014.00405
    » https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2014.00405
  • 8
    Masuda Y, Sakagami H, Horiike M, Kadokura H, Yamasaki T, Klokkevold PR, et al. Photodynamic therapy with pyoktanin blue and diode laser for elimination of enterococcus faecalis. In Vivo. 2018;32(4):707-712. http://dx.doi.org/10.21873/invivo.11298
    » https://doi.org/10.21873/invivo.11298
  • 9
    Carrera ET, Dias HB, Corbi SCT, Marcantonio RAC, Bernardi ACA, Bagnato VS, et al. The application of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) in dentistry: a critical review. Laser Phys. 2016 Dec;26(12). pii: 123001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1054-660X/26/12/123001
    » https://doi.org/10.1088/1054-660X/26/12/123001
  • 10
    Chiniforush N, Pourhajibagher M, Shahabi S, Kosarieh E, Bahador A. Can antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (apdt) enhance the endodontic treatment? J Lasers Med Sci. 2016 Spring;7(2):76-85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/jlms.2016.14
    » https://doi.org/10.15171/jlms.2016.14
  • 11
    Sebrão CC, Bezerra AG Jr, de França PH, Ferreira LE, Westphalen VP. Comparison of the Efficiency of Rose Bengal and Methylene Blue as Photosensitizers in Photodynamic Therapy Techniques for Enterococcus faecalis Inactivation. Photomed Laser Surg. 2017 Jan;35(1):18-23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/pho.2015.3995
    » https://doi.org/10.1089/pho.2015.3995
  • 12
    Oliveira BP, Aguiar CM, Câmara AC. Photodynamic therapy in combating the causative microorganisms from endodontic infections. Eur J Dent. 2014;8:424-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1305-7456.137662
    » https://doi.org/10.4103/1305-7456.137662
  • 13
    Amaral RR, Amorim JCF, Nunes E, Soares JA, Silveira, FF. Terapia fotodinâmica na endodontia: revisão de literatura. RFO. 2010;15(2):207-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5335/rfo.v15i2.1347
    » https://doi.org/10.5335/rfo.v15i2.1347
  • 14
    Santos MGC, Brito LNS, Neves LEM, Azevedo MS, Santos TKG. Análise do uso da terapia fotodinâmica no tratamento endodôntico com base em um Congresso Odontológico. RFO. 2017;22(1): 49-53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5335/rfo.v22i1.7008
    » https://doi.org/10.5335/rfo.v22i1.7008
  • 15
    Silva EJ, Coutinho-Filho WP, Andrade AO, Herrera DR, Coutinho-Filho TS, Krebs RL. Evaluation of photodynamic therapy using a diode laser and different photosensitizers against enterococcus faecalis. Acta Odontol Latinoam. 2014;27(2):63-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1852-48342014000200003
    » https://doi.org/10.1590/S1852-48342014000200003
  • 16
    Garcez AS, Arantes-Neto JG, Sellera DP, Fregnani ER. Effects of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy and surgical endodontic treatment on the bacterial load reduction and periapical lesion healing. Three years follow up. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2015 Dec;12(4):575-80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pdpdt.2015.06.002
    » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdpdt.2015.06.002
  • 17
    Tennert C, Feldmann K, Haamann E, Al-Ahmad A, Follo M, Wrbas KT, et al. Effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT) on Enterococcus faecalis biofilm in experimental primary and secondary endodontic infections. BMC Oral Health. 2014;14:132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1472-6831-14-132
    » https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6831-14-132
  • 18
    Bumb SS, Bhaskar DJ, Agali CR, Punia H, Gupta V, Singh V, et al. Assessment of Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) in disinfection of deeper dentinal tubules in a root canal system: an in vitro study. J Clin Diagn Res. 2014;8(11):ZC67-71. http://dx.doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2014/11047.5155
    » https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2014/11047.5155

Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    13 June 2019
  • Date of issue
    2019

History

  • Received
    14 Feb 2018
  • Reviewed
    31 Oct 2018
  • Accepted
    06 Dec 2018
Faculdade São Leopoldo Mandic R. José Rocha Junqueira, 13, 13045-755 Campinas/SP Brasil, Tel.: (55 19) 3211-3689 - Campinas - SP - Brazil
E-mail: contato@revistargo.com.br