Detection of change in vegetation cover using multi-spectral and multi-temporal information for district Sargodha, Pakistan

Detecção de alteração na cobertura vegetal com uso de informação multiespectral e multitemporal para o Distrito de Sargodha, Paquistão

ARTIGOS

Detection of change in vegetation cover using multi-spectral and multi-temporal information for district Sargodha, Pakistan

Detecção de alteração na cobertura vegetal com uso de informação multiespectral e multitemporal para o Distrito de Sargodha, Paquistão

Farooq Ahmad

Department of Geography, University of the Punjab Lahore, Pakistan. [e-mail]

ABSTRACT

Detection of change is the measure of the distinct data framework and thematic change information that can direct to more tangible insights into underlying process involving land cover and landuse changes. Monitoring the locations and distributions of land cover changes is important for establishing links between policy decisions, regulatory actions and subsequent landuse activities. Change detection is the process that helps in determining the changes associated with landuse and land cover properties with reference to geo-registered multi-temporal remote sensing information. It assists in identifying change between two or more dates that is uncharacterized of normal variation. After image to image registrations, the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), the transformed normalized difference vegetation index (TNDVI), the enhanced vegetation index (EVI) and the soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI) values were derived from Landsat ETM+ dataset and an image differencing algorithm was applied to detect changes. This paper presents an application of the use of multi-temporal Landsat ETM+ images and multi-spectral MODIS (Terra) EVI/NDVI time-series vegetation phenology metrics for the District Sargodha. The results can be utilized as a temporal land use change model for Punjab province of Pakistan to quantify the extent and nature of change and assist in future prediction studies. This will support environmental planning to develop sustainable landuse practices.

Keywords: Change detection, EVI, Landsat, multi-temporal, multi-spectral, NDVI, Pakistan

RESUMO

Detecção de alterações é uma medida especifica de enquadramento e informações temáticas que pode direcionar percepções mais tangíveis na compreensão do processo de mudanças na cobertura vegetal e uso do solo. Monitorar as localizações e as distribuições das mudanças na cobertura do solo é processo significativo para estabelecer ligações entre decisões políticas, ações reguladoras e as posteriores atividades de uso. A detecção de alterações auxilia na determinação de mudanças associadas ao uso e cobertura do solo tendo como referência informações multitemporais através de sensoriamento remoto. Ela auxilia na identificação de alterações entre dois ou mais dados diferentes da variação normal. Este artigo apresenta uma aplicação do uso de imagens multi-temporais Landsat ETM + e imagens multi-espectrais do MODIS (Terra) EVI / NDVI em séries temporais para avaliação da fenologia da vegetação no Distrito de Sargodha (Paquistão). Os resultados podem ser utilizados como um modelo para as alterações temporais do uso do solo na província de Punjab, Paquistão, para quantificar a extensão e a natureza das mudanças e auxiliar em estudos futuros de predição. Tal ferramenta dá suporte ao planejamento ambiental para o desenvolvimento de práticas sustentáveis de uso do solo.

Palavras-chave: detecção de alterações, EVI, Landsat multi-temporal, multi-espectral, NDVI, Paquistão

INTRODUCTION

Assessing and monitoring the state of the earth surface is a key requirement for global change research (NRC, 1999; LAMBIN et al., 2001; JUNG et al., 2006; XIE, 2008). Classifying and mapping vegetation is an important technical task for managing natural resources as vegetation provides a base for all living beings and plays an essential role in affecting global climate change (XIAO et al., 2004; XIE, 2008). Vegetation extraction from remote sensing imagery is the process of extracting vegetation information by interpreting satellite images based on the interpretation elements and association information (XIE, 2008).

Preprocessing of satellite images prior to vegetation extraction is essential to remove noise (SCHOWENGERDT, 1983) and increase the interpretability of image data (CAMPBELL, 1987; SCHOWENGERDT, 2006). The ideal result of image preprocessing is that all images after image preprocessing should appear as if they were acquired from the same sensor (HALL et al., 1991; Xie, 2008). Image preprocessing commonly comprises a series of operations, including but not limited to bad lines replacement, radiometric correction, geometric correction, image enhancement and masking although variations may exist for images acquired by different sensors (SCHOWENGERDT, 1983; CAMPBELL, 1987; XIE, 2008).

Change detection as defined by Hoffer (1978) is temporal effects as variation in spectral response involves situations where the spectral characteristics of the vegetation or other cover type in a given location change over time. Singh (1989) described change detection as a process that observes the differences of an object or phenomenon at different times (ADIA; RABIU, 2008). Land cover composition and change are important factors that affect ecosystem condition and function (JONES et al., 1997; LUNETTA et al., 2006). Extraction of land cover maps for mapping surface composition and assessment of changes in surface cover composition over time are requirements common to each investigation. Applied remote sensing became more and more inevitable technology contributing to human's progress toward sustainability by support solving environment related tasks on local, regional and global level (ZORAN; ANDERSON, 2006). Moreover, regularly acquired satellite data may be used for long-term surveillance of certain features (AUBREY et al., 1996; ZORAN; ANDERSON, 2006). These data acquired by optical, infrared and microwave sensors yield information on chlorophyll content, the surface temperature, turbidity, hydrocarbon load respectively (ZORAN; ANDERSON, 2006).

A remote sensing sensor is a key device that captures data about an object or scene remotely. Since objects have their unique spectral features, they can be identified from remote sensing imagery according to their unique spectral characteristics (XIE, 2008). A good case in vegetation mapping by using remote sensing technology is the spectral radiances in the red and near-infrared (NIR) regions, in addition to others. The radiances in these regions could be incorporated into the spectral vegetation indices (VI) that are directly related to the intercepted fraction of photosynthetically active radiation (ASRAR et al., 1984; GALIO et al., 1985; XIE, 2008). The spectral signatures of photosynthetically and non-photosynthetically active vegetation showed obvious difference and could be utilized to estimate forage quantity and quality of grass prairie (BEERI et al., 2007; XIE, 2008).

Study Area

The District Sargodha (Figure 1) is located in the Northeast of Pakistan between 31º 34' and 32º 36' North latitude and 72º 10' and 73º 18' East longitude (GOP, 1999), mainly comprises flat, fertile plains although a few small Kirana Hills exist along Sargodha-Faisalabad road. The River Jhelum flows on the northern and western, and the River Chenab lies on the eastern side of the district.

DATA AND METHODOLOGY

This paper focuses on the comparisons of popular remote sensing sensors, commonly adopted image processing methods and prevailing classification accuracy assessments. The basic concepts, available imagery sources and classification techniques of remote sensing imagery related to vegetation mapping were introduced, analyzed and compared (XIE, 2008). The advantages and limitations of using remote sensing imagery (SCHOWENGERDT, 1983; CAMPBELL, 1987; SCHOWENGERDT, 2006) for vegetation cover mapping were provided to iterate the importance of thorough understanding of the related concepts and careful design of the technical procedures, which can be utilized to study vegetation cover from remote sensed images (XIE, 2008).

Remote sensing imagery offer unique possibilities for spatial and temporal characterization of the changes. The basic requirement is the availability of different dates of imagery which permits continuous monitoring of change and environmental developments over time (AYMAN; ASHRAF, 2009). Change detection can be performed by restricting the analysis to a single sensor series or by using different satellite datasets. Two Landsat ETM+ scenes 1999 and 2002 for District Sargodha (path 150, row 37 and 38) were used to implement the vegetation indices. ERDAS Imagine and ENVI software have been used to generate the false colour composite by combining the near infrared, red and green bands (4, 3, 2 respectively) for Landsat ETM+ images. This was carried out for vegetation recognition, because chlorophyll in plants reflects very well for the near-infrared (NIR) band compared to the visible band of the electromagnetic spectrum (Hatfield et al., 1984). Vegetation indices were applied upon 1999 and 2002 ETM+ images and further change detection technique was used to develop the EVI, SAVI, NDVI and TNDVI maps.

In order to use these two scenes, several steps were followed to prepare for an accurate extraction and detection. These vital steps are: image registration, image enhancement and image mosaic as discussed by Macleod and Congalton (1998), Mahmoodzadeh (2007) and Al-Awadhi et al., 2011. These scenes were corrected and geo-referenced using projection UTM, zone 43 and datum WGS 84.

Methods incorporated in this research paper included the application of an automated MODIS (Terra) EVI/NDVI time series to support multi-temporal imagery analysis. MODIS (Terra) EVI/NDVI data preprocessing was conducted to provide a filtered and cleaned uninterrupted data stream to support multi-temporal or phenological analysis (MODIS, 1999).

MODIS (Terra) EVI/NDVI 16-days composite grid data in HDF format were acquired between February 2000 and February 2010 from the NASA Earth Observing System (EOS) data gateway. Details documenting the MODIS (Terra) EVI/NDVI compositing process and Quality Assessment Science Data Sets can be found at NASA's MODIS web site (MODIS, 1999; USGS, 2008).

In this research paper (Figure 2), Landsat products have been applied for vegetation change detection assessment. Since Landsat has a long history of dataset, it is very helpful to map long-term vegetation cover and study the spatio-temporal vegetation changes (SCHROEDER et al., 2006; XIE, 2008). Landsat TM images, striding a long period of time from 1986 to 2002, were used to conduct quantitative analyses of wetland landscape patterns and their dynamic changes in the estuary of the Minjiang River (ZHENG et al., 2006; XIE, 2008). Because of the different characteristics of spectral sensors in the Landsat image series, it is necessary to correct the spectral reflectance between images acquired by those sensors. This is especially necessary in long-term vegetation cover monitoring research where either Landsat TM or ETM+ images are used (Xie, 2008).

Spectral-based change detection techniques have tended to be performance limited in biologically complex ecosystems due, in larger part, to phenology-induced errors (LUNETTA et al., 2002; LUNETTA et al., 2002a; LUNETTA et al., 2006). An important consideration for land cover change detection is the nominal temporal frequency of remote sensor data acquisitions required to adequately characterize change events (LUNETTA et al., 2004; LUNETTA et al., 2006). Ecosystem-specific regeneration rates are an important consideration for determining the required frequency of data collections to minimize errors. As part of the natural processes associated with vegetation dynamics, plants undergo intra-annual cycles. During different stages of vegetation growth, plant structures and associated pigment assemblages can vary significantly (LUNETTA et al., 2006).

Approach to generating the measurement

Vegetation Indices are seamless data products that are computed from the same mathematic formulae across all pixels in time and space, without prior assumptions of biome type, land cover condition, or soil type and thus represent actual, long-term measurements of the land surface (HUETE et al., 2002). The VI product works optimally with cloud filtering, radiometric calibration, precise geolocation, and a snow mask. In addition, the product performs best using top-of-canopy reflectance inputs, corrected for atmospheric ozone, molecular scattering, aerosol, and water vapour (HUETE et al., 2006). Hyperspectral vegetation research is still based on multi-spectral indices used as reference or contemporary data. These indices are readily adaptable to hyperspectral data but remain problematic in arid and semi-arid areas (BROGE et al., 2000; MCWIRE et al., 2000; FRANK; MENZ, 2003). Hyperspectral data could provide much more possibilities compared with multi-spectral data in detecting and quantifying sparse vegetation because it provides a continuous spectrum across a range in wavelengths (KUMAR et al., 2001; FRANK; MENZ, 2003).

RESULTS

Figure 3 shows change detection using EVI model. Landsat ETM+ images for 1999 and 2002 were used to extract temporal changes in District Sargodha. For balancing of an image, the geometric correction, radiometric enhancement, histogram equalization and histogram matching techniques were applied using ERDAS imagine software. The EVI model was applied upon Landsat ETM + 1999 and 2002 images and further change detection technique was used for extraction of land cover changes. The finding showed that during the period 1999 and 2002, increased vegetation and decreased vegetation percentage was same, while some increase > some decrease in district Sargodha (Figure 3 and Table 1). The result showed that the district Sargodha has a potential for agricultural enhancement especially in the areas adjacent to district Hafizabad and Gujrat, while western part of district Sargodha and adjacent to district Khushab, soil productively was decreasing.

Figure 4 shows change detection using SAVI model. For this experiment, Landsat ETM+ images for 1999 and 2002 were used. After geometric correction, SAVI model was applied upon ETM+ images and further change detection technique was used for extraction of potential agricultural sites in district Sargodha. The result showed that increased > decreased and some increase > some decrease. The SAVI model showed better performance than the EVI. The finding showed that central, northeastern and eastern part of the district has a great potential for agricultural enhancement, while the soil productively is lesser in southeastern and western part of district Sargodha. The value of L varies by the amount or cover of green vegetation: in very high vegetation regions, L=0; and in areas with no green vegetation, L=1. Generally, an L=0.5 works well in most situations and is the default value used (HUETE, 1988). The SAVI is computed following the equation:

SAVI = (1 + L)*(NIR- R)/(NIR + R + L)

Rondeaux et al., 1996 introduced another model known as Optimized Soil-Adjusted Vegetation Index (OSAVI). The OSAVI is computed following the equation:

OSAVI = (NIR - R)/(NIR+ R+0.16)

The value L=0.16 appears to be the optimum adjusting factor for the SAVI family of indices. The OSAVI (RONDEAUX et al., 1996) corresponds, in fact, to the Transformed Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (TSAVI) with the parameters a=1 and b=0, and is therefore not equivalent to the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI).

Figure 5 shows change detection using NDVI model. In this experiment SAVI=NDVI (HUETE, 1988). When L=0 makes SAVI equivalent to NDVI (HUETE, 1988; RONDEAUX et al., 1996). The NDVI (USGS (2010) approach is based on the fact that healthy vegetation has low reflectance in the visible portion of the EMS due to chlorophyll and other pigment absorption and has high reflectance in the NIR because of the internal reflectance by the mesophyll spongy tissue of green leaf. The NDVI can be calculated as a ratio of red and the NIR bands of a sensor system (HUETE, 2005). The NDVI is related to the absorption of photosynthetically active radiation and basically measures the photosynthetic capability of leaves, which is related to vegetative canopy resistance and water vapour transfer (WAN, 2003).

Figure 6 shows change detection using TNDVI model. After geometric correction, TNDVI model was applied upon ETM+ 1999 and 2002 images and further change detection technique was used for extraction of soil potential sites in district Sargodha. The finding showed that increased > decreased and further some increase > some decrease. The TNDVI represents the vegetation biomass and is expressed as the ratio of near-IR reflection to red reflection (Tucker, 1979). Greenland (1994) expresses TNDVI as "an integrated function of photosynthesis, leaf area and evapotranspiration".

Figure 6

Figure 8 shows comparative time-series vegetation phenology metrics for Kolowal district Sargodha. In this vegetation phenology metrics EVI (Terra) 500 m and NDVI (Terra) 500 m data products for the seasons of 2000 to 2010 at 16-days interval have been evaluated for green cover fraction and biomass at the same location. The result showed that EVI differs from NDVI by attempting to correct for atmospheric and background effects. The EVI appears to be superior in discriminating subtle differences in areas of high vegetation density, situations in which NDVI tends to saturate. The NDVI has been used for several decades, which is advantageous for studying historical changes (TRISHCHENKO et al., 2002). The EVI is a good indicator of the phenology of the land cover types, the research tested the contribution of EVI data to the land cover classification. Comparative time-series vegetation phenology metrics showed that climate was stable (start/end) and land degradation can't be seen during the seasons of 2000 to 2010. Variation in biomass and soil productivity can be seen due to summer monsoon and winter depression.

Figure 9 shows comparative time-series vegetation phenological variation profile for Faruka district Sargodha. In this vegetation index EVI (Terra) 250 m data product for the period 2006 to 2009 at 16-days interval have been evaluated for green cover fraction and biomass at the same location. The result showed that vegetation potential increased due to winter depression and summer monsoon. The impact of winter depression was stronger as compared to summer monsoon in district Sargodha. The climate was stable during the period 2006 to 2009 and land degradation can't be seen.

Phenology is the study of the times of recurring natural phenomena. One of the most successful of the approach is based on tracking the temporal change of a vegetation index such as NDVI or EVI. The evolution of vegetation index exhibits a strong correlation with the typical green vegetation growth stages. The results (temporal curves) can be analyzed to obtain useful information such as the start/end of vegetation growing season (GAO; MAS, 2008).

Figure 10 and 11 shows horizontal and vertical profile for Faruka district Sargodha. The profiles have been generated using ENVI software. Both the profile shows the variation in green cover fraction and biomass but showed that productivity was stable (start/end) and climatic variation can't be seen at this location. Pixel based digital extraction is the best technique for monitoring of climatic variation and vegetation stress. Hyperspectral imaging (KRUSE, 1988) is a new technique in remote sensing that generates hundreds of spectral bands at different wavelength channels for the same area (ASPINALL, 2002). In recent years, several efforts have been directed towards the incorporation of high performance computing models (GREEN et al., 1988; HARSANYI; CHANG, 1994; ASPINALL et al., 2002) in remote sensing missions (ASPINALL et al., 2002; MARCUS, 2002).

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

The availability of no-cost MODIS (Terra) EVI/NDVI data (MODIS, 1999) and new automated data processing techniques that provide high-quality continuous time series data represent a major advancement for the automated monitoring annual land cover change and vegetation condition. Major advantages of the EVI/NDVI based change detection approach presented in this research paper include (i) robust results, (ii) nominal computational requirements, (iii) automated data processing protocols, (iv) annual change alarm product capability, and (v) rapid product delivery (Lunetta et al., 2006). The importance of quantifying change omission errors is critical to the development of a robust assessment of change detection performance. It was shown that the multi-temporal and multi-sensor satellite data have a great success in biomass analysis (AKKARTALA et al., 2004).

Remote sensing change detection techniques can be broadly classified as either pre or post classification change methods. Pre-classification methods can further be characterized as being spectral or phenology based (LUNETTA et al., 2006). The phenology metrics showed a clear relationship with the seasonality of rainfall, winter and summer growing seasons (WESSELS et al., 2011).

When describing RS data it is useful to do so in terms of spatial, spectral, temporal, and radiometric resolution (JENSEN, 1996; PRENZEL, 2004). Collectively, these describe the most important features of RS data. Technological constraints associated with the sensor and platform have a large bearing on how these resolutions manifest themselves as part of the data. For satellite-based RS data, at least two key 'tradeoffs' emerge from these underlying technological challenges (PRENZEL, 2004). One of the most important is that generally, the higher the spatial resolution, the lower the spatial coverage. This dramatically limits the breadth over which a particular change analysis can be conducted (SCHOWENGERDT, 1983; SCHOWENGERDT, 2006). The second important tradeoff is that the smaller the coverage, typically the longer the re-visitation time. This is important when RS data is required frequently (CAMPBELL, 1987). Although there are other tradeoffs, these two are the most significant for change analysis studies. High-spatial resolution satellite systems have adopted pointable optics to compensate for the long periods of time required to revisit the same orbit track (PRENZEL, 2004).

Landsat ETM+ different bands have used in order to estimate the vegetation quantities parameter based on vegetation indices. The gained result showed significant correlations between ETM+ bands and vegetation groups such as grasses, forbs, shrubs, and bushy trees (SOLAIMANI et al., 2011). The NDVI is the most commonly used of all the VIs tested and its performance, due to non-systematic variation as described by Huete and Liu (1994) and Liu and Huete (1995). The soil background is a major surface component controlling the spectral behaviour of vegetation canopies and on which the retrieval of biophysical characteristics of the canopy depends. Although vegetation indices, such as the soil-adjusted (HUETE, 1988) vegetation indices, considerably reduce these soils effects, estimation of the vegetation characteristics from the indices still suffers from some imprecision, especially at relatively low cover, if no information about the target is known (RONDEAUX et al., 1996). This study focuses on change detection on pixel based methods using multi-temporal and multi-spectral images. Initial experimental results indicate that, the proposed indices perform sufficiently well in detecting changes on the test dataset.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The author wishes to thank respected Dr. Michael Steven, Professor of Environmental Remote Sensing, School of Geography, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Selangor, Malaysia for review and providing valuable comments on draft-version of this paper.

Artigo recebido em 02/08/2012 e aceito para publicação em 14/09/2012

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  11 Jan 2013
• Date of issue
  Dec 2012

History

• Received
  02 Aug 2012
• Accepted
  14 Sept 2012