FLORISTIC-STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION AND SUCCESSIONAL GROUP OF TREE SPECIES IN THE CERRADO BIOME OF TOCANTINS STATE, BRAZIL

CARACTERIZAÇÃO FLORÍSTICO-ESTRUTURAL E GRUPO SUCESSIONAL DE ESPÉCIES ARBÓREAS NO BIOMA CERRADO DO ESTADO DE TOCANTINS, BRASIL

ABSTRACT:

The objective of this study was to characterize the floristic composition, vegetation structure and ecological group of tree species in a cerradão forest (Cerrado biome) of Palmas, Tocantins State, Brazil. A forest inventory was performed in an area of 10.15 hectares, using systematic sampling with plots of 400 m², in which all standing trees, alive and dead, that had diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 5 cm were sampled and identified. A linear plateau regression model (LPR) was used for sample sufficiency analysis. The Shannon index (H') was used for assess the floristic diversity, and the Importance Value Index (IVI) for assess the horizontal structure. The forest was classified in three strata according to vertical structure analysis. The LPR showed that the sampling size was adequate. The predominate species in the area were Myrcia splendens, Emmotum nitens and Qualea parviflora, and species from the families Fabaceae and Chrysobalanaceae. The pioneer (613 individuals ha^-1) and climax (530 individuals ha^-1) species were the predominating groups. Regarding the richness index, the number of climax (57 species) and pioneer (25 species) species stood out. The alpha floristic diversity was 3.35 nats individuals^-1 and the Pielou equability value J = 0.76. The diametric distribution showed a negative and balanced exponential pattern. Regarding the vertical stratification, the smallest amount of individuals was in the upper stratum (13%) and the highest in the mid stratum (63%) and in the lower stratum (24%). The use of floristic composition tools with horizontal and vertical structure analysis was effective for understand the tree community, which may be considered structured and diverse, thus able to restructure possible disturbances when preserved.

Keywords:
Floristic diversity; Phytosociology; Balanced forest; Ecological groups

RESUMO:

Objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar a composição florística, a estrutura da vegetação e os grupos ecológicos das espécies arbóreas em área de cerradão em Palmas, Tocantins. Foi realizado um inventário florestal em área de 10,15 hectares, utilizando amostragem sistemática com parcelas de 400 m², onde foram amostradas e identificadas todas as árvores vivas e mortas em pé, com DAP ≥ 5 cm. Na análise da suficiência amostral utilizou-se a regressão linear com resposta em platô (REGRELRP). A diversidade florística foi avaliada pelo o índice Shannon (H') e a estrutura horizontal pelo o Índice de Valor de Importância (IVI). Na análise da estrutura vertical, a floresta foi classificada em três estratos. A REGRELRP revelou que a intensidade amostral foi adequada. Predominam na área as famílias Fabaceae e Chrysobalanaceae, e as espécies Myrcia splendens, Emmotum nitens e Qualea parviflora. O grupo composto por espécies pioneiras predominam (613 indivíduos ha^-1), e as climácicas (530 indivíduos ha^-1). No quesito riqueza, as espécies clímax sobressaíram (57 espécies), pioneiras (25 espécies). A diversidade alfa florística foi de 3,35 nats indivívideos^-1 e o valor de equabilidade de Pielou J = 0,76. A distribuição diamétrica apresentou comportamento exponencial negativo e balanceada. Em relação aos estratos verticais, a menor quantidade de indivíduos é encontrada no estrato superior (13%), a maior no estrato médio (63%) e o estrato inferior (24%). A área estudada foi caracterizada como estruturada e diversa conforme composição florística e fitossociológica encontrada, apresentou heterogeneidade de espécies, predominantemente clímax. O cerradão apresentou bom estado de conservação, demostrando sua capacidade de resiliência a pequenos distúrbios.

Palavras Chaves:
Diversidade florística; Fitossociologia; Floresta balanceada; Grupos ecológicos

INTRODUCTION

Tropical forest characteristics has risen great interest in floristic-structural studies due to the wide variety of ecological patterns and processes relevant to its diversity. In recent years, researchers have brought to attention the importance of knowledge on the Cerrado biome (Brazilian Savanna) flora. This biome has one of the richest and diverse flora in the world, distributed in diverse physiognomic types, including forests, savannas, and grasslands. It is the second largest biome in Brazil, with approximately two hundred million hectares (RATTER, RIBEIRO, BRIDGEWATER, 1997).

Among the cataloged Cerrado plant species, 35% were classified as endemic, which correspond to 1.5% of the endemic flora of the world (MYERS et al., 2000). The latest survey on Cerrado flora found more than 12,000 species (MENDONÇA et al., 2008), however, this number is certainly much higher, since there are many Cerrado areas that have not yet been scientifically investigated. Some studies consider that the Cerrado great richness and floristic diversity is mainly due to its landscapes diversity and physiognomic types.

The Cerrado vegetation is characterized by a mosaic of physiognomic types, which includes forests (cerradão, dry forest, gallery forest and riparian forest), savannas (cerrado sensu stricto, cerrado park, palm trees and vereda) and grasslands (grassland, dry grassland and rupestrian fields). Among the Cerrado forest forms is the cerradão, which is usually associated with interfluvial areas, well-drained lands, and deep soils (SOLÓRZANO et al., 2012).

Cerradão is commonly found in Latosols, with low and mid fertility, but it is also found in dystrophic Cambisols (RIBEIRO; WALTER, 2008). The cerradão may be classified in two types: (1) Mesotrophic (cerradão, found in soils with medium levels of nutrients and pH between 5.5 and 7.0; whose predominant species are Anadenanthera colubrina, Dilodendron bipinnatum, Dipteryx alata, Myracrodruon urundeuva, Pseudobombax tomentosum and Terminalia argentea) and (2) Dystrophic (cerradão, found in soils with pH ranging from 4.0 and 4.8, with calcium content less than 0.5 meq/100g (HARIDASAN; ARAÚJO, 2005) and predominance of Emmotum nitens, Tachigale vulgaris, Tapirira guianensis and Virola sebifera).

Cerradão areas have been deforested for agricultural purposes for many decades (FELFILI; CARVALHO; HAIDAR, 2005). The few remaining areas are found in small fragments in all Brazilian states where the Cerrado biome is predominant. Therefore, it is important to conduct studies in these remaining areas, seeking to improve the floristic, structural and production aspects of the cerradão vegetation, since such information is essential to assess the potential of a forest and proper definition of its use (FRANCEZ; CARVALHO; JARDIM, 2007).

Moreover, information about the flora and vegetation structure of a community are also essential to establish strategies for conservation and rational use of a ecosystem (SILVA et al., 2006), and correlations with certain intrinsic characteristics of the species, such as phenology, light requirement, water and nutrients, as well as the growth time and patterns, can provide information for vegetation classification in successional groups (SANTOS et al., 2004).

The area studied was characterized as structured and diverse regarding phytosociological and floristic composition, showing heterogeneity of species, predominantly climax. The cerradão forest showed good overall conditions and resilience to potential disturbances.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

This study was conducted in a cerradão forest fragment of about 10.15 ha, located between the parallels 10º10'55''S and 10º11'20''S and the meridians 48º10'50''W and 48º10'30''W, in the Lajeado State Park, Palmas, Tocantins State, Brazil. This park was created on 2001 over an area of 9,931 ha of Cerrado biome. Local climate is C2wA'a' according to the Köppen (1936) classification. The region presents flat and wavy terrains with predominance of Dystrophic Red Latosol (EMBRAPA, 2011).

The cerradão woody vegetation was inventoried using the systematic sampling procedure (PÉLLICO NETTO; BRENA, 1997), with 54 plots of 400 m² (20 x 20 m) launched and marked permanently, totaling 2.16 ha. All standing trees, alive and dead, that had diameter at breast height (DBH) (diameter at 1.30 m above the ground) equal or higher than 5 cm, were sampled and identified in each plot. The diameters were measured using a caliper rule and the height using a 15 m telescopic scale. Trees over 15 m high had their heights visually estimated.

Botanical collections were performed. The material collected for identification (vegetative and fertile materials) was pressed and dried in a greenhouse (MORI et al., 1989). The species were classified according to the system proposed by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG III, 2009), mainly in loco by researches or consulting analytical keys in the herbaria of Brasilia University.

Species-area curve was used to assess whether the sampled area was sufficient to represent the floristic richness of the cerradão (MÜELLER-DOMBOIS; ELLEMBERG, 2002), using a linear plateau regression model (LPR). The regression model fit was performed by the Solver method of Microsoft^(r) Excel. The linear plateau regression model used was where Y is the species cumulative number in i sampled plots, X is number of sampled plots, and are regression equation parameters to be estimated, and ε is the error associated with the model.

The cerradão arboreal flora was characterized considering the composition and the species richness and diversity. The alpha diversity was obtained from the Shannon diversity index (H´) and the equability by the Pielou index (J).

The vegetation structure was also assessed, considering both horizontal and vertical structures. Regarding the horizontal structure, the phytosociological variables and the diameter distribution were assessed.

The phytosociological variables: basal area, density, frequency and importance value index (KENT, COKER, 1999; MÜLLER-DOMBOIS; ELLEMBERG, 2002) were assessed using the Mata Nativa 3 software (CIENTEC, 2010). The diametric distribution was assessed considering the class interval of 5 cm, aiming to compare with other studies in areas of cerradão (CAMILOTTI; PAGOTTO; ARAÚJO, 2011; TOPPA; PIRES; DURIGAN, 2004; COSTA; ARAÚJO, 2001).

The Lioucourt quotient "q" (MEYER et al., 1961) was used to assess whether the cerradão vegetation was balanced. The following relation must find the "q" value:

where n₁ is the number of individuals at the first diameter class, n₂ is the number of individuals at the second diameter class, and n_n is the number of individuals at the nth diameter class.

Vegetation stratification was performed, resulting in three classes of total height (HT), in order to assess the cerradão vertical structure, as suggested by Souza et al. (2003). The lower stratum (EI) had HT < (Hm - 1σ), mid stratum (EM) had (Hm - 1σ) < HT < (Hm + 1σ) and upper stratum (ES) had HT > (Hm + 1σ), where Hm is the total mean height and σ is the standard deviation of total height (HT) of the sampled trees.

The cerradão species were classified according to its ecological importance, considering the representation of each one in the vertical structure of the community. Therefore, Absolute Sociological Position (PSAi) and Relative Sociological Position (PSRi) parameters were used according to Finol (1971):

where:

• N_j  = number of individuals of the i_th stratum;
• N  = total number of individuals of all species in all strata;
• N_ij  = number of individuals of the i_th specie in the j_th height strata;
• S  = total number of sampled species.

The species were classified according to successional group suggested by Swaine and Whitmore (1988), using also information available in the literature (ABREU; PINTO; MEWS, 2014; CARVALHO, 2003; 2006; 2008; RESSEL et al., 2004; LORENZI, 2002). Pioneer species (whose seeds germinate only in opening areas and has completely open canopy, receiving direct radiation in at least part of the day, and those with seedlings with quick development) and climax (species whose seeds may germinate under shade and seedlings are found under the canopy, but may also be found in open environment with slow to moderate growth).

The ecological importance of families was estimated by the Family Importance Value Index (IVIF), through the sum of the diversity relative values (number of family species by the total number of species), density and dominance (MORI; BOOM, 1983).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The plateau response curve of the cerradão arboreal flora (Figure 1) was generated from the linear equation Y = 35.8951 + 1.090 . X (R² = 0.91 and S_yx = 7.81%), and fitted to represent the increase of floristic richness in relation to the increase of the studied area. This result showed that the sampled area of 2.16 ha was enough to represent the floristic richness of cerradão arboreal community, since, from 1.6 ha the curve stabilizes, forming a plateau. Therefore, the 54 plots of 0.04 ha (2.16 ha) extrapolates in 26% the minimum area considered enough to represent the floristic richness of that community.

Figure 1:
Curve of accumulated species and area, plateau curve, and emergence of new species, in an area of 2.16 hectares inventoried in a cerradão forest in Palmas, Tocantins State, Brazil.

The results show that with a minimum sampled area (asymptote) of 1.6 ha is possible to find 96% (79 of 82) of the total number of species found in the 2.16 ha. Such value is higher than the value found by Pires-O'Brien and O'Brien (1995), which suggest that the minimum area sampled in tropical forests shall include, at least, 90% of the community species sampled. However, tropical forests present high floristic richness, thus the species-area curve, in general, is not able to stay fully stabilized, even with large sample intensities, unless a census is carried out (SCHILLING; BATISTA, 2008; OLIVEIRA et al., 2008).

Approximately 1,228 tree ha^-1 were registered in the cerradão area with diameter (DBH) ranging from 5 cm to 65 cm, mean of 11.55 cm (CV ± 60.15 %), and total height ranging from 3 cm to 21 m, mean of 9 m (CV ± 28.16 %). This density is within the normally range found in other sampled areas of cerradão within the Cerrado biome, which ranges from 1,172 to 1,251 tree ha^-1 (SOUZA et al., 2010; SOUZA et al., 2008).

The basal area of the arboreal community of the cerradão was 17.34 m² ha^-1. This basal area is also within the limit found in other cerradão areas (from 17.05 to 24.9 m² ha^-1). Around 7% (85 trees) of the amount of standing trees was dead, result that was similar to that found in other cerradão areas classified as dystrophic (MARIMON JUNIOR; HARIDASAN, 2005). Therefore, this tree population also has an important role in cerradão community.

Regarding the floristic, 34 botanical families were found (Ta ble 1), 16 in only one sampled plot, with density equal to one. The most representative families in the area were the Fabaceae (15), Chrysobalanaceae (7), Apocynaceae (5), Melastomataceae (5), Malpighiaceae (4), Vochysiaceae (4), Anacardiaceae (3) and Connaraceae (3). These families comprise 56% of all species sampled in the cerradão. According to Felfili et al. (2004), the Fabaceae and Vochysiaceae families are the most studied families in cerradão of the Federal District. The predominance of leguminous species may be attributed to the biological nitrogen fixation capacity in many leguminous species, which facilitates the regeneration in low fertility and degraded soils (SOUZA et al., 2010). Moreover, many species of this family regrow from roots (RODRIGUES et al., 2004). The species from the Myrtaceae family found in this study is mainly Myrcia splendens, due to its high density.

Table 1:
Vertical and horizontal structure, successional groups and phytosociological variables of arboreal species found in a cerradão area located in the Lajeado State Park, Palmas, Tocantins State, Brazil. EI = lower stratum (HT < 6.41 m), EM = mid stratum (HT ≤ 6.41 m < 11.54), ES = upper stratum (HT > 11.54 m); PSA = absolute sociological position; PSR = relative sociological position; EG = ecological group (PI = pioneer, CL = climax); DA = absolute density; DR = relative density; FA = absolute frequency; FR = relative frequency; DoA = absolute dominance; DoR = relative density; IVI (%) = importance value index; IVIF = family importance value index.

Table 1:
Continuation.

Table 1:
Continuation.

The species Myrcia splendens, Emmotum nitens, Miconia albicans, Qualea parviflora, Xylopia aromatica and Tapirira guianensis were the most abundant species in the area, and together, they represent more than 60% of all surveyed individuals. This result differed from that found by Souza et al. (2010) in cerradão areas of Minas Gerais State, who found Myracrodruon urundeuva, Callisthene major and Rollinia sylvatica as predominant species. However, Solórzano et al. (2012) and Silva et al. (2008) found the species Caryocar coriaceum, Emmotum nitens and Tapirira guianensis, which were all also found in this study. The domain of species groups in the cerradão areas confirms the statements of Ratter (1971); Ratter et al. (1973); Ratter (1987), about the existence of two distinct types of cerradão.

Among the species found in the study area, 10 (12.20%) were responsible for 63.21% of the total IVI, they were Myrcia splendens (12.43%), Emmotum nitens (10.12%), Qualea parviflora (7.42%), Xylopia aromatica (6.34%), Tapirira guianensis (6.24%), Miconia albicans (5.69%), Parkia platycephala (4.28%), Caryocar coriaceum (3.85%) Tachigale vulgaris (3.72%) and Mezilaurus itauba (3.12%). Only Mezilaurus itauba from those is not common to cerrado sensu stricto environments and seasonal forests. These two phyto-physiognomies shows species commonly found in cerradão (MENDONÇA et al., 2008; FELFILI et al., 2004; PROENÇA et al., 2001). Mezilaurus itauba presents an Amazon phyto-geographical domain, although there are records of the species in cerradão areas in the State of Mato Grosso/Amazon (ARAÚJO et al., 2009).

The Myrcia splendens species presented the highest IVI in the area and stood out because its high density. However, in other cerradão areas, located in the States of São Paulo, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Goiás and the Federal District, this species have not stood out (GUILHERME; NAKAJIMA, 2007; MARIMON JUNIOR; HARIDASAN, 2005; COSTA; ARAÚJO, 2001). In a floristic survey performed by Solórzano et al. (2012) in a cerradão area of Tocantins, this species was among the most important, indicating that it may be common in the cerradão of this State.

The cerradão alpha diversity was 3.35 nats individuals^-1. This value was within the range of floristic diversity found in other cerradão areas by Solórzano et al. (2012) (2.92 to 3.54 nats individuals^-1). The Pielou equality was 0.76, which was within the values previously found in cerradão areas (0.73 and 0.91) (GUILHERME; NAKAJIMA, 2007; SALIS et al., 2006). The equality value found in this cerradão indicates that a reasonable diversity, with values higher than 76% of the maximum possible (Hmax), resulting in the possible dominance of certain species in the area (MAGURRAN, 2004), which was confirmed in this study.

Three strata were defined for vertical structure of the cerradão community as lower stratum (HT < 6.41 m); mid stratum (6.41 ≤ HT < 11.54) and upper stratum (HT ≥ 11.54). The lowest amount of trees was found in the upper stratum (ES), with 325 individuals (13%), which suggests that few individuals of the community are able to reach the upper canopy. The middle stratum (EM) had the highest amount found, with 1,565 individuals (63%), and 591 individuals (24%) was found for the lower stratum (EI). Therefore, considering the species representativeness in vertical structure of the cerradão community, it was possible to distinguish four species that stood out as the most found Relative Sociological Position (PSRi), the Myrcia splendens (16.05%), Emmotum nitens (11.44 %), Xylopia aromatica (8.62%) and Qualea parviflora (8.30%), as shown in Ta ble 1(t1,t3,t4).

Qualifying successional group of the sampled species resulted in find a higher density group composed by pioneer trees species (613 individuals ha^-1) and climax species (530 individuals ha^-1). Regarding the species richness, the climax group predominated (57 species) over the pioneer (25 species), although the number of trees in the pioneer group had been higher than in the climax group. The highest richness of climax species in the cerradão is represented by a mature vegetation. with good diversity of species (CONDÉ; TONINI, 2013).

The upper stratum of the cerradão showed 60% of climax group trees (25 species). especially for the species with timber potential Emmotum nitens (25 individuals ha^-1). Mezilaurus itauba (12 individuals ha^-1) and Parkia platycephala (7 individuals ha^-1). The wood of these species is used in construction (lumber as rafters, timber and boards) and rural areas (beams, fences, boards for bridge construction). besides crates, liners, toys production. firewood and coal (CARVALHO, 2003; LORENZI, 2002).

The remaining trees in the upper stratum (40%) are from pioneer groups (8 species). especially Tapirira guianensis (23 individuals ha^-1). Myrcia splendens (14 individuals ha^-1) and Tachigale vulgaris (13 individuals ha^-1). Such species have large seed dispersal and rapid growth (CARVALHO; SILVA; DAVIDE, 2006). are generalists and grow in diverse phyto-physiognomies of the Cerrado and in other biomes (SOLÓRZANO et al., 2012). They are found in border and clearing areas and show good adaptability to poor and acids soils.

They are used in disturbed areas restoration projects and stand out for competition assays. due to the rapid growth of these species. being a promising forest species for energy production (CARVALHO, 2006; 2008). However, more studies are required to assess their commercial use potential. in order to develop management techniques for its sustainable use.

The sampled population was divided in 11 diameter classes. According to the Liocourt Quotient, the forest is balanced (Table 2). Before being a protected area, this area suffered with logging, as evidenced by the presence of extraction residues. The Liocourt Quotient (q) values of the first eight classes showed that the horizontal structure of the cerradão arboreal vegetation is balanced, since the "q" values was relatively constant (MEYER, 1951). This result shows that the vegetation is recovering its horizontal structure in a balanced manner, despite the disturbance in the cerradão before the park protection.

Table 2:
Absolute and relative frequency distribution and Liocourt Quotient values. by diameter class of trees with DBH ≥ 5 cm sampled in a cerradão fragment of Palmas, Tocantins, Brazil.

• FR = frequency; "q" = Liocourt Quotient.

The diameter distribution curve showed a negative exponential pattern resembling a reversed J, which describes a typical pattern of diameter distribution in native forests (CONDÉ; TONINI, 2013; GONÇALVES; SANTOS, 2008).

Regarding the diametric distribution of the successional groups, the pioneer group predominated in the first three diametric classes, with the climax group predominating from the fourth diametric class (Figure 2). The sampled trees were distributed in height classes (EI, EM and ES) and subdivided into pioneer and climax (Figure 2). The highest density of trees (87%) was part of the mid and lower stratum of the forest, and only 14% had heights higher than 11.54 m.

Figure 2:
Individual frequency per hectare by diametric class per successional group (A); individual frequency per hectare by strata class in height; (B) Height classes (EI = lower stratum; EM = mid stratum; ES = upper stratum) per successional group in a cerradão of Palmas, Tocantins, Brazil.

The first diameter class was responsible for more than 50% of all sampled trees and only 3.15% of them showed diameter higher than 30 cm. The large tree density in the smaller diameter classes was able to provide part of their representatives to the upper diameter classes. during future periods, assisting in the dynamic and enabling the vegetation continuity. However, exceptions are considered if there is some kind of disturbance, natural or anthropic. The species with higher diameters were Parkia platycephala (65 cm), Caryocar coriaceum (54.6 cm), Emmotum nitens (52.3cm) and Mezilaurus itauba (50.2 cm).

Ferdinandusa elliptica (21 m), Emmotum nitens (19 m), Tachigale vulgaris (19 m), Tapirira guianensis (18.5 m) and Mezilaurus itauba (18 m) stood out as the highest species. According to Souza et al. (2008), the Cerrado and other biomes may change its horizontal and vertical structure along the flora adaptation process, depending on which factors its vegetation is exposed to, regardless its floristic origin.

This process is more evident in areas where transitions or contacts between different kinds of vegetation are possible. In Tocantins State, the confluence of Amazon Forest and Cerrado areas are characterized by wide climatic and physical environment variations, and this diversity enables changes in the species floristic, structure and growth (HAIDAR et al., 2013; SILVA et al., 2006). Therefore, the studied cerradão showed a typical species of the Amazon biome (Mezilaurus itauba) and higher values of height (21 m) and diameter (65 cm) compared to other studied areas of cerradão (SILVA, 2009; GUILHERME; NAKAJIMA, 2007; SALIS et al., 2006).

CONCLUSIONS

Based on this research results we concluded that: a) The floristic composition was dominated by the Fabaceae and Chrysobalanaceae families and by the Myrcia splendens, Emmotum nitens, Qualea parviflora, Xylopia aromatica and Tapirira guianensis tree species; (b) The dominant tree species characterized the study area as dystrophic with high species richness; (c) The floristic and phytosociological compositions found in the studied site showed that the cerradão can be considered a well-structured and diverse vegetation type, which showed good conservation condition, considering that the tree species diversity were mainly composed by climax species; (d) The cerradão showed a balanced diametric distribution that indicates its resilience to small disturbances.

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• 2
  Paper extracted from the doctoral thesis of the first author, funded by CNPq.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  Apr-Jun 2016

History

• Received
  27 Feb 2015
• Accepted
  08 Mar 2016