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A Newly Proposed Regression Equation for Mixed Dentition Analysis Using the Sum of the Width of Permanent Mandibular Central Incisors and Permanent Mandibular First Molars as a Predictor of Width of Unerupted Canine and Premolars

Abstract

Objective:

To determine linear regression equation to predict the mesiodistal widths of the permanent canines and premolars based on the sum of the widths of the two permanent mandibular first molars and two mandibular central incisors.

Material and Methods:

The sample consisted of 800 (400 males and 400 females) permanent dentition casts of Chhattisgarh population. Mesiodistal crown widths of teeth were measured with digital caliper. The correlation and linear regression equations between the calculated four teeth (two permanent mandibular first molars and two central incisors) and the canine-premolars segments of both the arches were developed.

Results:

No significant differences were found in right and left side of the arch. Sexual dimorphism was significant in teeth sizes with higher mesiodistal dimension in males. A good correlation values varying from 0.51 to 0.67 was found. New standardized regression equations were formulated for the prediction of the mesiodistal widths of unerupted canines and premolars for Chhattisgarh population.

Conclusion:

Calculating mesiodistal widths of unerupted canine and premolars with help of two permanent mandibular molars and two mandibular central incisors, which erupt early in the oral cavity, can be an alternative and best predictor for the mixed dentition analysis.

Keywords:
Malocclusion; Linear Models; Dentition, Mixed; Orthodontics

Introduction

Mixed dentition space analysis is an important aspect is to supervise the development of functionally stable occlusion and treatment planning. It indicates preventive measures that are essential to prevent a potential irregularity from progressing into severe malocclusion. Most children will be benefited if early diagnosis and treatment is carried out in such developing malocclusion. Discrepancy between the space required and space available is one of the orthodontic complications in mixed dentition. Prediction of arch length deficit or discrepancy is the most important step in planning a treatment protocol for such clinical situations. This allows the treatment to be initiated and executed swiftly yielding better results [1[1] Huckaba GW. Arch size analysis and tooth prediction. Dent Clin North Am 1964; 11:431-40.,2[2] Profitt WR, Field HW, Sarver DM. Contemporary Orthodontics. 4th. ed. St. Louis: Mosby Inc., 2007. 102p.].

Various methods of estimating the sizes of unerupted permanent canines and premolars have been reported in the literature. G. V. Black and others attempt, of predicting tooth sizes were based on the tables of average mesiodistal width [3[3] Black GV. Descriptive Anatomy of Human Teeth. 4th. ed. Philadelphia: S.S. White Dental Manufacturing, 1897. pp. 16.,4[4] Nance HN. The limitations of orthodontic treatment: Mixed dentition diagnosis and treatment. Am J Orthod 1947; 33:177-223.], whereas other methods are based on estimating the size of permanent teeth on radiographs alone [1[1] Huckaba GW. Arch size analysis and tooth prediction. Dent Clin North Am 1964; 11:431-40.,4[4] Nance HN. The limitations of orthodontic treatment: Mixed dentition diagnosis and treatment. Am J Orthod 1947; 33:177-223.] or in combined method of using radiograph and crown diameters measured on dental casts [5[5] Hixon EH, Oldfather RE. Estimation of the sizes of unerupted canines and premolar teeth. Angle Orthod 1958; 28:236-40.

[6] Staley RN, Hoag JF. Prediction of the mesiodistal widths of maxillary permanent canines and premolars. Am J Orthod 1978; 73(2):169-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9416(78)90187-2
https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9416(78)901...
-7[7] Staley RN, Kerber RE. A revision of the Hixon and Oldfather Mixed-Dentition prediction method. Am J Orthod 1980; 78(3):296-302. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9416(80)90274-2
https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9416(80)902...
]. The widely used methods usually associates the mesiodistal crown width of erupted mandibular permanent incisors as the predictor for the mesiodistal crown width of unerupted canines and premolars [8[8] Tanaka MM, Johnston LE. The prediction of the size of unerupted canine and premolars in a contemporary orthodontic population. J Am Dent Assoc 1974; 88(4):798-801. https://doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.1974.0158
https://doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.19...
]. Earlier in the year 1946 it was discovered that there was a significant association between two parameters - the sum of width of permanent mandibular incisors and width of unerupted mandibular permanent canines and premolars [9[9] Carey CW. Linear arch dimension and tooth size. Am J Orthod 1946; 35:762-75.]. Some of the studies have reported that, sum of the lower permanent incisors only is not the best predictor [10[10] Bernabé E, Flores-Mir C. Are the lower incisors the best predictors for the unerupted canine and premolars sums? An analysis of a Peruvian sample. Angle Orthod 2005; 75(2):198-203.

[11] Nourallah AW, Gesch D, Khordaji MN, Splieth C. New regression equations for predicting the size of unerupted canines and premolars in a contemporary population. Angle Orthod 2002; 72(3):216-21.
-12[12] Legovic M, Novosel A, Legovic A. Regression equations for determining mesiodistal crown diameters of canines and premolars. Angle Orthod 2003; 73(3):314-8.]. In 2007 for the first time introduced a new method by including mesiodistal width of first molar along with the sum of mesiodistal width of four incisors [13[13] Melgaço CA, de Sousa Araújo MT, de Oliveira Ruellas AC. Mandibular permanent first molar and incisor width as predictor of mandibular canine and premolar width. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2007; 132(3):340-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2005.07.033
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2005.07....
].

However, the accurateness of these prediction methods could possibly be in query when applied to other population groups because it has been well documented in literature that tooth size varies significantly between the racial/ethnic groups. Therefore, the present study aims to determine new regression equations to predict the sum of mesiodistal width of permanent canines and premolars in Chhattisgarh, Central India population by using two permanent first permanent mandibular molar and two permanent mandibular central incisors as predictor.

Material and Methods

Study Design and Sample

In this cross-sectional study, four hundred dental casts of males and four hundred dental casts of females of 14 to 21 years old orthodontic patient’s residents of Chhattisgarh were chosen from the records of Pedodontic and Orthodontic Department. The casts with fully eruption of permanent first molar to first molar in both jaws, with no interproximal caries and restorations, with no pervious orthodontic treatment, with no alteration in teeth size, shape or number, with no attrition, with normal to mild crowding or spacing were included in the study. The sample included different types of occlusion. All study models were constructed from high-quality orthodontic dental stone.

Data Collection

Greatest mesiodistal crown widths of all the permanent teeth up to the first molar to first molar in upper and lower arches were measured. The measurements were carried out according to the method previously described using a digital sliding caliper (Aerospace Co., California, USA) with an accuracy of 0.01 mm [14]. Therefore, the maximum width of the tooth between the interproximal contact points was measured parallel to the occlusal surface and perpendicular to the long axis of the tooth. As there was no statistical difference in the width between left and right side in both the arches, the actual widths of the maxillary and mandibular canines and premolars were calculated for the left and right sides, the mean value obtained was added to presume the actual combined width of permanent canines and premolars. To determine the error of the method, all measurements were repeated by the same investigator five days later and the student’s t-test revealed no statistical difference.

Data Analysis

Linear regression was used to drive equations for the prediction of the sum of the widths of the canine, first and second premolars in either jaw. The regression equation was expressed as Y=a+bX1+X2. The constants ‘a’ and ‘b’ were calculated for both sexes combined and for males and females separately. In addition, the standard errors of the estimates (SEE), the coefficients of correlation(r) and the coefficients of determination (r2) were calculated. r2 values represents the estimating accuracy of the regression equation for Y based on values of X1 and X2. The new equations were developed to estimate the mesiodistal width of unerupted canine and premolars for Chhattisgarh population.

Results

The descriptive statistics for the sum of widths of the canine-premolars segments, sum of mandibular central incisors-mandibular first molar for both males and females. The values were larger in males than females in both arches and the difference was statistically significant in all the teeth groups (Table 1).

Table 1
Sum of the mesiodistal widths of the maxillary and mandibular canine/premolars segments and the mandibular central incisors/mandibular first molars.

The correlation coefficients (r), determination coefficients (r2), constants ‘a’ and ‘b’ and the standard error of estimate (SEE) for both males and females are determined. The correlation coefficients between the sum of mandibular central incisors-mandibular first molars widths and sum of the canine-premolars widths ranged from 0.51 to 0.67. Highest r2 value was 0.45 in males’ maxillary arch and lowest one was 0.26 in females’ mandibular arch (Table 2).

Table 2
Coefficient of correlation (r), coefficient of determination (r2), Standard error of estimation, regression constants (a, b) for various tooth groups.

The new linear regression equations were derived from the sum of widths of mandibular central incisors-mandibular first molars and sum of widths of canine-premolars segments. Therefore, new regression equations in the form of Y=a+bX1+X2.

Maxillary arch , Y = 5 . 14 + 0 . 41 X 1 + X 2 Mandibular arch , Y = 7 . 42 + 0 . 35 X 1 + X 2

Y represented the estimate of the sum of canine and premolars widths in millimeters on either the right or left side. X1 indicating the sum of the two mandibular central incisors widths in millimeters, X2 indicating the sum of the two mandibular first molars were formulated in male and female separately, the constant “a” is the Y intercepts and the slope of the regression is represented by constant “b”. So, the regression equation based on sum of four teeth i.e., permanent two mandibular first molars and two mandibular central incisors for both males and females for Chhattisgarh population were formulated (Table 3). The regression equation for maxillary arch, in males was Y=5.31+0.42X1+X2 and in females was Y=7.20+0.35X1+X2. The regression equation for mandibular arch, in males was Y=8.47+0.33X1+X2 and in females was Y=8.53+0.31X1+X2.

Table 3
New regression equation for Chhattisgarh population using sum of the widths of the two permanent mandibular first molars and two mandibular central incisors.

Discussion

The primary step towards a successful orthodontic treatment is an early and correct diagnosis. The dentition analysis is an important step to make a proper diagnosis [15[15] Boboc A, Dibbets J. Prediction of the mesiodistal width of unerupted permanent canines and premolars: A statistical approach. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2010; 137(4):503-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2008.04.031
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2008.04....
]. The mixed dentition analysis allows the identification of a tooth size-arch length discrepancy in an early stage and dictates different treatment approaches such as: space maintenance, space regaining, serial extractions, eruption guidance and observation without any intervention [16[16] Philip NI, Prabhakar M, Arora D, Chopra S. Applicability of the Moyers mixed dentition probability tables and new prediction aids for a contemporary population in India. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2010; 138(3):339-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.ajodo.2008.09.035
https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.ajodo.2008.09...
].

Traditionally mixed dentition analysis is performed by specific regression equations and radiographic evaluation of the dentition status. Sometimes a combination of both the methods is also employed to evaluate mixed dentition. Being a non-radiographic technique and relying solely on clinical measurements of erupted permanent tooth makes regression analysis one of the most popular analytic tools.

Based on these assumptions the current study applies an equation, which was proposed of late and is based on the totality of mesiodistal width of central incisors and first molars of the mandible. The idea was to generate a novel regression equation appropriate for Chhattisgarh population. However, the earlier linear regression equation formulated for Chhattisgarh population was based on Tanaka-Johnston equation using four mandibular incisors [17[17] Shetty RM, Daga P, Reddy H, Pandey S, Shetty SR, Vannala V. A new regression equation proposed for mixed dentition analysis in Chhattisgarh, central India population. Pesqui Bras Odontopediatria Clin Integr 2018; 18(1):e4190. https://doi.org/10.4034/PBOCI.2018.181.98
https://doi.org/10.4034/PBOCI.2018.181.9...
]. The permanent molars were not used in the earlier equation.

Various studies have been published on mixed dentition analysis highlighting the racial and ethnic differences in tooth dimensions [18[18] Schirmer UR, Malan JA, Viljoen E. Comparison of mesiodistal crown dimensions of South African blacks & whites. J Dent Res 1995; 74:10-20.,19[19] Shirmer UR, Wiltshire WA. Orthodontic probability tables for black patients of African descent: Mixed dentition analysis. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1997; 112(5):545-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0889-5406(97)70082-9
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0889-5406(97)70...
], with differences between male and female tooth widths [12[12] Legovic M, Novosel A, Legovic A. Regression equations for determining mesiodistal crown diameters of canines and premolars. Angle Orthod 2003; 73(3):314-8.,20[20] Moorrees CFA, Thomsen SØ, Jensen E, Yen PKJ. Mesiodistal crown diameters of the deciduous and permanent teeth in individuals. J Dent Res 1957; 36:39-47. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220345570360011501
https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034557036001...
,21[21] Paula S, Almeida MAO, Lee PCF. Prediction of mesiodistal diameter of unerupted lower canines and premolars using 45° cephalometric radiography. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1995; 107(3):309-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0889-5406(95)70147-8
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0889-5406(95)70...
], although few studies did not consider gender differences [11[11] Nourallah AW, Gesch D, Khordaji MN, Splieth C. New regression equations for predicting the size of unerupted canines and premolars in a contemporary population. Angle Orthod 2002; 72(3):216-21.,22[22] Martinelli FL, Lima EM, Rocha R, Araújo MST. Prediction of lower permanent canine and premolars width by correlation methods. Angle Orthod 2005; 75(5):805-8.,23[23] Zilberman Y, Kaye EK, Vardimon A. Estimation of mesiodistal width of permanent canines and premolars in early mixed dentition. J Dent Res 1977; 56(8):911-5. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220345770560081301
https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034577056008...
]. In the present study, a statistical difference was found between mesiodistal width of male and female tooth with males having more mesiodistal width as compared to females. The analysis was done separately for male and female samples. Nevertheless, when subjects from both genders were evaluated simultaneously a good correlation was observed.

Another observation in the study was the lack of statistically significant differences between the arches on either side of the midline, a finding which was also confirmed by some other investigators [12[12] Legovic M, Novosel A, Legovic A. Regression equations for determining mesiodistal crown diameters of canines and premolars. Angle Orthod 2003; 73(3):314-8.,21[21] Paula S, Almeida MAO, Lee PCF. Prediction of mesiodistal diameter of unerupted lower canines and premolars using 45° cephalometric radiography. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1995; 107(3):309-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0889-5406(95)70147-8
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0889-5406(95)70...
]. A larger sample size (n=800) was included to minimize the bias and guarantee the reliability of the data. To regulate a more specific correlation and accurate result, both sides of the mandibular arch was considered, similar to the method previously used [24[24] Staley RN, O’Gorman TW, Hoag JF, Shelly TH. Prediction of the widths of unerupted canines and premolars. J Am Dent Assoc 1984; 108(2):185-90. https://doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.1984.0436
https://doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.19...
].

Using only the values of sum of mandibular first molars and mandibular central incisors to predict width of sum of canine and premolars without the incorporation of regression equations seems imprecise. Regression equations usually provides an accurate and precision results. Hence many investigators advocate multiple linear regression equations over the simple linear equations [15[15] Boboc A, Dibbets J. Prediction of the mesiodistal width of unerupted permanent canines and premolars: A statistical approach. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2010; 137(4):503-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2008.04.031
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2008.04....
,25[25] Kaplan RG, Smith CC, Kanarek PH. An analysis of three mixed dentition analysis. J Dent Res 1977; 56(11):1337-43. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220345770560110801
https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034577056011...
]. Higher correlation coefficients and better accuracy is seen in the multiple linear regression equations owing to the greater number of variables [10[10] Bernabé E, Flores-Mir C. Are the lower incisors the best predictors for the unerupted canine and premolars sums? An analysis of a Peruvian sample. Angle Orthod 2005; 75(2):198-203.,15[15] Boboc A, Dibbets J. Prediction of the mesiodistal width of unerupted permanent canines and premolars: A statistical approach. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2010; 137(4):503-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2008.04.031
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2008.04....
,23[23] Zilberman Y, Kaye EK, Vardimon A. Estimation of mesiodistal width of permanent canines and premolars in early mixed dentition. J Dent Res 1977; 56(8):911-5. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220345770560081301
https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034577056008...
]. A good non-radiographic prediction method must be simple, fast, practical, precise, and definite for the population from which it was derived.

In the present study, only four teeth must be measured when compared to six teeth used by some authors [13[13] Melgaço CA, de Sousa Araújo MT, de Oliveira Ruellas AC. Mandibular permanent first molar and incisor width as predictor of mandibular canine and premolar width. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2007; 132(3):340-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2005.07.033
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2005.07....
]. The prediction can be made very early, as we need not wait for the lateral incisors to erupt. Like the use of mandibular incisors, the use of the first permanent molars has several advantages. They erupt early in the mixed dentition, are easily measured, and show little variability in size. Moreover, they are the first permanent teeth to erupt in the oral cavity and the relationship of maxillary and mandibular first permanent molars provides an early indication of the developing permanent occlusion [26[26] Angle EH. Behandlung der Okklusionsanomalien der Zähne, Angle´s System, Hermann MeusserVerlag, Berlin: 1908. 15p. [In German]]. It has been suggested the sum of permanent maxillary central incisors (instead of mandibular) and mandibular first molars as best predictors [27[27] Paredes V, Gandia JL, Cibrian R. A new, accurate and fast digital method to predict unerupted tooth size. Angle Orthod 2006; 76(1):14-9.]. In the present study, we did not use maxillary first molar because it erupts after the mandibular molars so may delay the mixed dentition analysis and crown in the distal area is usually covered by gingiva, so measuring it’s actual mesiodistal dimension may be difficult.

Although multiple regression equation is complex and difficult to memorize but they are the ones provide better accuracy for estimating the mesiodistal distal width of unerupted canines and the premolars. However, further studies on comparison with different regression equations and its accuracy need to be explored.

Conclusion

Determination of mesiodistal widths of unerupted canine and premolars with help of two permanent mandibular molars and two mandibular central incisors, which erupt early in the oral cavity, can be an alternative and best predictor for the mixed dentition analysis.

  • Financial Support: None.

References

  • [1]
    Huckaba GW. Arch size analysis and tooth prediction. Dent Clin North Am 1964; 11:431-40.
  • [2]
    Profitt WR, Field HW, Sarver DM. Contemporary Orthodontics. 4th. ed. St. Louis: Mosby Inc., 2007. 102p.
  • [3]
    Black GV. Descriptive Anatomy of Human Teeth. 4th. ed. Philadelphia: S.S. White Dental Manufacturing, 1897. pp. 16.
  • [4]
    Nance HN. The limitations of orthodontic treatment: Mixed dentition diagnosis and treatment. Am J Orthod 1947; 33:177-223.
  • [5]
    Hixon EH, Oldfather RE. Estimation of the sizes of unerupted canines and premolar teeth. Angle Orthod 1958; 28:236-40.
  • [6]
    Staley RN, Hoag JF. Prediction of the mesiodistal widths of maxillary permanent canines and premolars. Am J Orthod 1978; 73(2):169-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9416(78)90187-2
    » https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9416(78)90187-2
  • [7]
    Staley RN, Kerber RE. A revision of the Hixon and Oldfather Mixed-Dentition prediction method. Am J Orthod 1980; 78(3):296-302. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9416(80)90274-2
    » https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9416(80)90274-2
  • [8]
    Tanaka MM, Johnston LE. The prediction of the size of unerupted canine and premolars in a contemporary orthodontic population. J Am Dent Assoc 1974; 88(4):798-801. https://doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.1974.0158
    » https://doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.1974.0158
  • [9]
    Carey CW. Linear arch dimension and tooth size. Am J Orthod 1946; 35:762-75.
  • [10]
    Bernabé E, Flores-Mir C. Are the lower incisors the best predictors for the unerupted canine and premolars sums? An analysis of a Peruvian sample. Angle Orthod 2005; 75(2):198-203.
  • [11]
    Nourallah AW, Gesch D, Khordaji MN, Splieth C. New regression equations for predicting the size of unerupted canines and premolars in a contemporary population. Angle Orthod 2002; 72(3):216-21.
  • [12]
    Legovic M, Novosel A, Legovic A. Regression equations for determining mesiodistal crown diameters of canines and premolars. Angle Orthod 2003; 73(3):314-8.
  • [13]
    Melgaço CA, de Sousa Araújo MT, de Oliveira Ruellas AC. Mandibular permanent first molar and incisor width as predictor of mandibular canine and premolar width. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2007; 132(3):340-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2005.07.033
    » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2005.07.033
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    Moorrees CFA, Reed RB. Correlation among crown diameters of human teeth. Arch Oral Biol 1964; 9(6):685-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-9969(64)90080-9
    » https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-9969(64)90080-9
  • [15]
    Boboc A, Dibbets J. Prediction of the mesiodistal width of unerupted permanent canines and premolars: A statistical approach. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2010; 137(4):503-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2008.04.031
    » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2008.04.031
  • [16]
    Philip NI, Prabhakar M, Arora D, Chopra S. Applicability of the Moyers mixed dentition probability tables and new prediction aids for a contemporary population in India. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2010; 138(3):339-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.ajodo.2008.09.035
    » https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.ajodo.2008.09.035
  • [17]
    Shetty RM, Daga P, Reddy H, Pandey S, Shetty SR, Vannala V. A new regression equation proposed for mixed dentition analysis in Chhattisgarh, central India population. Pesqui Bras Odontopediatria Clin Integr 2018; 18(1):e4190. https://doi.org/10.4034/PBOCI.2018.181.98
    » https://doi.org/10.4034/PBOCI.2018.181.98
  • [18]
    Schirmer UR, Malan JA, Viljoen E. Comparison of mesiodistal crown dimensions of South African blacks & whites. J Dent Res 1995; 74:10-20.
  • [19]
    Shirmer UR, Wiltshire WA. Orthodontic probability tables for black patients of African descent: Mixed dentition analysis. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1997; 112(5):545-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0889-5406(97)70082-9
    » https://doi.org/10.1016/S0889-5406(97)70082-9
  • [20]
    Moorrees CFA, Thomsen SØ, Jensen E, Yen PKJ. Mesiodistal crown diameters of the deciduous and permanent teeth in individuals. J Dent Res 1957; 36:39-47. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220345570360011501
    » https://doi.org/10.1177/00220345570360011501
  • [21]
    Paula S, Almeida MAO, Lee PCF. Prediction of mesiodistal diameter of unerupted lower canines and premolars using 45° cephalometric radiography. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1995; 107(3):309-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0889-5406(95)70147-8
    » https://doi.org/10.1016/S0889-5406(95)70147-8
  • [22]
    Martinelli FL, Lima EM, Rocha R, Araújo MST. Prediction of lower permanent canine and premolars width by correlation methods. Angle Orthod 2005; 75(5):805-8.
  • [23]
    Zilberman Y, Kaye EK, Vardimon A. Estimation of mesiodistal width of permanent canines and premolars in early mixed dentition. J Dent Res 1977; 56(8):911-5. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220345770560081301
    » https://doi.org/10.1177/00220345770560081301
  • [24]
    Staley RN, O’Gorman TW, Hoag JF, Shelly TH. Prediction of the widths of unerupted canines and premolars. J Am Dent Assoc 1984; 108(2):185-90. https://doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.1984.0436
    » https://doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.1984.0436
  • [25]
    Kaplan RG, Smith CC, Kanarek PH. An analysis of three mixed dentition analysis. J Dent Res 1977; 56(11):1337-43. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220345770560110801
    » https://doi.org/10.1177/00220345770560110801
  • [26]
    Angle EH. Behandlung der Okklusionsanomalien der Zähne, Angle´s System, Hermann MeusserVerlag, Berlin: 1908. 15p. [In German]
  • [27]
    Paredes V, Gandia JL, Cibrian R. A new, accurate and fast digital method to predict unerupted tooth size. Angle Orthod 2006; 76(1):14-9.

Edited by

Academic Editors: Alessandro Leite Cavalcanti and Wilton Wilney Nascimento Padilha

Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    10 Oct 2019
  • Date of issue
    2019

History

  • Received
    17 Jan 2019
  • Accepted
    27 Feb 2019
  • Published
    07 Mar 2019
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