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Sistema miofuncional orofacial e trauma de face: revisão crítica da literatura

RESUMO

Introdução:

Esta revisão qualitativa da literatura levantou publicações científicas internacionais sobre a funcionalidade do sistema miofuncional orofacial nos traumas faciais, por meio da base de dados PubMed.

Método:

O levantamento realizado limitou-se a seres humanos, de qualquer faixa etária, no idioma inglês, entre os anos de 2005 e 2011. As publicações sem acesso completo, repetidas por sobreposição das palavras chave, estudos de caso, revisões de literatura, cartas ao editor e as não relacionadas diretamente ao tema foram excluídas.

Resultados:

Foram identificados 831 estudos, sendo 14 dentro dos critérios estabelecidos. Notou-se que a avaliação mais frequente foi a da função mandibular e depois análise de tratamentos; ocorreu mais fratura no côndilo que ângulo mandibular; utilizou-se mais tratamento cirúrgico juntamente com o conservador, seguido pelo somente cirúrgico e finalmente somente conservador; a maior incidência de traumas faciais foi em adultos do sexo masculino; poucas pesquisas foram realizadas com crianças e grupo-controle; utilizaram-se mais avaliações da função mandibular e clínicas, na maioria pré e pós-cirurgia; a força de mordida e a área oclusal apresentaram melhora póstratamento, no entanto a assimetria mandibular permaneceu; os valores de abertura máxima da boca atingiram a normalidade, porém inferiores ao grupo-controle; houve persistência de alterações na mobilidade mandibular e dor, mesmo após o tratamento; e a terapia miofuncional melhorou o quadro de alterações.

Conclusão:

É necessário mais publicações sobre o tratamento fonoaudiológico baseado na abordagem miofuncional orofacial nos traumas faciais.

Descritores:
Lesões Faciais; Terapia Miofuncional; Reabilitação; Fonoaudiologia; Sistema Estomatognático

ABSTRACT

Introduction:

This qualitative literature review aims to highlight international scientific publications selected from the PubMed database that describe the changes in the function of the orofacial myofunctional system after facial trauma and the associated treatment outcomes.

Methods:

Studies published in English between 2005 and 2011 and including individuals of all age groups were included in this review. Publications that were not open access, studies appearing more than once because of overlapping keywords, case studies, literature reviews, letters to the editor, and studies that were not directly related to the subject were excluded.

Results:

A total of 831 studies were identified, 14 of which fulfilled the established criteria. Assessment of jaw function was the most frequent evaluation performed in the included studies, followed by the analysis of treatments. The incidence of condylar fractures was higher than that of mandibular angle fractures. The majority of cases were managed by surgery combined with conservative treatment, followed by surgery alone and conservative treatment alone. Adult men exhibited a higher incidence of facial trauma. Few studies included children or control groups. Further assessment of jaw and clinical functions before and after surgery revealed the following findings. The bite force and occlusal contact area improved after treatment, whereas mandibular asymmetry persisted even after surgery. The maximum mouth opening returned to normal after treatment, although the range of mouth opening was lower in patients with facial trauma than in controls. Persistent mobility in the mandibular teeth and pain were observed even after treatment. Myofunctional therapy resulted in an overall improvement in jaw function.

Conclusions:

Although the number of studies on facial trauma is increasing, few studies address the use and benefits of orofacial myofunctional therapy in this field. Further studies on orofacial myofunctional therapy combined with surgery and/or conservative treatment for facial trauma are necessary.

Keywords:
Facial trauma; Myofunctional Therapy; Rehabilitation; Speech Therapy; Stomatognathic System

INTRODUÇÃO

Os traumas faciais são lesões que ocorrem nos tecidos moles e ossos da face e, quando a lesão é extensa, pode acometer o cérebro, olhos, seios da face e dentição. A epidemiologia dessas lesões é diversa e varia com o tipo, gravidade e causa da lesão11 Carvalho TB, Candian LR, Marques CG, Piatto VB, Maniglia JV, Molina FD. Six years of facial trauma care: an epidemiological analysis of 355 cases. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2010;76(5):565-74..

A principal causa das fraturas maxilofaciais são os acidentes por veículos automotores22 Chandra Shekar BR, Reddy C. A five-year retrospective statistical analysis of maxillofacial injuries in patients admitted and treated at two hospitals of Mysore city. Indian J Dent Res. 2008;19(4):304-8.,33 Hussaini HM, Rahman NA, Rahman RA, Nor GM, Ai Idrus SM, Ramli R. Maxillofacial trauma with emphasis on soft-tissue injuries in Malaysia. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2007;36(9):797-801.. No entanto, tem-se observado um aumento da violência interpessoal como causa dessas lesões11 Carvalho TB, Candian LR, Marques CG, Piatto VB, Maniglia JV, Molina FD. Six years of facial trauma care: an epidemiological analysis of 355 cases. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2010;76(5):565-74., assim como trauma por projétil de arma de fogo44 Bianchini EM, Moraes RB, Nazario DA, Luz JG. Terapêutica interdisciplinar para fratura cominutiva de côndilo por projétil de arma de fogo - enfoque miofuncional. Rev. CEFAC. 2010;12(5): 881-8..

Os traumas faciais provocam consequências não só emocionais como também funcionais e estéticas, e podem ser permanentes ou não. A incidência maior de fraturas na face é no sexo masculino, mas nas últimas décadas tem crescido o número de traumas em mulheres na faixa etária até 40 anos55 Martini MZ, Takahashi A, Oliveira Neto, HG, Carvalho Júnior JP, Cúrcio R, Shinohara EH. Epidemiology of mandibular fractures treated in a brazilian level I trauma public hospital in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Braz Dent J. 2006;17:243-8.

6 Montovani JC, Campos MP, Gomes MA, Moraes VR, Ferreira FD, Nogueira EA. Etiologia e incidência das fraturas faciais em adultos e crianças: experiência em 513 casos. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2006;72:235-41.
-77 Macedo JL, Camargo LM, Almeida PF, Rosa SC. Perfil epidemiológico do trauma de face dos pacientes atendidos no pronto-socorro de um hospital público. Rev Col Bras Cir. 2008;35:9-13.. As crianças e os indivíduos maiores de 40 anos são os menos envolvidos nos traumas maxilofaciais88 Bakardjiev A, Pechalova P. Maxillofacial fractures in Southern Bulgaria - a retrospective study of 1706 cases. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2007;35(3):147-50.,99 Ogunlewe MO, James O, Ladeinde AL, Adeyemo WL. Pattern of paediatric maxillofacial fractures in Lagos, Nigeria. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2006;16:358-62..

As alterações nos órgãos fonoarticulatórios, provocadas pelos traumas de face, são de grande interesse para o campo fonoaudiológico, uma vez que interferem no desempenho das funções estomatognáticas (respiração, fala, mastigação e deglutição). O trabalho fonoaudiológico baseado em uma abordagem miofuncional orofacial é importante como tratamento complementar nos traumas de face, pois possibilita o restabelecimento das funções orofaciais e, com isso, evita o risco de hipomobilidade, redução funcional e progressão de possíveis sequelas1010 Maliska MC, Lima Júnior SM; Gil JN. Analysis of 185 maxillofacial fractures in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil. Braz Oral Res.2009;23(3):268-74.

11 Oliveira DM, Vasconcellos RJ, Laureano FJ, Cypriano RV. Fracture of the coronoid and pterygoid processes by firearms: case report. Braz Dent J. 2007;18(2):168-70.

12 Sakae EK, Barroso, MV, Hiraki PY, Moura T, D’Agostinho L. Tratamento conservador de fratura cominuta de mandíbula ocasionada por arma de fogo: relato de caso. Rev Soc Bras Cir Craniomaxilofac. 2008;11(3):16-16.

13 Bianchini EM. Ajuda fonoaudiológica. In: Bianc hini EMG. organizadora. Articulação temporoman dibular: implicações, limitações e possibilidades fonoaudiológicas. 2a ed. Carapicuiba: Pró-Fono. 2010; p.321-61.

14 Marzotto SR, Bianchini EMG. Anquilose temporomandibular bilateral: aspectos fonoaudiológicos e procedimentos clínicos. Rev CEFAC 2007;9(3):358-66.
-1515 Laverick S, Patel N, Jones DC. Maxillofacial trauma and the role of alcohol. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2008;46:542-6..

Diante do exposto, a proposta da presente revisão de literatura foi analisar artigos científicos publicados sobre a funcionalidade do sistema miofuncional, orofacial, nos traumas de face, particularmente os que acometem as regiões maxilares e mandibulares.

MÉTODOS

Trata-se de estudo de revisão qualitativa da literatura. Os artigos foram selecionados por meio da base de dados PubMed, utilizando os descritores “facial injuries and oral muscle”, “facial injuries and oral structure”, “facial injuries and speech”, “facial injuries and voice”, “facial injuries and chewing”, “facial injuries and mastication”, “facial injuries and deglutition”, “facial injuries and swallowing”, “facial injuries and breathing”, “facial injuries and myofunctional system”, e “facial injuries and oral function”; limitando-se à pesquisas realizadas com seres humanos, em qualquer faixa etária, no idioma inglês, entre os anos de 2005 e 2011.

Para o estabelecimento do método de pesquisa foram seguidos os preceitos do Cochrane Handbook1616 The Cochrane Collaboration.Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Intervention. 2011., envolvendo: formulação da pergunta; localização e seleção dos estudos e avaliação crítica dos estudos.

Para a seleção dos textos houve, primeiramente, a compatibilização entre os pesquisadores, ou seja, a busca dos textos no banco de dados foi realizada independentemente pelos autores visando minimizar possíveis perdas de citações. Citações em outra língua que não o inglês foram excluídas, assim como as citações que não permitiram o acesso ao texto completo (obtidos no Portal de Periódicos da CAPES). As citações repetidas por sobreposição das palavras chave também foram excluídas. Dos textos completos obtidos foram excluídos aqueles referentes aos estudos de caso; revisões de literatura; cartas ao editor e textos que não se relacionavam diretamente ao tema (relacionados à técnica cirúrgica, fraturas em outros locais da face que não a maxila e/ou mandíbula, alterações de sensibilidade e pesquisa com animais). Foram analisados os textos que, efetivamente, se relacionavam à proposta da pesquisa. Todas as etapas do estudo foram conduzidas independentemente pelos pesquisadores, quando houve discordância entre os pesquisadores só foram incluídos os textos onde a posição final foi consensual. Pela natureza do estudo a pesquisa não foi simples-cego.

O percurso da busca realizada para seleção dos textos analisados encontra-se descrito na Figura 1.

Figura 1
Seleção dos artigos incluídos na pesquisa

Posteriormente ao levantamento bibliográfico e seleção dos artigos, foi realizada a análise dos textos quanto aos seus objetivos, número e gênero dos participantes, faixa etária, critérios de avaliação e controle dos tratamentos, e resultados dos estudos. Essa análise encontra-se descrita na sessão subsequente.

RESULTADOS

Os resultados do estudo encontram-se sumariamente descritos no quadro 1.

Quadro 1
Resumo dos textos utilizados no estudo

DISCUSSÃO

Diante dos achados desta revisão foi possível concluir que a maioria dos estudos objetivou avaliar a função mandibular1717 Gerlach KL, Schwarz A. Bite forces in patients after treatment of mandibular angle fractures with miniplate osteosynthesis according to Champy. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 2002;31:345-348.,1818 Murakami K, Yamamoto K, Sugiura T, Yamanaka Y, Kirita T. Changes in mandibular movement and oclusal condition after conservative treatment for condilar fractures. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 2009;67:83-91.,2121 Thore´n T, Hallikainen D, Iizuka T, Lindqvist C. Condylar process fractures in children: a follow-up study of fractures with total dislocation of the condyle from the glenoid fossa. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2001;768-73.,2424 Rutges JP, Kruizinga EH, Rosenberg A, Koole R. Functional results after conservative treatment of fractures of the mandibular condyle. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2007 Jan;45(1):30-4.,2525 Throckmorton GS, Ellis E 3rd, Hayasaki H. Jaw kinematics during mastication after unilateral fractures of the mandibular condylar process. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2003;124(6):695-707.,2727 Sforza C, Tartaglia GM, Lovecchio N, Ugolini A, Monteverdi R, Gianni AB. Mandibular movements at maximum mouth opening and EMG activity of masticatory and neck muscles in patients rehabilitated after a mandibular condyle fracture. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2009 Sep;37(6):327-33.,2828 Throckmorton GS, Ellis III E, Hayasaki H. Masticatory motion after surgical or nonsurgical treatment for unilateral fractures of the mandibular condylar process. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2004;62:127-38.

29 Jensen T, Jensen J, Norbolt SE, Dabt M, Lenk-Hansen L, Svensson P. Open reduction and rigid internal fixation of mandibular condilar fractures by an intraoral approach: a long-term follow-up sudy of 15 patients. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2006;64(12):1771-9.
-3030 Caldas IM, Magalhães T, Afonso A, Matos E. Orofacial damage resulting from road accidents. Dent Traumatol. 2008;24(4):410-5, seguido da análise de tratamentos1919 Kondoh T, Hamada Y, Kamei K, Kobayakawa M, Horie A, Iino M, Kobayashi K, Seto K.Comparative study of intra-articular irrigation and conticosteroid injection versus closed reduction with intermaxillary fixation for the management of mandibular condyle fractures. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2004;98:651-6.,2222 Hlawitschka M, Loukota R, Eckelt U. Functional and radiological results of open and closed treatment of intracapsular (diacapitular) condylar fractures of the mandible. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 2005;34:597-604.,2323 Kaplan BA, Hoard MA, Park SS. Immediate mobilization following fixation of mandible fractures: a prospective, randomized study. Laryngoscope. 2001;111(9):1520-4.,2626 Gerbino G, Boffano P, Tosco P, Berrone S. Long-term clinical and radiological outcomes for the surgical treatment of mandibular condylar fractures. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2009;67:1009-14. e por queixas relacionadas ao trauma de face (área oclusa pobre ou moderada, abertura máxima da boca reduzida, lateralidade assimétrica, desvio mandibular e persistência de dor)2020 Niezen ET, Bos RR, Bont LG, Stegenga B. Complaints related to mandibular function impairment after closed treatment of fractures of the mandibular condyle. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 2010;39:660-665.. A maior parte dos estudos envolveu fraturas condilares1818 Murakami K, Yamamoto K, Sugiura T, Yamanaka Y, Kirita T. Changes in mandibular movement and oclusal condition after conservative treatment for condilar fractures. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 2009;67:83-91.

19 Kondoh T, Hamada Y, Kamei K, Kobayakawa M, Horie A, Iino M, Kobayashi K, Seto K.Comparative study of intra-articular irrigation and conticosteroid injection versus closed reduction with intermaxillary fixation for the management of mandibular condyle fractures. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2004;98:651-6.

20 Niezen ET, Bos RR, Bont LG, Stegenga B. Complaints related to mandibular function impairment after closed treatment of fractures of the mandibular condyle. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 2010;39:660-665.
-2121 Thore´n T, Hallikainen D, Iizuka T, Lindqvist C. Condylar process fractures in children: a follow-up study of fractures with total dislocation of the condyle from the glenoid fossa. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2001;768-73.

22 Hlawitschka M, Loukota R, Eckelt U. Functional and radiological results of open and closed treatment of intracapsular (diacapitular) condylar fractures of the mandible. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 2005;34:597-604.

23 Kaplan BA, Hoard MA, Park SS. Immediate mobilization following fixation of mandible fractures: a prospective, randomized study. Laryngoscope. 2001;111(9):1520-4.

24 Rutges JP, Kruizinga EH, Rosenberg A, Koole R. Functional results after conservative treatment of fractures of the mandibular condyle. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2007 Jan;45(1):30-4.

25 Throckmorton GS, Ellis E 3rd, Hayasaki H. Jaw kinematics during mastication after unilateral fractures of the mandibular condylar process. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2003;124(6):695-707.

26 Gerbino G, Boffano P, Tosco P, Berrone S. Long-term clinical and radiological outcomes for the surgical treatment of mandibular condylar fractures. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2009;67:1009-14.

27 Sforza C, Tartaglia GM, Lovecchio N, Ugolini A, Monteverdi R, Gianni AB. Mandibular movements at maximum mouth opening and EMG activity of masticatory and neck muscles in patients rehabilitated after a mandibular condyle fracture. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2009 Sep;37(6):327-33.

28 Throckmorton GS, Ellis III E, Hayasaki H. Masticatory motion after surgical or nonsurgical treatment for unilateral fractures of the mandibular condylar process. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2004;62:127-38.
-2929 Jensen T, Jensen J, Norbolt SE, Dabt M, Lenk-Hansen L, Svensson P. Open reduction and rigid internal fixation of mandibular condilar fractures by an intraoral approach: a long-term follow-up sudy of 15 patients. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2006;64(12):1771-9., seguido de fraturas de ângulo mandibular 1717 Gerlach KL, Schwarz A. Bite forces in patients after treatment of mandibular angle fractures with miniplate osteosynthesis according to Champy. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 2002;31:345-348. e subcondilar3030 Caldas IM, Magalhães T, Afonso A, Matos E. Orofacial damage resulting from road accidents. Dent Traumatol. 2008;24(4):410-5.

Em relação ao tipo de tratamento abordado (cirúrgico ou conservador), cinco estudos1717 Gerlach KL, Schwarz A. Bite forces in patients after treatment of mandibular angle fractures with miniplate osteosynthesis according to Champy. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 2002;31:345-348.,1919 Kondoh T, Hamada Y, Kamei K, Kobayakawa M, Horie A, Iino M, Kobayashi K, Seto K.Comparative study of intra-articular irrigation and conticosteroid injection versus closed reduction with intermaxillary fixation for the management of mandibular condyle fractures. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2004;98:651-6.,2020 Niezen ET, Bos RR, Bont LG, Stegenga B. Complaints related to mandibular function impairment after closed treatment of fractures of the mandibular condyle. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 2010;39:660-665.,2626 Gerbino G, Boffano P, Tosco P, Berrone S. Long-term clinical and radiological outcomes for the surgical treatment of mandibular condylar fractures. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2009;67:1009-14.,2929 Jensen T, Jensen J, Norbolt SE, Dabt M, Lenk-Hansen L, Svensson P. Open reduction and rigid internal fixation of mandibular condilar fractures by an intraoral approach: a long-term follow-up sudy of 15 patients. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2006;64(12):1771-9. envolveram somente tratamento cirúrgico, três artigos1818 Murakami K, Yamamoto K, Sugiura T, Yamanaka Y, Kirita T. Changes in mandibular movement and oclusal condition after conservative treatment for condilar fractures. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 2009;67:83-91.,2121 Thore´n T, Hallikainen D, Iizuka T, Lindqvist C. Condylar process fractures in children: a follow-up study of fractures with total dislocation of the condyle from the glenoid fossa. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2001;768-73.,2424 Rutges JP, Kruizinga EH, Rosenberg A, Koole R. Functional results after conservative treatment of fractures of the mandibular condyle. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2007 Jan;45(1):30-4., somente, conservador e seis estudos2222 Hlawitschka M, Loukota R, Eckelt U. Functional and radiological results of open and closed treatment of intracapsular (diacapitular) condylar fractures of the mandible. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 2005;34:597-604.,2323 Kaplan BA, Hoard MA, Park SS. Immediate mobilization following fixation of mandible fractures: a prospective, randomized study. Laryngoscope. 2001;111(9):1520-4.,2525 Throckmorton GS, Ellis E 3rd, Hayasaki H. Jaw kinematics during mastication after unilateral fractures of the mandibular condylar process. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2003;124(6):695-707.,2727 Sforza C, Tartaglia GM, Lovecchio N, Ugolini A, Monteverdi R, Gianni AB. Mandibular movements at maximum mouth opening and EMG activity of masticatory and neck muscles in patients rehabilitated after a mandibular condyle fracture. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2009 Sep;37(6):327-33.,2828 Throckmorton GS, Ellis III E, Hayasaki H. Masticatory motion after surgical or nonsurgical treatment for unilateral fractures of the mandibular condylar process. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2004;62:127-38.,3030 Caldas IM, Magalhães T, Afonso A, Matos E. Orofacial damage resulting from road accidents. Dent Traumatol. 2008;24(4):410-5 abordaram tanto tratamento cirúrgico quanto conservador.

No geral, as pesquisas foram realizadas em sujeitos adultos1717 Gerlach KL, Schwarz A. Bite forces in patients after treatment of mandibular angle fractures with miniplate osteosynthesis according to Champy. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 2002;31:345-348.

18 Murakami K, Yamamoto K, Sugiura T, Yamanaka Y, Kirita T. Changes in mandibular movement and oclusal condition after conservative treatment for condilar fractures. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 2009;67:83-91.

19 Kondoh T, Hamada Y, Kamei K, Kobayakawa M, Horie A, Iino M, Kobayashi K, Seto K.Comparative study of intra-articular irrigation and conticosteroid injection versus closed reduction with intermaxillary fixation for the management of mandibular condyle fractures. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2004;98:651-6.
-2020 Niezen ET, Bos RR, Bont LG, Stegenga B. Complaints related to mandibular function impairment after closed treatment of fractures of the mandibular condyle. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 2010;39:660-665.,2222 Hlawitschka M, Loukota R, Eckelt U. Functional and radiological results of open and closed treatment of intracapsular (diacapitular) condylar fractures of the mandible. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 2005;34:597-604.

23 Kaplan BA, Hoard MA, Park SS. Immediate mobilization following fixation of mandible fractures: a prospective, randomized study. Laryngoscope. 2001;111(9):1520-4.

24 Rutges JP, Kruizinga EH, Rosenberg A, Koole R. Functional results after conservative treatment of fractures of the mandibular condyle. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2007 Jan;45(1):30-4.

25 Throckmorton GS, Ellis E 3rd, Hayasaki H. Jaw kinematics during mastication after unilateral fractures of the mandibular condylar process. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2003;124(6):695-707.

26 Gerbino G, Boffano P, Tosco P, Berrone S. Long-term clinical and radiological outcomes for the surgical treatment of mandibular condylar fractures. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2009;67:1009-14.

27 Sforza C, Tartaglia GM, Lovecchio N, Ugolini A, Monteverdi R, Gianni AB. Mandibular movements at maximum mouth opening and EMG activity of masticatory and neck muscles in patients rehabilitated after a mandibular condyle fracture. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2009 Sep;37(6):327-33.

28 Throckmorton GS, Ellis III E, Hayasaki H. Masticatory motion after surgical or nonsurgical treatment for unilateral fractures of the mandibular condylar process. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2004;62:127-38.
-2929 Jensen T, Jensen J, Norbolt SE, Dabt M, Lenk-Hansen L, Svensson P. Open reduction and rigid internal fixation of mandibular condilar fractures by an intraoral approach: a long-term follow-up sudy of 15 patients. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2006;64(12):1771-9., sendo a maior incidência em indivíduos do gênero masculino1717 Gerlach KL, Schwarz A. Bite forces in patients after treatment of mandibular angle fractures with miniplate osteosynthesis according to Champy. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 2002;31:345-348.,1818 Murakami K, Yamamoto K, Sugiura T, Yamanaka Y, Kirita T. Changes in mandibular movement and oclusal condition after conservative treatment for condilar fractures. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 2009;67:83-91.,2020 Niezen ET, Bos RR, Bont LG, Stegenga B. Complaints related to mandibular function impairment after closed treatment of fractures of the mandibular condyle. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 2010;39:660-665.,2424 Rutges JP, Kruizinga EH, Rosenberg A, Koole R. Functional results after conservative treatment of fractures of the mandibular condyle. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2007 Jan;45(1):30-4.

25 Throckmorton GS, Ellis E 3rd, Hayasaki H. Jaw kinematics during mastication after unilateral fractures of the mandibular condylar process. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2003;124(6):695-707.

26 Gerbino G, Boffano P, Tosco P, Berrone S. Long-term clinical and radiological outcomes for the surgical treatment of mandibular condylar fractures. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2009;67:1009-14.
-2727 Sforza C, Tartaglia GM, Lovecchio N, Ugolini A, Monteverdi R, Gianni AB. Mandibular movements at maximum mouth opening and EMG activity of masticatory and neck muscles in patients rehabilitated after a mandibular condyle fracture. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2009 Sep;37(6):327-33.,2929 Jensen T, Jensen J, Norbolt SE, Dabt M, Lenk-Hansen L, Svensson P. Open reduction and rigid internal fixation of mandibular condilar fractures by an intraoral approach: a long-term follow-up sudy of 15 patients. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2006;64(12):1771-9.,3030 Caldas IM, Magalhães T, Afonso A, Matos E. Orofacial damage resulting from road accidents. Dent Traumatol. 2008;24(4):410-5. Existe uma escassez de trabalhos realizados com crianças2121 Thore´n T, Hallikainen D, Iizuka T, Lindqvist C. Condylar process fractures in children: a follow-up study of fractures with total dislocation of the condyle from the glenoid fossa. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2001;768-73.,3030 Caldas IM, Magalhães T, Afonso A, Matos E. Orofacial damage resulting from road accidents. Dent Traumatol. 2008;24(4):410-5. A maior parte das pesquisas não utilizou grupos controle1919 Kondoh T, Hamada Y, Kamei K, Kobayakawa M, Horie A, Iino M, Kobayashi K, Seto K.Comparative study of intra-articular irrigation and conticosteroid injection versus closed reduction with intermaxillary fixation for the management of mandibular condyle fractures. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2004;98:651-6.

20 Niezen ET, Bos RR, Bont LG, Stegenga B. Complaints related to mandibular function impairment after closed treatment of fractures of the mandibular condyle. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 2010;39:660-665.

21 Thore´n T, Hallikainen D, Iizuka T, Lindqvist C. Condylar process fractures in children: a follow-up study of fractures with total dislocation of the condyle from the glenoid fossa. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2001;768-73.

22 Hlawitschka M, Loukota R, Eckelt U. Functional and radiological results of open and closed treatment of intracapsular (diacapitular) condylar fractures of the mandible. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 2005;34:597-604.
-2323 Kaplan BA, Hoard MA, Park SS. Immediate mobilization following fixation of mandible fractures: a prospective, randomized study. Laryngoscope. 2001;111(9):1520-4.,2626 Gerbino G, Boffano P, Tosco P, Berrone S. Long-term clinical and radiological outcomes for the surgical treatment of mandibular condylar fractures. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2009;67:1009-14.,2828 Throckmorton GS, Ellis III E, Hayasaki H. Masticatory motion after surgical or nonsurgical treatment for unilateral fractures of the mandibular condylar process. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2004;62:127-38.

29 Jensen T, Jensen J, Norbolt SE, Dabt M, Lenk-Hansen L, Svensson P. Open reduction and rigid internal fixation of mandibular condilar fractures by an intraoral approach: a long-term follow-up sudy of 15 patients. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2006;64(12):1771-9.
-3030 Caldas IM, Magalhães T, Afonso A, Matos E. Orofacial damage resulting from road accidents. Dent Traumatol. 2008;24(4):410-5. As pesquisas com grupos controle permitem a comparação direta dos resultados na prática clínica, uma vez que possibilitam a diminuição de prováveis vieses que possam ocasionar interpretações equivocadas e imprecisas dos resultados.

A maioria dos estudos utilizou como método de avaliação exames da função mandibular1919 Kondoh T, Hamada Y, Kamei K, Kobayakawa M, Horie A, Iino M, Kobayashi K, Seto K.Comparative study of intra-articular irrigation and conticosteroid injection versus closed reduction with intermaxillary fixation for the management of mandibular condyle fractures. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2004;98:651-6.

20 Niezen ET, Bos RR, Bont LG, Stegenga B. Complaints related to mandibular function impairment after closed treatment of fractures of the mandibular condyle. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 2010;39:660-665.
-2121 Thore´n T, Hallikainen D, Iizuka T, Lindqvist C. Condylar process fractures in children: a follow-up study of fractures with total dislocation of the condyle from the glenoid fossa. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2001;768-73.,2323 Kaplan BA, Hoard MA, Park SS. Immediate mobilization following fixation of mandible fractures: a prospective, randomized study. Laryngoscope. 2001;111(9):1520-4.,2828 Throckmorton GS, Ellis III E, Hayasaki H. Masticatory motion after surgical or nonsurgical treatment for unilateral fractures of the mandibular condylar process. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2004;62:127-38.

29 Jensen T, Jensen J, Norbolt SE, Dabt M, Lenk-Hansen L, Svensson P. Open reduction and rigid internal fixation of mandibular condilar fractures by an intraoral approach: a long-term follow-up sudy of 15 patients. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2006;64(12):1771-9.
-3030 Caldas IM, Magalhães T, Afonso A, Matos E. Orofacial damage resulting from road accidents. Dent Traumatol. 2008;24(4):410-5 e clínicos2020 Niezen ET, Bos RR, Bont LG, Stegenga B. Complaints related to mandibular function impairment after closed treatment of fractures of the mandibular condyle. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 2010;39:660-665.

21 Thore´n T, Hallikainen D, Iizuka T, Lindqvist C. Condylar process fractures in children: a follow-up study of fractures with total dislocation of the condyle from the glenoid fossa. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2001;768-73.

22 Hlawitschka M, Loukota R, Eckelt U. Functional and radiological results of open and closed treatment of intracapsular (diacapitular) condylar fractures of the mandible. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 2005;34:597-604.
-2323 Kaplan BA, Hoard MA, Park SS. Immediate mobilization following fixation of mandible fractures: a prospective, randomized study. Laryngoscope. 2001;111(9):1520-4.,2626 Gerbino G, Boffano P, Tosco P, Berrone S. Long-term clinical and radiological outcomes for the surgical treatment of mandibular condylar fractures. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2009;67:1009-14.,2929 Jensen T, Jensen J, Norbolt SE, Dabt M, Lenk-Hansen L, Svensson P. Open reduction and rigid internal fixation of mandibular condilar fractures by an intraoral approach: a long-term follow-up sudy of 15 patients. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2006;64(12):1771-9.,3030 Caldas IM, Magalhães T, Afonso A, Matos E. Orofacial damage resulting from road accidents. Dent Traumatol. 2008;24(4):410-5, seguido de exames radiológicos1919 Kondoh T, Hamada Y, Kamei K, Kobayakawa M, Horie A, Iino M, Kobayashi K, Seto K.Comparative study of intra-articular irrigation and conticosteroid injection versus closed reduction with intermaxillary fixation for the management of mandibular condyle fractures. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2004;98:651-6.,2121 Thore´n T, Hallikainen D, Iizuka T, Lindqvist C. Condylar process fractures in children: a follow-up study of fractures with total dislocation of the condyle from the glenoid fossa. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2001;768-73.,2222 Hlawitschka M, Loukota R, Eckelt U. Functional and radiological results of open and closed treatment of intracapsular (diacapitular) condylar fractures of the mandible. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 2005;34:597-604.,2626 Gerbino G, Boffano P, Tosco P, Berrone S. Long-term clinical and radiological outcomes for the surgical treatment of mandibular condylar fractures. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2009;67:1009-14.,2929 Jensen T, Jensen J, Norbolt SE, Dabt M, Lenk-Hansen L, Svensson P. Open reduction and rigid internal fixation of mandibular condilar fractures by an intraoral approach: a long-term follow-up sudy of 15 patients. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2006;64(12):1771-9., físicos1919 Kondoh T, Hamada Y, Kamei K, Kobayakawa M, Horie A, Iino M, Kobayashi K, Seto K.Comparative study of intra-articular irrigation and conticosteroid injection versus closed reduction with intermaxillary fixation for the management of mandibular condyle fractures. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2004;98:651-6.,2020 Niezen ET, Bos RR, Bont LG, Stegenga B. Complaints related to mandibular function impairment after closed treatment of fractures of the mandibular condyle. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 2010;39:660-665., psicológico2929 Jensen T, Jensen J, Norbolt SE, Dabt M, Lenk-Hansen L, Svensson P. Open reduction and rigid internal fixation of mandibular condilar fractures by an intraoral approach: a long-term follow-up sudy of 15 patients. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2006;64(12):1771-9. e axiográfico 2222 Hlawitschka M, Loukota R, Eckelt U. Functional and radiological results of open and closed treatment of intracapsular (diacapitular) condylar fractures of the mandible. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 2005;34:597-604.. O tempo da avaliação ocorreu na maior parte das pesquisas antes e após a cirurgia, com tempo mínimo de avaliação após a fratura de seis semanas 2323 Kaplan BA, Hoard MA, Park SS. Immediate mobilization following fixation of mandible fractures: a prospective, randomized study. Laryngoscope. 2001;111(9):1520-4.,2828 Throckmorton GS, Ellis III E, Hayasaki H. Masticatory motion after surgical or nonsurgical treatment for unilateral fractures of the mandibular condylar process. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2004;62:127-38. e máximo de 16,4 anos 2121 Thore´n T, Hallikainen D, Iizuka T, Lindqvist C. Condylar process fractures in children: a follow-up study of fractures with total dislocation of the condyle from the glenoid fossa. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2001;768-73..

Para melhor discussão e caracterização dos resultados e conclusões relacionados às características miofuncionais orofaciais encontradas nos artigos de base para este estudo, serão abordados separadamente aspectos específicos de maior relevância, que, de forma didática, foram divididos da seguinte forma: 1) aspectos relacionados à força de mordida e área oclusal; 2) aspectos relacionados à oclusão estática e dinâmica e a mobilidade mandibular; e 3) aspectos relacionados à dor.

Em relação à força de mordida e área oclusal, três estudos apresentaram resultados com melhora da força de mordida1717 Gerlach KL, Schwarz A. Bite forces in patients after treatment of mandibular angle fractures with miniplate osteosynthesis according to Champy. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 2002;31:345-348.,1818 Murakami K, Yamamoto K, Sugiura T, Yamanaka Y, Kirita T. Changes in mandibular movement and oclusal condition after conservative treatment for condilar fractures. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 2009;67:83-91.,2626 Gerbino G, Boffano P, Tosco P, Berrone S. Long-term clinical and radiological outcomes for the surgical treatment of mandibular condylar fractures. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2009;67:1009-14. após os procedimentos realizados e após a progressão/evolução do tempo, dois apresentaram melhora da área oclusal1818 Murakami K, Yamamoto K, Sugiura T, Yamanaka Y, Kirita T. Changes in mandibular movement and oclusal condition after conservative treatment for condilar fractures. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 2009;67:83-91.,2626 Gerbino G, Boffano P, Tosco P, Berrone S. Long-term clinical and radiological outcomes for the surgical treatment of mandibular condylar fractures. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2009;67:1009-14. e três 1818 Murakami K, Yamamoto K, Sugiura T, Yamanaka Y, Kirita T. Changes in mandibular movement and oclusal condition after conservative treatment for condilar fractures. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 2009;67:83-91.,2121 Thore´n T, Hallikainen D, Iizuka T, Lindqvist C. Condylar process fractures in children: a follow-up study of fractures with total dislocation of the condyle from the glenoid fossa. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2001;768-73.,2727 Sforza C, Tartaglia GM, Lovecchio N, Ugolini A, Monteverdi R, Gianni AB. Mandibular movements at maximum mouth opening and EMG activity of masticatory and neck muscles in patients rehabilitated after a mandibular condyle fracture. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2009 Sep;37(6):327-33. relataram presença de assimetria desses parâmetros nos pacientes após a correção da fratura.

De acordo com a oclusão dinâmica, a abertura máxima da boca atingiu a normalidade em alguns estudos1818 Murakami K, Yamamoto K, Sugiura T, Yamanaka Y, Kirita T. Changes in mandibular movement and oclusal condition after conservative treatment for condilar fractures. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 2009;67:83-91.,2424 Rutges JP, Kruizinga EH, Rosenberg A, Koole R. Functional results after conservative treatment of fractures of the mandibular condyle. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2007 Jan;45(1):30-4.,2727 Sforza C, Tartaglia GM, Lovecchio N, Ugolini A, Monteverdi R, Gianni AB. Mandibular movements at maximum mouth opening and EMG activity of masticatory and neck muscles in patients rehabilitated after a mandibular condyle fracture. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2009 Sep;37(6):327-33.,3030 Caldas IM, Magalhães T, Afonso A, Matos E. Orofacial damage resulting from road accidents. Dent Traumatol. 2008;24(4):410-5, no entanto, alguns destes 1818 Murakami K, Yamamoto K, Sugiura T, Yamanaka Y, Kirita T. Changes in mandibular movement and oclusal condition after conservative treatment for condilar fractures. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 2009;67:83-91.,2727 Sforza C, Tartaglia GM, Lovecchio N, Ugolini A, Monteverdi R, Gianni AB. Mandibular movements at maximum mouth opening and EMG activity of masticatory and neck muscles in patients rehabilitated after a mandibular condyle fracture. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2009 Sep;37(6):327-33.,3030 Caldas IM, Magalhães T, Afonso A, Matos E. Orofacial damage resulting from road accidents. Dent Traumatol. 2008;24(4):410-5 relataram que esses valores foram inferiores quando comparados ao grupo-controle. Em uma pesquisa2020 Niezen ET, Bos RR, Bont LG, Stegenga B. Complaints related to mandibular function impairment after closed treatment of fractures of the mandibular condyle. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 2010;39:660-665. os valores de amplitude da abertura oral não atingiram a normalidade.

Em relação à mobilidade mandibular, um estudo1818 Murakami K, Yamamoto K, Sugiura T, Yamanaka Y, Kirita T. Changes in mandibular movement and oclusal condition after conservative treatment for condilar fractures. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 2009;67:83-91. observou recuperação da mobilidade mandibular, porém de forma limitada. Em quatro pesquisas2020 Niezen ET, Bos RR, Bont LG, Stegenga B. Complaints related to mandibular function impairment after closed treatment of fractures of the mandibular condyle. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 2010;39:660-665.

21 Thore´n T, Hallikainen D, Iizuka T, Lindqvist C. Condylar process fractures in children: a follow-up study of fractures with total dislocation of the condyle from the glenoid fossa. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2001;768-73.
-2222 Hlawitschka M, Loukota R, Eckelt U. Functional and radiological results of open and closed treatment of intracapsular (diacapitular) condylar fractures of the mandible. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 2005;34:597-604.,3030 Caldas IM, Magalhães T, Afonso A, Matos E. Orofacial damage resulting from road accidents. Dent Traumatol. 2008;24(4):410-5 as alterações na mobilidade mandibular permaneceram, mesmo após longo prazo de acompanhamento.

Mesmo após o tratamento, a persistência da dor foi relatada em alguns estudos2020 Niezen ET, Bos RR, Bont LG, Stegenga B. Complaints related to mandibular function impairment after closed treatment of fractures of the mandibular condyle. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 2010;39:660-665.,2222 Hlawitschka M, Loukota R, Eckelt U. Functional and radiological results of open and closed treatment of intracapsular (diacapitular) condylar fractures of the mandible. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 2005;34:597-604.,2929 Jensen T, Jensen J, Norbolt SE, Dabt M, Lenk-Hansen L, Svensson P. Open reduction and rigid internal fixation of mandibular condilar fractures by an intraoral approach: a long-term follow-up sudy of 15 patients. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2006;64(12):1771-9. e em somente uma pesquisa1919 Kondoh T, Hamada Y, Kamei K, Kobayakawa M, Horie A, Iino M, Kobayashi K, Seto K.Comparative study of intra-articular irrigation and conticosteroid injection versus closed reduction with intermaxillary fixation for the management of mandibular condyle fractures. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2004;98:651-6. houve a diminuição da sensação de dor.

Atenção deve ser direcionada ao fato de que em alguns estudos2222 Hlawitschka M, Loukota R, Eckelt U. Functional and radiological results of open and closed treatment of intracapsular (diacapitular) condylar fractures of the mandible. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 2005;34:597-604.,2525 Throckmorton GS, Ellis E 3rd, Hayasaki H. Jaw kinematics during mastication after unilateral fractures of the mandibular condylar process. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2003;124(6):695-707.,2727 Sforza C, Tartaglia GM, Lovecchio N, Ugolini A, Monteverdi R, Gianni AB. Mandibular movements at maximum mouth opening and EMG activity of masticatory and neck muscles in patients rehabilitated after a mandibular condyle fracture. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2009 Sep;37(6):327-33.,2828 Throckmorton GS, Ellis III E, Hayasaki H. Masticatory motion after surgical or nonsurgical treatment for unilateral fractures of the mandibular condylar process. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2004;62:127-38.,3030 Caldas IM, Magalhães T, Afonso A, Matos E. Orofacial damage resulting from road accidents. Dent Traumatol. 2008;24(4):410-5 houve uma melhora na função mandibular quando o tratamento de fraturas de face foi associado à terapia miofuncional orofacial. Isso significa que, mesmo após o tratamento (cirúrgico ou conservador) ainda podem ser observadas alterações na assimetria e mobilidade mandibular. Adotar o trabalho miofuncional concomitante ao tratamento cirúrgico e/ou conservador das fraturas de mandíbula pode promover a melhora da funcionalidade da mesma.

CONCLUSÃO

Apesar do crescente número de pesquisas relacionadas aos traumas de face, ainda há uma escassez de publicações que abordem o uso do tratamento miofuncional orofacial neste campo de atuação, assim como os que comprovem seus benefícios. Observa-se um aumento do número de estudos nas bases de dados internacionais que apontam o uso da terapia miofuncional orofacial combinada ao tratamento cirúrgico e/ou conservador dos traumas de face, no entanto, estes ainda são poucos e com pouca evidência científica. Verifica-se a necessidade da realização de estudos mais específicos que comprovem os benefícios desta terapêutica, assim como definições de metodologias que devam ser aplicadas por profissionais habilitados para tal.

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    Rutges JP, Kruizinga EH, Rosenberg A, Koole R. Functional results after conservative treatment of fractures of the mandibular condyle. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2007 Jan;45(1):30-4.
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    Throckmorton GS, Ellis E 3rd, Hayasaki H. Jaw kinematics during mastication after unilateral fractures of the mandibular condylar process. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2003;124(6):695-707.
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    Gerbino G, Boffano P, Tosco P, Berrone S. Long-term clinical and radiological outcomes for the surgical treatment of mandibular condylar fractures. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2009;67:1009-14.
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Datas de Publicação

  • Publicação nesta coleção
    16 Jun 2023
  • Data do Fascículo
    Jan-Mar 2014

Histórico

  • Recebido
    19 Jun 2012
  • Aceito
    24 Dez 2012
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