text new page (beta)
English (pdf)
Article in xml format
Curriculum ScienTI
Automatic translation
Cited by SciELO 
Cited by Google 
Similars in
SciELO 
Similars in Google 
uBio 
Permalink
Introduction
Ehrlichiosis, which is caused by Ehrlichia canis, has been recognized as an important worldwide infectious disease, especially in dogs (VIEIRA et al., 2011). Symptoms suggestive of ehrlichiosis infection have also been reported in domestic cats in several countries. The Ehrlichia species that naturally infect cats have not yet been fully determined, although monocyte and lymphocyte inclusions and, more consistently, E. canis DNA, have been detected in cats (BREITSCHWERDT et al., 2002; OLIVEIRA et al., 2009; BRAGA et al., 2012), as well as some granulocytic inclusions related to feline granulocytic ehrlichiosis caused by Anaplasma phagocytophilum (BUORO et al., 1989; BOULOY et al., 1994; BEAUFILS et al., 1995; BJOERSDORFF et al., 1999; SHAW et al., 2001; AGUIRRE et al., 2004).
The growing number of cat breeders has increased the demand for veterinary care, and as a result, more studies on feline diseases are now being conducted (LITTLE, 2010). Feline ehrlichiosis has been investigated in order to understand its pathogenesis and to determine the characteristics of its pattern of infection (BUORO et al., 1989; BOULOY et al., 1994; BEAUFILS et al., 1995). Some reports of E. canis infection in cats have shown hematological alterations such as bone marrow hypoplasia or dysplasia, accompanied by pancytopenia or anemia and thrombocytopenia. Based on clinical and laboratory findings, the pathogenesis of the disease seems likely to be similar to Canine Monocytic Ehrlichiosis (CME) (BREITSCHWERDT et al., 2002; OLIVEIRA et al., 2009).
This study involved an evaluation of possible associations between Ehrlichia infection and hematologic data in cats treated at a Brazilian veterinary hospital. The presence of or exposure to E. canis was determined by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and by detection of anti-E. canis IgG antibodies by Indirect Fluorescence Assay (IFA), respectively.
Materials and Methods
Study site and blood collection
A total of 93 domestic cats were selected randomly from May 2011 to December 2011 and subjected to veterinary examinations for several reasons at a veterinary hospital in Cuiabá, a city located in the midwestern region of Brazil in the state of Mato Grosso. Blood samples were collected using EDTA (Ethylenediamine Tetraacetic Acid) during clinical procedures for hematologic, molecular and serological analyses. The samples were collected following the Ethical Guidelines for Animal Research established by the Brazilian Society of Laboratory Animal Science (SBCAL) and approved by the university's Animal Research Ethics Committee (Protocol No. UFMT 23108.017751/11-7).
Hematological analysis
The hematological analysis was based on the following reference parameters adopted by the Clinical Pathology Laboratory of the Veterinary Hospital: erythrocytes 5.5-10 × 106/mm3; hemoglobin 08-14 g/dl; hematocrit 24-45%; mean corpuscular volume (MCV) 37-49 µl3; mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) 30-36 g/dl; total leukocyte count 6-19 × 103/mm3; neutrophils 2.8-17.5 × 103/mm3; eosinophils 0.0-1.3 × 103/mm3; lymphocytes 1.3-13.7 × 103/mm3; monocytes 0.0-1.3 × 103/mm3; platelets 180-400 × 103/mm3; and total protein 6-8 g/dl.
Nucleic acid extraction and PCR
Blood samples were subjected to a DNA extraction using an AxyPrep Blood Genomic DNA Miniprep Kit (Axygen Biosciences, China). The DNA was then used as template for two PCR assays designed to partially amplify the dsb and 16S rRNA genes of Ehrlichia.
Amplification of the dsb gene was performed with the primers dsb-330 (5′- GAT GAT GTC TGA AGA TAT GAA ACA AAT -3′) and dsb-728 (5′- CTG CTC GTC TAT TTT ACT TCT TAA AGT -3′), designed to amplify 409 bp, adapted from Doyle et al. (2005), at an annealing temperature of 58 °C. The 16S rRNA gene was amplified by two-step PCR with the primers ECC (5′- AGA ACG AAC GCT GGC GGC AAG CC -3′) and ECB (5′- CGT ATT ACC GCG GCT GCT GGC-3′) in the first reaction at an annealing temperature of 65 °C, yielding an amplicon of 458 pb, and with the primers ECAN (5′- CAA TTA TTT ATA GCC TCT GGC TAT AGGA -3′) and HE3 (5′- TAT AGG TAC CGT CAT TAT CTT CCC TAT -3′) in the second reaction at an annealing temperature of 55 °C, yielding an amplicon of 398 pb (OLIVEIRA et al., 2009). A PCR negative control (ultrapure - MilliQ®) and positive control (DNA from the São Paulo strain of E. canis obtained from DH82 culture) were used in each reaction. The PCR products were subjected to electrophoresis with 1.5% agarose gel, stained with GelRed™ Nucleic Acid Gel Stain, 10,000X in Water- Biotium, and examined under an UV transilluminator.
Purification and genetic sequencing
Conventional dsb PCR products were purified using an Illustra GFX PCR DNA and Gel Band Purification Kit (GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences, USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions, and were sequenced directly using the primers dsb-330 and dsb-728 and a Big Dye Kit (Applied Biosystems, USA), according to the manufacturer's instructions in an ABI-PRISM 3100 Genetic Analyzer. The sequences were edited using SeqMan software (Lasergene, DNAstar, USA.), and similarity was analyzed using the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) (ALTSCHUL et al., 1990) to check for homology with corresponding sequences available in the GenBank database.
Indirect fluorescence assay
The presence of anti-Ehrlichia spp. antibodies was evaluated by IFA, using the São Paulo strain of E. canis as antigen with a cut-off point at an initial dilution of 1:40 (AGUIRRE et al., 2004). Commercial fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated anti-cat IgG (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) was used as conjugate at a dilution of 1:1,000. The antigen preparation and IFA technique were performed as previously described (AGUIAR et al., 2007) and both positive and negative control sera were included in each assay.
Statistical analysis
Data were collected from medical records of cats to evaluate possible associations with the presence of ehrlichial DNA or antibodies against Ehrlichia spp. Anamnestic data (age, sex, and history of tick infestation) and hematological alterations were evaluated. To define age, cats with a body mass of less than 1.5 kg were considered young, while cats weighing ≥ 1.5 kg were considered adults, based on their dental arcade, according to the study of Sharif et al. (2007). To better evaluate the IFA results, the samples were grouped according to serological titers: Titers between 1:40 and 1:640 (Group A) and titers between 1:1,280 and 1:40,960 (Group B). All the data were evaluated by the Chi-square test (χ2) or Fisher's exact test when applicable. Variables that presented p ≤ 0.05 were considered significant. The statistical software EPIINFO 3.5.3 (CDC, 2013) was used for this analysis.
Results
Thirty-eight (40.9%) of the 93 cats were females and 55 (59.1%) were males. Nineteen (20.4%) were young and 68 (73.1%) were adults. Age data for six cats were not available. Table 1 describes the hematological changes observed in the cats, none of which had ticks.
Table 1. Association between hematological findings with positive results in PCR and IFA for Ehrlichia spp. from cats treated at the Federal University of Mato Grosso Veterinary Hospital in Cuiabá, Brazil.
| Clinical and laboratory abnormalities | PCR | IFA | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | Positive | % | p-value | n | Positive | % | p-value | |
| Erythrocytes | ||||||||
| < 5.5 × 106/mm3 | 20 | 2 | 10.0 | 0.54 | 20 | 9 | 45.0 | 0.59 |
| 5.5-10 × 106/mm3 | 73 | 6 | 8.2 | 73 | 33 | 45.2 | ||
| > 10 × 106/mm3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Leukocytes | ||||||||
| < 5.5 × 103/mm3 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0.67 | 25 | 7.0 | 28.0 | 0.11 |
| 5.5-19.5 × 103/mm3 | 55 | 6 | 9.8 | 61 | 32 | 52.5 | ||
| > 19.5 × 103/mm3 | 23 | 2 | 8.0 | 7.0 | 3.0 | 16.7 | ||
| Monocytes | ||||||||
| 0-0.8 × 103/mm3 | 63 | 5 | 7.9 | 0.50 | 63 | 31 | 49.2 | 0.13 |
| > 0.8 × 103/mm3 | 30 | 3 | 10.0 | 30 | 11 | 36.7 | ||
| Platelets | ||||||||
| < 300 × 103/mm3 | 53 | 6 | 11.3 | 0.24 | 53 | 21 | 39.6 | 0.11 |
| 300-800 × 103/mm3 | 40 | 2 | 5.0 | 40 | 21 | 52.5 | ||
| > 800 × 103/mm3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Lymphocytes | ||||||||
| < 1.1 × 103/mm3 | 31 | 5 | 16.1 | 0.07 | 31 | 12 | 48.4 | 0.19 |
| 1.1-10.7 × 103/mm3 | 62 | 3 | 4.8 | 62 | 30 | 38.7 | ||
| > 10.7 × 103/mm3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Eight (8.6%) of the cats were found to have ehrlichial DNA, according to PCR targeted portions of the ehrlichial dsb and 16S rRNA genes. Partial DNA sequences (350 bp) of all dsb PCR-positive samples were generated, yielding a sequence that is identical to multiple corresponding E. canis sequences in the GenBank database (GU586135.1, DQ460716.1, DQ460715.1, CP000107.1). Six of the positive cats (75%) were adults and two (25%) were young (p > 0.05). PCR-positivity was distributed equally (50%) between males and females (p > 0.05). Hematological changes such as thrombocytopenia and lymphopenia were observed in several positive cats, but no significant association between positivity and thrombocytopenia was detected. On the other hand, PCR-positive cats showed a tendency to be lymphopenic (p = 0.07; Table 1). No other association was observed between hematological parameters and PCR positivity.
The IFA indicated that 42 (45.1%) cats were positive. Ten positive cats (23.8%) were young and 29 (69.0%) were adults (p > 0.05). Age data of three cats were not available. Twenty-two positive cats (52.4%) were males and 20 (47.6%) were females (p > 0.05). Antibody titers ranged from 40 to 40,960 (Table 2).
Table 2. Frequency of Ehrlichia canis antibody titers obtained by IFA grouped according to serological titers (Groups A and B) in comparison with PCR results in blood samples collected from positive cats, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil.
| Group | IFA Titers | n | % | PCR-Positive |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | 40 | 1 | 2.4 | 1 |
| 80 | 6 | 14.3 | 0 | |
| 160 | 16 | 38.0 | 4 | |
| 320 | 4 | 9.5 | 0 | |
| 640 | 6 | 14.3 | 0 | |
| B | 1,280 | 7 | 16.7 | 0 |
| 2,560 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 5,120 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 10,240 | 1 | 2.4 | 0 | |
| 20,480 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 40,960 | 1 | 2.4 | 1 |
Thrombocytopenia, lymphopenia, and monocytosis were observed in seropositive animals, although no association was found (Table 1). Cats showing IgG antibody titers between 40 and 640 against ehrlichial antigens were associated with low erythrocyte counts (p= 0.05). Six PCR-positive cats (75.0%) were seropositive, one of which presented titers of 40, four presented titers of 160 and one presented a titer of 40,960.
Discussion
In Brazil, feline ehrlichiosis infection is still ignored, despite the increasing rates of infection in dogs. In the geographical area of this study, it was previously determined that the seroprevalence of CME was 42.5% (SILVA et al., 2010), which is close to the prevalence rate established in the present study for cats. On the other hand, the proportion of PCR-positive cats studied was lower than the current proportion of Ehrlichia PCR-positive dogs (33%) diagnosed in our laboratory (personal communication, AGUIAR, D.M.). However, the rate of 8.6% of PCR-positive cats in two target genes highlights the potential infection by E. canis in the feline population of Cuiabá, which is a known E. canis epidemic region in Brazil (SILVA et al., 2010; ALMEIDA et al., 2012; MELO et al., 2011).
Clinical and laboratory manifestations suggestive of ehrlichiosis have been reported in cats (BREITSCHWERDT et al., 2002) and, unlike CME, little is known about the pathogenesis or immunopathological implications resulting from chronic infection in cats (SHAW et al., 2001). The PCR results revealed that positive cats have a tendency for lymphopenia (p= 0.07), a finding that is commonly reported in animals in the acute phase of infection (HARRUS et al., 1997). The evaluation of the positive cats indicated that most of them presented thrombocytopenia, which is consistent with the findings of Oliveira et al. (2009). However, these results were not statistically confirmed. In CME, thrombocytopenia appears as the result of megakaryocytic hypoplasia and reduced platelet life span, the latter occurring through immune-mediated inflammatory alteration and/or disruption of the coagulation mechanisms (HARRUS et al., 1996a, b). Other factors that may cause thrombocytopenia in cats, such as autoimmune diseases, metastatic or hematologic malignancies, infectious diseases (FeLV and FIV) and protozoan infections (Leishmaniasis and Babesiasis), must be considered as differential diagnoses of feline ehrlichiosis.
Cats that were IFA positive did not show an association with low erythrocyte count. Nevertheless, evaluating these variables according to different titer values, cats with titers ranging from 40 to 640 (n= 33) showed an association with low erythrocyte count. Among them, five cats that presented low titers also tested positive by PCR, suggesting that these cats were in the acute phase. In the acute phase of ehrlichiosis, anemia is associated with suppression of erythrocyte production and accelerated destruction of these cells. On the other hand, in the chronic phase of infection, anemia occurs due to bone marrow hypoplasia (HARRUS et al., 1999).
No association was found between age and sex. These results are similar to those reported by Stubbs et al. (2000) regarding age, although those authors found gender predominance with higher female positivity. According to our results, Ehrlichia infection is distributed equally in terms of age and sex, highlighting the widespread dissemination of the infection in the feline population treated at the Federal University of Mato Grosso Veterinary Hospital.
It is unknown if the response to feline infection shows the same characteristics as that of canine ehrlichiosis. Therefore, further investigations into the dynamics of Ehrlichia infection may shed further light on the pathogenesis of ehrlichial agents in felines.
