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Introduction
Cats play an important role in the transmission of zoonotic agents, especially of heteroxenous parasites that may infect humans, leading to important public health diseases such as cutaneous larva migrans, visceral larva migrans, toxoplasmosis, giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis, among others (SCHANTZ, 1991; MCCARTHY & MOORE, 2000; SERRA et al., 2003). Several diagnostic techniques have been used in order to identify the different parasite stages, thus providing a more reliable diagnosis. The techniques most commonly employed are: zinc sulfate centrifugal flotation (Faust), flotation in saturated sodium chloride solution (Willis), spontaneous sedimentation (Hoffman-Pons-Janer-Lutz), and the formol ether concentration technique (DE CARLI, 2001; DE CARLI & OLIVEIRA, 2001; MARIANO et al., 2005; MACHADO et al., 2008).
Numerous clinical and veterinary diagnostic laboratories seek a parasitological methodology that combines specificity, sensitivity, speed and low operational cost. A correctly performed parasitology stool test enables the identification of the etiological agent responsible for the disease, the parasite burden, effective treatment and follow-up. It can also be used in epidemiological surveys as a guideline for the adoption of local prophylactic measures, and as an indication of the quality of population health. Therefore, this test is an extremely important component of human and veterinary medicine practices (VAZ, 2001; MENDES et al., 2005; TOSATO et al., 2005; MACHADO et al., 2008).
The parasitological method most routinely employed is the Hoffman-Pons-Janer or Lutz (HPJL) technique, which has the advantage of requiring minimal materials and financial resources, but the disadvantage of involving large amounts of fecal debris from each sample, which hinders the microscopic analysis of the material. Hence, combining different parasitological techniques is useful for the correct identification of different species of parasites and improves the diagnostic accuracy (FLANAGAN, 1992; TASCA, 2001).
The purpose of this study was to assess the accuracy of different parasitological stool test methods for the detection of intestinal parasites, with emphasis on the detection of T. gondii oocysts.
Materials and Methods
Study
This study was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee (CEUA) of the Federal University of Goiás, under Protocol no. 054/2013).
One hundred and fifty-four fecal samples were obtained from stray cats captured by the Zoonosis Control Center of Goiânia, GO. The samples were placed in sterile universal fecal collectors and refrigerated until processing at the Laboratory of Host-Parasite Relationship Studies (LAERPH) of the Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health at the Federal University of Goiás.
Analysis of samples
Various parasitological techniques were employed to identify cysts and oocysts of protozoan parasites, eggs and larvae of parasitic helminths in the feces of stray cats. These techniques were flotation in a saturated sucrose solution, density 1.2 g/mL (SHEATHER, 1923), spontaneous sedimentation (HOFFMAN et al., 1934; LUTZ, 1919), zinc sulfate centrifugal flotation density 1.18 g/mL (FAUST et al., 1938), and flotation in saturated sodium chloride solution density 1.2 g/mL (WILLIS, 1921). The Willis technique was elected as the gold standard in this study due to its ability to detect helminth eggs and larvae and coccidian oocysts, especially T. gondii oocysts.
Statistical analysis
The prevalence of intestinal parasites, the frequency of positivity for each parasite and for each technique were evaluated. To evaluate the diagnostic tests, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and Kappa index (K) of each technique were compared with the gold standard (Willis technique). The parasitological results were analyzed using Epi Info 3.2.1 software (CDC, 2015).
Results and Discussion
Among the 154 analyzed fecal samples, 74.68% (115/154) were positive for intestinal parasites (Table 1).
Table 1 Frequency of intestinal parasites in fecal samples from stray cats captured by the Center of Control of Zoonosis, in the year of 2012, from Goiania, Goiás, Brazil.
| Parasite | N | % | IC 95% |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ancylostomatidae | 58 | 62.3 | 53.9-70.1 |
| Cystoisospora spp. | 9 | 27.9 | 8.4-19.5 |
| Giardia sp. | 2 | 1.3 | 20.8-35.1 |
| Toxocara cati | 2 | 1.3 | 0-3.2 |
| Toxoplasma gondii | 21 | 13.6 | 0-3.2 |
Associations were observad between Ancylostomatidae and T. gondii (8 cases), Ancylostomatidae and Cystoisospora sp. (23 cases), T. gondii and Cystoisospora sp. (4 cases), Ancylostomatidae, T. gondii and Cystoisospora sp. (5 cases), Ancylostomatidae, Cystoisospora sp. and Giardia sp. (1 case) and Ancylostomatidae, Cystoisospora sp. and T. cati (1 case).
The frequency of positivity of each technique was analyzed, based on the 115 positive samples. The Willis technique detected 97.4% (112/115) of the positive samples and presented three false negative results. The HPLJ technique detected 86.1% (99/115) of the positive samples and was the closest to the gold standard, followed by the Sheather technique, which detected 79.1% (91/115). The technique with the lowest frequency of positivity was Faust, with 73% (84/115). Even the gold standard was not able to detect 100% of the positive samples, which reinforces the need to use more than one diagnostic technique. The association of various diagnostic techniques with different principles favors the identification of a greater number of parasitic structures, thus increasing the diagnostic efficacy (SANTOS & CASTRO, 2006). This study confirmed that using a combination of the gold standard technique (Willis) and the HPJL method, which is the technique most widely employed in diagnostic laboratories, increases the diagnostic efficiency.
The accuracy of the techniques was analyzed based on the parasites that showed the highest frequency, i.e., Ancylostomatidae, Cystoisospora sp. and T. gondii. Thus, in the detection of Ancylostomatidae eggs, the accuracy of the HPLJ, Faust and Sheather techniques was analyzed in comparison to that of the Willis technique (gold standard). This analysis revealed that the Sheather technique presented the highest accuracy, showing 81.1% of sensitivity and 98.4% of specificity, a PPV of 98.6% and NPV of 78.8%, and a k index in good agreement with that of the gold standard (Table 2).
Table 2 Evaluation of the accuracy of the Sheather, Faust and Hoffman-Pons-Janer-Lutz techniques compared to the Willis technique (golden standard), for the diagnosis of Ancylostomatidae.
| Sensitivity % | Specificity % | PPV % | NPV % | Kappa index % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sheather | 81.1 | 98.4 | 98.6 | 78.8 | 0.768 |
| Faust | 73 | 96.9 | 97 | 72.1 | 0.667 |
| HPJL | 78.9 | 92.2 | 93.4 | 75.6 | 0.689 |
PPV: positive predictive value; NPV: negative predictive value; HPJL: Hoffman-Pons-Janer-Lutz.
Cerqueira et al. (2007) compared the efficiency of the Willis technique to that of the HPLJ method and found that the latter was more sensitive for the diagnosis of Ancylostomatidae. In our study, the HPLJ technique showed good agreement with the gold standard, with k = 0.689. However, the accuracy of the Sheather technique was higher than that of the HPLJ technique for the diagnosis of Ancylostomatidae, because these parasites have light eggs that are more easily detected by flotation with density differences of the Sheather technique (SHEATHER, 1923; DE CARLI, 2001). The use of flotation techniques enables the separation of fecal debris from parasitic structures, the use of Sheather solution with a density of 1.2 g/ml promotes the flotation of the eggs which present density ranging from 1.023 to 1.050 (DAVID & LINDQUIST, 1982).
The Faust technique showed the lowest sensitivity (73%) and lowest k index = 0.667. This sensitivity finding differs from that found in the study of Souza-Dantas et al. (2007), who reported a sensitivity of 100% when compared with the necropsy of the intestinal tract of cats.
In the analysis of the accuracy of the diagnosis of Cystoisospora sp. oocysts, the HPLJ and Sheather techniques showed the same results, both with 66.7% of sensitivity, 97.4% of specificity, PPV of 89.7%, NPV of 89.6% and a k index of 0.700, which were in good agreement with the gold standard (Table 3).
Table 3 Evaluation of the accuracy of the Sheather, Faust and Hoffman-Pons-Janer-Lutz techniques in comparison to the Willis technique (golden standard), for the Cystoisospora sp. diagnosis.
| Sensitivity % | Specificity % | PPV % | NPV % | Kappa index % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sheather | 66.7 | 97.4 | 89.7 | 89.6 | 0.700 |
| Faust | 53.8 | 97.4 | 87.5 | 86.2 | 0.587 |
| HPJL | 66.7 | 97.4 | 89.7 | 89.6 | 0.700 |
PPV: positive predictive value; NPV: negative predictive value; HPJL: Hoffman-Pons-Janer-Lutz; k: kappa index.
For the diagnosis of Coccidia, flotation techniques using hypertonic solutions are recommended. Our results reinforce those of studies that demonstrate the accuracy achieved by associating the Willis and Sheather techniques, or even the HPLJ and Willis or Sheather techniques in routine laboratory tests (GARCIA et al., 1995; GARCIA, 2007).
The accuracy of the results of the detection of T. gondii oocysts showed that the Faust technique presented the highest sensitivity (66.7%), specificity (99.3%), PPV (92.3%), NPV (95.7%) and k index, in agreement with the gold standard (Table 4).
Table 4 Evaluation of the accuracy of the Sheather, Faust and Hoffman-Pons-Janer-Lutz techniques in comparison to the Willis technique (golden standard), for the Toxoplasma gondii diagnosis.
| Sensitivity % | Specificity % | PPV % | NPV % | Kappa index % | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sheater | 61.1 | 97.1 | 73.3 | 95 | 0.627 | |||||
| Faust | 66.7 | 99.3 | 92.3 | 95.7 | 0.750 | |||||
| HPJL | 55.6 | 98.5 | 83.3 | 94.4 | 0.632 | |||||
PPV: positive predictive value; NPV: negative predictive value; HPJL: Hoffman-Pons-Janer-Lutz; k: kappa index.
In this analysis, the three techniques showed sensitivities lower than 70%. Flotation in saturated solutions is recommended for oocysts and offers good diagnostic sensitivity (SHEATHER, 1923; FAUST et al., 1938; DRYDEN et al., 2005). Therefore, for the diagnosis of T. gondii oocysts, it is advisable to use a combination of the Willis and Faust techniques or the Willis and Sheather techniques, in which the k index was 0.627, representing a good agreement.
In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the combined use of parasitological techniques is important for the diagnosis of intestinal parasites in cats. The association of the Sheather and Willis techniques showed higher accuracy in the diagnosis of Ancylostomatidae and Cystoisospora sp., while the Faust technique in association with the Willis technique (gold standard) showed higher accuracy in the diagnosis of T. gondii.
