Acessibilidade / Reportar erro

Infections of Hypostomus spp. by Trypanosoma spp. and leeches: a study of hematology and record of these hirudineans as potential vectors of these hemoflagellates

Infecções de Hypostomus spp. por Trypanosoma spp. e Sanguessugas: um estudo hematológico e registro desses hirudíneos como potenciais vetores desses hemoflagelados

Abstract

Among Kinetoplastida, the Trypanosoma is the genus with the highest occurrence infecting populations of marine fish and freshwater in the world, with high levels of prevalence, causing influences fish health and consequent economic losses, mainly for fish populations in situation stress. This study investigated infections of Hypostomus spp. by Trypanosoma spp. and leeches, as well as blood parameters of this host in the network of tributaries of the Tapajós River in the state of Pará, in the eastern Amazon region in Brazil. Of the 47 hosts examined, 89.4% were parasitized by Trypanosoma spp. and 55.4% also had leeches attached around the mouth. The intensity of Trypanosoma spp. increased with the size of the host, but the body conditions were not influenced by the parasitism. The number of red blood cells, and hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), total number of leukocytes and thrombocytes showed variations and negative correlation with the intensity of Trypanosoma spp. in the blood of the hosts. The results suggest that the leeches were vectors of Trypanosoma spp. in Hypostomus spp.

Keywords:
Amazon; body condition; hemoparasites; blood; Trypanosoma spp.; Hypostomus spp

Resumo

Dentre os Kinetoplastida, Trypanosoma é o gênero com maior ocorrência, infectando populações de peixes marinhos e de água doce em todo o mundo. Apresenta elevados níveis de prevalência, ocasiona impactos na saúde dos peixes e consequente perdas econômicas, principalmente para populações de peixes em situação de estresse. Este estudo investigou a infecção por Trypanosoma spp. e sanguessugas em Hypostomus spp. e parâmetros sanguíneos desse hospedeiro do sistema de tributários do Rio Tapajós, no Estado do Pará, Amazônia Oriental, Brasil. De 47 hospedeiros examinados, 89,4% estavam parasitados por Trypanosoma spp., e 55,4% tinham também sanguessugas na região da boca. A intensidade de Trypanosoma spp. aumentou com o tamanho dos hospedeiros, mas as condições corporais não foram influenciadas pelo parasitismo. O número de eritrócitos, hematócrito, hemoglobina, VCM, HCM, CHCM, número de leucócitos e trombócitos totais apresentaram variações e correlação negativa com a intensidade de Trypanosoma spp. no sangue dos hospedeiros. Os resultados sugerem que sanguessugas foram os vetores de Trypanosoma spp. in Hypostomus spp.

Palavras-chave:
Amazônia; condição corporal; hemoparasito; sangue; Trypanosoma spp.; Hypostomus spp

Introduction

The genus Hypostomus Lacepède, 1803 comprises small and large Loricariidae with a highly variable pattern of coloration, with or without spots. The abdomen may or may not be covered with scales; the caudal fin is forked, with the larger lobe on top; there are two or three pre-dorsal scales; five rows of scales on the caudal peduncle; and a caudal keel with or without lateral scales (ARMBRUSTER, 2004Armbruster JW. Phylogenetic relationships of the suckermouth armoured catfishes (Loricariidae) with emphasis on the Hypostominae and the Ancistrinae. Zool J Linn Soc 2004; 141(1): 1-80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00109.x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.20...
). However, there is still no consensus about the taxonomy of Loricariidae, indicating the need for more specific studies aimed at its accurate identification (ZAWADZKI et al., 2012Zawadzki CH, Birindelli JLO, Lima FCT. A new armored catfish species of the genus Hypostomus Lacépède, 1803 (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the upper Xingu river basin, Brazil. Neotrop Ichthyol 2012; 10(2): 245-253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1679-62252012000200003.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1679-62252012...
).

Trypanosomatidae Doflein, 1901 (Kinetoplastida) species have a single nucleus, are elongated with a single flagellum or rounded with a very short flagellum, and are not free living. Many members of this family are heteroxenous, living one phase of life in the bloodstream or in a variety of tissues of different species of aquatic vertebrates (fish, amphibians and reptiles), and another phase in the intestine of bloodsucking invertebrates. Trypanosoma species (Gruby, 1843) are almost all heteroxenous and parasites of the blood of all classes of vertebrates, including marine and freshwater teleost and elasmobranch fish all over the world (WOO, 1998Woo PTK. Diplomonadida (Phylum Parabasalia) and Kinetoplastea (Phylum Euglenozoa). In: Woo PTK. Fish diseases and disorders: protozoan and metazoan infections. Oxfordshire: CABI; 1998. vol. 1, p. 46-115.; EIRAS et al., 2008Eiras JC, Segner H, Wahli T, Kapoor BG. Fish diseases. New Hampshire: Science Publishers; 2008. vol. 1.; ROBERTS & JANOVY, 2013Roberts LSS, Janovy GD. Foundations of parasitology. Columbus: McGraw-Hill Education; 2013.; HAYES et al., 2014Hayes PM, Lawton SP, Smit NJ, Gibson WC, Davies AJ. Morphological and molecular characterization of a marine fish trypanosome from South Africa, including its development in a leech vector. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7(1): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1756-3305-7-50. PMid:24460725.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1756-3305-7-50...
). Today, more than 200 species are known to parasite fish around the world (GUPTA & GUPTA, 2012Gupta N, Gupta DK. Erythropenia in piscine trypanosomiasis. Trends Parasitol Res 2012; 1(1): 1-6. PMid:22411634.). More than 60 of these Trypanosoma species have been recorded in fish in Brazilian hydrographic basins and approximately 18 species (almost one third) have been described in Loricariidae species (EIRAS et al., 2010Eiras JC, Takemoto RM, Pavanelli GC. Diversidade dos parasitas de peixes de água doce do Brasil. Maringá: Clichetec; 2010.).

Trypanosoma species are transmitted to fish through a blood-sucking host, usually a species of leech. However, isopod crustaceans can also be potential vectors of trypanosomiasis in fish. These hemoparasites may not be detrimental to the infected fish, but in some cases can cause severe alterations of blood. Some trypanosomatids are highly pathogenic and can cause the death of the host fish (ISLAM & WOO, 1991Islam AKMN, Woo PTK. Anemia and its mechanism in goldfish, infected with Carassius auratusTrypanosoma danilewski.Dis Aquat Organ 1991; 11(1): 37-43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/dao011037.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/dao011037...
; WOO, 1998Woo PTK. Diplomonadida (Phylum Parabasalia) and Kinetoplastea (Phylum Euglenozoa). In: Woo PTK. Fish diseases and disorders: protozoan and metazoan infections. Oxfordshire: CABI; 1998. vol. 1, p. 46-115.; AHMED et al., 2011Ahmed MS, Shafiq K, Ali H, Ollevier F. Pathogenic effects associated with strain FCC 1 infection in juvenile common carp, . Trypanosoma danilewskyiCyprinus carpio LJ Anim Plant Sci 2011; 21(4): 800-806.; LEMOS et al., 2015Lemos M, Fermino BR, Simas-Rodrigues C, Hoffmann L, Silva R, Camargo EP, et al. Phylogenetic and morphological characterization of trypanosomes from Brazilian armoured catfishes and leeches reveal high species diversity, mixed infections and a new fish trypanosome species. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8(1): 573. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13071-015-1193-7. PMid:26546294.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13071-015-119...
; MAQBOOL & AHMED, 2016Maqbool A, Ahmed I. Haematological response of snow barbell, Schizothorax plagiostomus Heckel, naturally infected with a new . Trypanosoma speciesJ Parasit Dis 2016; 1-10.). However, the effects of these hemoflagellates on the host fish physiology are not well understood. In general, it is difficult to determine unequivocally, based solely on morphology, when a Trypanosoma species is undescribed. DNA sequence data can provide some insight into species designations (WOO, 1998Woo PTK. Diplomonadida (Phylum Parabasalia) and Kinetoplastea (Phylum Euglenozoa). In: Woo PTK. Fish diseases and disorders: protozoan and metazoan infections. Oxfordshire: CABI; 1998. vol. 1, p. 46-115.; LEMOS et al., 2015Lemos M, Fermino BR, Simas-Rodrigues C, Hoffmann L, Silva R, Camargo EP, et al. Phylogenetic and morphological characterization of trypanosomes from Brazilian armoured catfishes and leeches reveal high species diversity, mixed infections and a new fish trypanosome species. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8(1): 573. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13071-015-1193-7. PMid:26546294.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13071-015-119...
), but there are few studies for these hemoflagellates in South America. Therefore, knowledge of these parasites hematozoa Neotropical fish remains limited.

The purpose of this study was to investigate infection by Trypanosoma spp. and leeches in Hypostomus spp., and the hematology of these hosts in the Tapajós River system in the state of Pará, Brazil.

Materials and Methods

Fish and collection site

Between September and October 2012, 47 species of Hypostomus spp. were collected, 17 from the Uruá Stream (S 0,4°31’58,7”, W 56°18’2,2”) and 30 from the mouth of the Jamaxinzinho River (S 0,4°53’58,0”, W 56°27’00,3”), which are tributaries of the Tapajós River system in the state of Pará, in northern Brazil. The fish were collected during an inventory of the region’s ichthyic and parasitic fauna to determine the components of the diversity of this biome prior to the construction of a complex of hydroelectric plants, in order to garner statistical data to underpin the assessment, prediction and mitigation of the consequences of the anthropogenic changes imposed on the fish in the rivers that run through these protected areas (Figure 1).

Figure 1
Geographic location of collection points. Town of Itaituba Uruá Stream (S 0.4°31’58.7”, W 56°18’2.2”); Jamaxinzinho river (S 0.4°53’58.0”, W 56°27’00.3”), Pará, Brazil.

Collection and analysis of ectoparasites and hemoparasites

Leeches were collected from the oral region (Figure 2) of the specimens of Hypostomus spp., and then fixed in alcohol. To examine the hemoparasites, a blood sample was collected by cardiac puncture using 1.5 mL syringes containing sodium heparin (25,000 Ul/mL). The blood samples were collected at the collection site. Part of the blood (8 µL) was used to prepare blood smears with May-Grünwald-Giemsa stain (DACIE & LEWIS, 2007Dacie JV, Lewis SM. Practical hematology. London: Churchill Livingstone; 2007.). These blood smears were used to quantify the Trypanosoma spp. in each host. The ecological terms used here were those recommended by Rohde et al. (1995)Rohde K, Hayward C, Heap M. Aspects of the ecology of metazoan ectoparasites of marine fishes. Int J Parasitol 1995; 25(8): 945-970. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-7519(95)00015-T. PMid:8550295.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-7519(95)0...
and Bush et al. (1997)Bush AO, Lafferty KD, Lotz JM, Shostack AW. Parasitology meets ecology on its own terms: Margolis et al. revisited. J Parasitol 1997; 83(4): 575-583. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3284227. PMid:9267395.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3284227...
.

Figure 2
(A) Leeches in the oral region of Hypostomus sp.; (B) leech, image of leech in light microscope (10 × magnification).

Extensions containing the blood parasites and leeches were deposited in the collection of the Continental Fish Hematology Laboratory – CEPTA/ICMBio in Pirassununga, state of São Paulo. All the Hypostomus sp. specimens were deposited in the fish collection of the Genetics Museum of UNESP at Botucatu, state of São Paulo.

Blood collection and analysis procedures

The remaining blood was used to determine the total number of erythrocytes and the hemoglobin and hematocrit concentration. This data was then used to calculate the mean cell volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). The blood smears were also used to determine the total white blood cells and thrombocytes (DACIE & LEWIS, 2007Dacie JV, Lewis SM. Practical hematology. London: Churchill Livingstone; 2007.).

The body weight (g) and total length (cm) data were used to calculate the relative condition factor (Kn) of the host fish, which was then compared with the standard value (Kn = 1.00) by means of the Mann-Whitney (U) test. The Spearman correlation coefficient (rs) was used to verify possible correlations between the intensity of Trypanosoma spp. and the weight, length and blood parameters of the hosts (ZAR, 2010Zar JH. Biostatistical analysis. 5th ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall; 2010.). In addition, weight and length data were used to calculate the length-to-weight ratio (W = aLb) after logarithmic transformation of length and weight and subsequent two straight-line adjustments, thereby obtaining lny = lnA + Blnx (LE-CREN, 1951Le-Cren ED. The lenght-weight relationship and seasonal cycle in gonad weight and condition in the perch (Perca fluviatilis). J Anim Ecol 1951; 20(2): 201-219. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1540.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1540...
).

Results

The fish weighed 162.3 ± 95.6 g and were 25.1 ± 7.5 cm long. The pH of the Uruá Stream was 7.4 and its water temperature was 27.0 °C, while the pH at the mouth of the Jamaxinzinho River was 7.0 and its water temperature was 29.9 °C.

Were examined 47 fish of which 42 were infected with Trypanosoma spp. with their distribution in the area of collecting and presenting different types of Trypanosoma spp. (Table 1).

Table 1
Morphotypes Trypanosoma number of infected fish and collection sites along the Tapajos River.

The shape of the Trypanosoma spp. was long and wide, with tapered ends and a highly prominent undulating membrane, with several folds. The kinetoplast was terminal or sub-terminal, round and somewhat stained, surrounded by a clear area. The nucleus, rounded to oval in shape and slightly stained, was located centrally and occupied the entire width of the cell, with few or no granulations. Its cytoplasm was highly granular and it had numerous vacuoles along the body. The flagellum was short, slightly stained and, in some cases, almost undetectable (Figure 3).

Figure 3
Forms of trypomastigotes viewed in light microscope. The blood smears of Hypostomus spp. were stained with Grünwald-Giemsa.

Apparently, one sees three distinct morphological types of Trypanosoma spp. Thus, we present a description of trypomastigotes in fish examined, highlighting the polymorphism with their respective measures (Table 2).

Table 2
Measures of morphometric characteristics with the values mean (minimum and maximum) expressed in µm of blood forms of Trypanosoma spp.

All the Hypostomus spp. specimens parasitized by leeches also presented Trypanosoma spp. infection. There was variation in the intensity of Trypanosoma spp. and leeches in the hosts examined (Table 3). The intensity of Trypanosoma spp. in the blood was positively correlated with the length (rs = 0.622, p = 0.0001) and weight (rs = 0.426, p = 0.003) of the hosts.

Table 3
Parasitological indices in Hypostomus spp. from Tapajós river system, state of Pará (Brazil). Count of Trypanosoma spp. in 8 µl of per host.

The equation for the weight-length relationship of Hypostomus spp. revealed a negative allometric relationship (Figure 4), indicating that there was a greater increase in body weight than in length. The Kn of hosts varied (Table 4), but did not differ (U = 940.0, p = 0.213) from the standard value (Kn = 1.00).

Figure 4
Weight-length relationship for Hypostomus spp. from Tapajós river system, Pará state (Brazil) parasitized by Trypanosoma sp. and leeches.
Table 4
Hematological parameters of Hypostomus spp. (N = 47) from Tapajós system river, state of Pará (Brazil) parasitized by Trypanosoma spp. and leeches.

The intensity of Trypanosoma spp. in the blood correlated negatively with the hematocrit (rs = –0.796, p = 0.0001), MCV (rs = –0.731, p = 0.0001), MCH (rs = –0,555, p = 0.0001), MCHC (rs = –0,777, p = 0.0001) and the total number of leukocytes (rs = –0.352, p = 0.018) of the hosts. However, a positive correlation was found between the intensity of Trypanosoma spp. and hemoglobin (rs = 0.435, p = 0.003) and the total number of red blood cells (rs = 0.640, p = 0.0001).

Discussion

Three morphotypes of Trypanosoma were found in Hypostomus spp., being two in hosts from Uruá Stream and one in hosts from Jamaxinzinho River. In addition, a high level of parasitism of Trypanosoma spp. and leeches in Hypostomus species from Tapajós River system was found. Fujimoto et al. (2013)Fujimoto RY, Neves MS, Santos RFB, Souza NC, Couto MVS, Lopes JN, et al. Morphological and hematological studies of spp. infecting ornamental armored catfish from Guamá River-PA, Brazil. TrypanosomaAn Acad Bras Cienc 2013; 85(3): 1149-1156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0001-37652013005000039. PMid:23903566.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0001-37652013...
reported low prevalence and high intensity of Trypanosoma spp. and leeches in Hypostomus species from the Guamá River. In marine and freshwater fish populations, Trypanosoma spp. maintain their life cycle by using hematophagous invertebrates as primary hosts, namely leech species, and subsequently fish populations (D’AGOSTO & SERRA-FREIRE, 1993D’Agosto M, Serra-Freire NM. Estádios evolutivos de Tripanossomas de Valenciennes, 1840 (Osteichthyes, Loricariidae) em infecção natural de Blanchard (Hirudinea, Glossiphoniidae). Hipostomus punctatusBatracobdella gemmataRev Bras Zool 1993; 10(3): 417-426.; WOO, 1998Woo PTK. Diplomonadida (Phylum Parabasalia) and Kinetoplastea (Phylum Euglenozoa). In: Woo PTK. Fish diseases and disorders: protozoan and metazoan infections. Oxfordshire: CABI; 1998. vol. 1, p. 46-115.; PÁDUA et al., 2011Pádua SB, Ishikawa MM, Satake F, Jerônimo GT, Pilarski F. First record of sp. (Protozoa: Kinetoplastida) in tuvira (. TrypanosomaGymnotus aff. inaequilabiatus) in the Pantanal wetland, Mato Grosso do Sul State, BrazilRev Bras Parasitol Vet 2011; 20(1): 85-87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612011000100019. PMid:21439241.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612011...
; HAYES et al., 2014Hayes PM, Lawton SP, Smit NJ, Gibson WC, Davies AJ. Morphological and molecular characterization of a marine fish trypanosome from South Africa, including its development in a leech vector. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7(1): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1756-3305-7-50. PMid:24460725.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1756-3305-7-50...
; LEMOS et al., 2015Lemos M, Fermino BR, Simas-Rodrigues C, Hoffmann L, Silva R, Camargo EP, et al. Phylogenetic and morphological characterization of trypanosomes from Brazilian armoured catfishes and leeches reveal high species diversity, mixed infections and a new fish trypanosome species. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8(1): 573. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13071-015-1193-7. PMid:26546294.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13071-015-119...
). Trypanosoma spp. multiply in the digestive tract of leeches, with the non-infective forms migrating to the proboscis, where they transform into infective forms and are inoculated into fish when the leech feeds (WOO, 1998Woo PTK. Diplomonadida (Phylum Parabasalia) and Kinetoplastea (Phylum Euglenozoa). In: Woo PTK. Fish diseases and disorders: protozoan and metazoan infections. Oxfordshire: CABI; 1998. vol. 1, p. 46-115.). In Brazil, it has been suggested that the main vector of these hemoflagellates in fish from the Loricariidae family is the Batracobdella gemmata leech (D’AGOSTO & SERRA-FREIRE, 1993D’Agosto M, Serra-Freire NM. Estádios evolutivos de Tripanossomas de Valenciennes, 1840 (Osteichthyes, Loricariidae) em infecção natural de Blanchard (Hirudinea, Glossiphoniidae). Hipostomus punctatusBatracobdella gemmataRev Bras Zool 1993; 10(3): 417-426.). Therefore, in Hypostomus spp., the transmission to these hosts presumably occurs infected leeches feed on them. Moreover, the wide diversity of the leech fauna of the Neotropical region (SKET & TRONTELJ, 2008Sket B, Trontelj P. Global diversity of leeches (Hirudinea) in freshwater. Hydrobiology 2008; 595(1): 129-137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-007-9010-8.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-007-901...
) leads to the assumption that the hemoflagellate fauna of this region is also diverse.

Species of Trypanosoma can cause anorexia in infected fish. This is most evident in cases of high parasitemia, although fish that survive the disease return to normal feeding. Anemia may alter the hosts’ body conditions and the somatic indices of their liver, spleen and heart (WOO, 1998Woo PTK. Diplomonadida (Phylum Parabasalia) and Kinetoplastea (Phylum Euglenozoa). In: Woo PTK. Fish diseases and disorders: protozoan and metazoan infections. Oxfordshire: CABI; 1998. vol. 1, p. 46-115.). However, the hosts’ body conditions in this study were not affected by parasitism, as indicated by the relative condition factor. In addition, stress conditions may influence the course of parasitemia in fish. At low and high temperatures, fish have decreased trypanosome levels in the blood (WOO, 1998Woo PTK. Diplomonadida (Phylum Parabasalia) and Kinetoplastea (Phylum Euglenozoa). In: Woo PTK. Fish diseases and disorders: protozoan and metazoan infections. Oxfordshire: CABI; 1998. vol. 1, p. 46-115.; GUPTA & GUPTA, 2012Gupta N, Gupta DK. Erythropenia in piscine trypanosomiasis. Trends Parasitol Res 2012; 1(1): 1-6. PMid:22411634.).

Trypanosomes can cause anemia in infected fish (GUPTA & GUPTA, 2012Gupta N, Gupta DK. Erythropenia in piscine trypanosomiasis. Trends Parasitol Res 2012; 1(1): 1-6. PMid:22411634.; MAQBOOL & AHMED, 2016Maqbool A, Ahmed I. Haematological response of snow barbell, Schizothorax plagiostomus Heckel, naturally infected with a new . Trypanosoma speciesJ Parasit Dis 2016; 1-10.), whose erythrocytes frequently undergo alterations. As trypanosomes generally depend on the energy resources of the host fish, the impact of this parasitism in fish is considerable, ranging from physiological, metabolic, pathological and biochemical alterations to asymptomatic behavior. Woo (1998)Woo PTK. Diplomonadida (Phylum Parabasalia) and Kinetoplastea (Phylum Euglenozoa). In: Woo PTK. Fish diseases and disorders: protozoan and metazoan infections. Oxfordshire: CABI; 1998. vol. 1, p. 46-115. stated that anemia caused by Trypanosoma spp. may be related to the inactivity of the host’s hemopoietic system. The severity of this anemic process is directly tied to the intensity of hemoparasite load, and is partly caused by lytic factors and hemodilution. The lytic factor is secreted by living parasites and lyses red blood cells (RBC) in the absence of specific antibodies. It seems that the virulence factor that leads to anemia is a protease. However, Fujimoto et al. (2013)Fujimoto RY, Neves MS, Santos RFB, Souza NC, Couto MVS, Lopes JN, et al. Morphological and hematological studies of spp. infecting ornamental armored catfish from Guamá River-PA, Brazil. TrypanosomaAn Acad Bras Cienc 2013; 85(3): 1149-1156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0001-37652013005000039. PMid:23903566.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0001-37652013...
reported that the RBC parameters of Hypostomus sp., Ancistrus sp. and Rineloricaria lanceolata were not influenced by infection by Trypanosoma sp., but the RBC and hematocrit level in Lasiancistrus saetiger increased while hemoglobin concentration decreased. The RBC count, hematocrit and MCV of Hypostomus spp. in this study were similar to those reported by Fujimoto et al. (2013)Fujimoto RY, Neves MS, Santos RFB, Souza NC, Couto MVS, Lopes JN, et al. Morphological and hematological studies of spp. infecting ornamental armored catfish from Guamá River-PA, Brazil. TrypanosomaAn Acad Bras Cienc 2013; 85(3): 1149-1156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0001-37652013005000039. PMid:23903566.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0001-37652013...
for the same host infected by Trypanosoma spp., while the hemoglobin concentration, MCHC and MCH levels were lower. The hemoglobin concentration and RBC number showed an increase with the intensity of Trypanosoma spp. in blood. However, the hematocrit, MCV, MCH and MCHC of the hosts of this study presented negative correlation with the intensity of Trypanosoma spp. in blood, indicating that an increase in parasite number may lead fish to an anemiant process.

Hemostasis is a function of paramount importance when fish are responding to injuries, and piscine thrombocytes play a central role in this process. The number of thrombocytes can vary from 2,000-78,900 μL among healthy fish species due to intraspecific variations, which are attributed to biotic factors such as age, season and maturity, and abiotic factors such as water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen content, sex, and maturity stage, as well as stress and diseases (TAVARES-DIAS & OLIVEIRA, 2009Tavares-Dias M, Oliveira SR. A review of the blood coagulation system of fish. Rev Bras Biocienc 2009; 7(2): 205-224.). However, the number of thrombocytes in Hypostomus spp. suggests that it was not influenced by the infection of Trypanosoma spp., since the host’s hemopoietic system was not impaired.

Piscine leukocytes are involved in phagocytosis, immunoglobulin production, modulation of immune defense, inflammation process and defense against parasitic and bacterial infections and stress (DAVIS et al., 2008Davis AK, Maney DL, Maerz JC. The use of leukocyte profiles to measure stress in vertebrates: a review for ecologists. Funct Ecol 2008; 22(5): 760-772. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2008.01467.x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.20...
; RANZANI-PAIVA et al., 2013Ranzani-Paiva MJT, Pádua SB, Tavares-Dias M, Egami MI. Métodos para análise hematológica em peixes. Maringá: Eduem; 2013.). Leukocytosis has been reported in Schizothorax plagiostomus infected with Trypanosoma spp. (MAQBOOL & AHMED, 2016Maqbool A, Ahmed I. Haematological response of snow barbell, Schizothorax plagiostomus Heckel, naturally infected with a new . Trypanosoma speciesJ Parasit Dis 2016; 1-10.), while lymphocytes decreased perceptibly in Hypostomus sp. (FUJIMOTO et al., 2013Fujimoto RY, Neves MS, Santos RFB, Souza NC, Couto MVS, Lopes JN, et al. Morphological and hematological studies of spp. infecting ornamental armored catfish from Guamá River-PA, Brazil. TrypanosomaAn Acad Bras Cienc 2013; 85(3): 1149-1156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0001-37652013005000039. PMid:23903566.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0001-37652013...
). In contrast, the total number of leukocytes in Hypostomus sp. appeared to have been unaffected by Trypanosoma spp. infection.

In summary, armored catfish species are usually infected by Trypanosoma spp., particularly the Hypostomus species. Hypostomus spp. sampling was carried out in dry season, when the water levels in lakes and streams decrease drastically, resulting in greater competition for resources such as food and shelter. Therefore, these factors combined with high temperatures may be related to the high infection levels that were found, representing a stress condition that reduces the immune status of the fish population and thus facilitating the survival of parasites. The morphometric features, alone, did not suffice to identify the species of Trypanosoma found. Thus, a review of the Trypanosoma species that infect fish species is needed, along with other factors such as host characteristics, isolation culture media, experimental infections and analysis of DNA sequences. Finally, this is first study of hematological parameters and infection by Trypanosoma in Hypostomus spp. parasitized by hirudineans in the Tapajós River system.

Acknowledgements

Dr. Marcos Tavares-Dias was supported by research fellowships from CNPq (Brazil’s National Council for Scientific and Technological Development). The authors would like to thank Ricardo Torres de Oliveira (CEPTA/ICMBio) for his help in dissecting the fish, and Dr. Laerte Batista de Oliveira Alves, Head of the National Center for Research and Conservation of Continental Fishes (CEPTA/ICMBio), for his assistance in the fieldwork.

References

  • Ahmed MS, Shafiq K, Ali H, Ollevier F. Pathogenic effects associated with strain FCC 1 infection in juvenile common carp, . Trypanosoma danilewskyiCyprinus carpio LJ Anim Plant Sci 2011; 21(4): 800-806.
  • Armbruster JW. Phylogenetic relationships of the suckermouth armoured catfishes (Loricariidae) with emphasis on the Hypostominae and the Ancistrinae. Zool J Linn Soc 2004; 141(1): 1-80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00109.x
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00109.x
  • Bush AO, Lafferty KD, Lotz JM, Shostack AW. Parasitology meets ecology on its own terms: Margolis et al. revisited. J Parasitol 1997; 83(4): 575-583. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3284227 PMid:9267395.
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3284227
  • D’Agosto M, Serra-Freire NM. Estádios evolutivos de Tripanossomas de Valenciennes, 1840 (Osteichthyes, Loricariidae) em infecção natural de Blanchard (Hirudinea, Glossiphoniidae). Hipostomus punctatusBatracobdella gemmataRev Bras Zool 1993; 10(3): 417-426.
  • Dacie JV, Lewis SM. Practical hematology. London: Churchill Livingstone; 2007.
  • Davis AK, Maney DL, Maerz JC. The use of leukocyte profiles to measure stress in vertebrates: a review for ecologists. Funct Ecol 2008; 22(5): 760-772. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2008.01467.x
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2008.01467.x
  • Eiras JC, Segner H, Wahli T, Kapoor BG. Fish diseases. New Hampshire: Science Publishers; 2008. vol. 1.
  • Eiras JC, Takemoto RM, Pavanelli GC. Diversidade dos parasitas de peixes de água doce do Brasil. Maringá: Clichetec; 2010.
  • Fujimoto RY, Neves MS, Santos RFB, Souza NC, Couto MVS, Lopes JN, et al. Morphological and hematological studies of spp. infecting ornamental armored catfish from Guamá River-PA, Brazil. TrypanosomaAn Acad Bras Cienc 2013; 85(3): 1149-1156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0001-37652013005000039 PMid:23903566.
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0001-37652013005000039
  • Gupta N, Gupta DK. Erythropenia in piscine trypanosomiasis. Trends Parasitol Res 2012; 1(1): 1-6. PMid:22411634.
  • Hayes PM, Lawton SP, Smit NJ, Gibson WC, Davies AJ. Morphological and molecular characterization of a marine fish trypanosome from South Africa, including its development in a leech vector. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7(1): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1756-3305-7-50 PMid:24460725.
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1756-3305-7-50
  • Islam AKMN, Woo PTK. Anemia and its mechanism in goldfish, infected with Carassius auratusTrypanosoma danilewski.Dis Aquat Organ 1991; 11(1): 37-43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/dao011037
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/dao011037
  • Le-Cren ED. The lenght-weight relationship and seasonal cycle in gonad weight and condition in the perch (Perca fluviatilis). J Anim Ecol 1951; 20(2): 201-219. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1540
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1540
  • Lemos M, Fermino BR, Simas-Rodrigues C, Hoffmann L, Silva R, Camargo EP, et al. Phylogenetic and morphological characterization of trypanosomes from Brazilian armoured catfishes and leeches reveal high species diversity, mixed infections and a new fish trypanosome species. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8(1): 573. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13071-015-1193-7 PMid:26546294.
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13071-015-1193-7
  • Maqbool A, Ahmed I. Haematological response of snow barbell, Schizothorax plagiostomus Heckel, naturally infected with a new . Trypanosoma speciesJ Parasit Dis 2016; 1-10.
  • Pádua SB, Ishikawa MM, Satake F, Jerônimo GT, Pilarski F. First record of sp. (Protozoa: Kinetoplastida) in tuvira (. TrypanosomaGymnotus aff. inaequilabiatus) in the Pantanal wetland, Mato Grosso do Sul State, BrazilRev Bras Parasitol Vet 2011; 20(1): 85-87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612011000100019 PMid:21439241.
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612011000100019
  • Ranzani-Paiva MJT, Pádua SB, Tavares-Dias M, Egami MI. Métodos para análise hematológica em peixes. Maringá: Eduem; 2013.
  • Roberts LSS, Janovy GD. Foundations of parasitology. Columbus: McGraw-Hill Education; 2013.
  • Rohde K, Hayward C, Heap M. Aspects of the ecology of metazoan ectoparasites of marine fishes. Int J Parasitol 1995; 25(8): 945-970. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-7519(95)00015-T PMid:8550295.
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-7519(95)00015-T
  • Sket B, Trontelj P. Global diversity of leeches (Hirudinea) in freshwater. Hydrobiology 2008; 595(1): 129-137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-007-9010-8
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-007-9010-8
  • Tavares-Dias M, Oliveira SR. A review of the blood coagulation system of fish. Rev Bras Biocienc 2009; 7(2): 205-224.
  • Woo PTK. Diplomonadida (Phylum Parabasalia) and Kinetoplastea (Phylum Euglenozoa). In: Woo PTK. Fish diseases and disorders: protozoan and metazoan infections. Oxfordshire: CABI; 1998. vol. 1, p. 46-115.
  • Zar JH. Biostatistical analysis. 5th ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall; 2010.
  • Zawadzki CH, Birindelli JLO, Lima FCT. A new armored catfish species of the genus Hypostomus Lacépède, 1803 (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the upper Xingu river basin, Brazil. Neotrop Ichthyol 2012; 10(2): 245-253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1679-62252012000200003
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1679-62252012000200003

Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    25 Aug 2016
  • Date of issue
    Jul-Sep 2016

History

  • Received
    30 Mar 2016
  • Accepted
    16 June 2016
Colégio Brasileiro de Parasitologia Veterinária FCAV/UNESP - Departamento de Patologia Veterinária, Via de acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, Zona Rural, , 14884-900 Jaboticabal - SP, Brasil, Fone: (16) 3209-7100 RAMAL 7934 - Jaboticabal - SP - Brazil
E-mail: cbpv_rbpv.fcav@unesp.br