Cucullanus marajoara n. sp. (Nematoda: Cucullanidae), a parasite of Colomesus psittacus (Osteichthyes: Tetraodontiformes) in the Marajó, Brazil

Cucullanus marajoara n. sp. (Nematoda: Cucullanidae), um parasito de Colomesus psittacus (Osteichthyes: Tetraodontiformes) no Marajó, Brasil

Abstract

Cucullanus marajoara n. sp. (Cucullanidae) is reported to parasitize Colomesus psittacus (Tetraodontiformes), which is a fish species from the Marajó Archipelago, state of Pará, estuarine region of the Brazilian Amazon. The new species differs from similar species by the presence of a protruding upper lip on the cloacal opening, the distribution of the cloacal papillae: five pre-cloacal papillae pairs and 5 are ventral and located posteriorly to the pre-cloacal sucker and an unpaired papilla is located on the upper cloacal lip and five post-cloacal pairs, and a pair of lateral phasmids located between papillae pairs. Additionally, Cucullanus marajoara n. sp. is compared to other species of this genus described in Brazil, particularly Cucullanus ageneiosus and Cucullanus oswaldocruzi, which both occur in the same zoogeographic region of this study but parasitize fish of a different order (Siluriformes). Cucullanus dodsworthi and Cucullanus brevicaudatus are the only described species parasitizing fish of the order Tetradontiformes in Brazil, and the new species differs from these species by the distribution of the cloacal papillae and the host habitat. The description of Cucullanus marajoara n. sp. adds data to the biodiversity of described parasites that parasitize Tetradontiformes of the estuarine ichthyofauna in the Brazilian Amazon.

Keywords:
Helminth; parasite; nematoda; puffer fish

Resumo

Cucullanus marajoara n. sp. (Cucullanidae) é descrita parasitando Colomesus psittacus (Tetraodontiformes) peixe do arquipélago de Marajó, Estado do Pará, região estuarina da Amazônia brasileira. A nova espécie difere de seus congêneres por apresentar lábio superior da abertura cloacal protrudente e na distribuição de papilas cloacais: 5 pares pré-cloacais, e uma papila não pareada no lábio superior da cloaca e 5 pares pós-cloacais, um par de fasmídeos laterais. Além disso, Cucullanus marajoara n. sp. é comparada com outras espécies do gênero descritas no Brasil, em especial Cucullanus ageneiosus e Cucullanus oswaldocruzi, ambos parasitos de peixes da ordem Siluriformes; porém, ocorrendo na mesma região zoogeográfica deste estudo, diferem da ordem do hospedeiro da nova espécie (Tetraodontiformes). Cucullanus dodsworthi e Cucullanus brevicaudatus são as únicas espécies descritas parasitando peixe da ordem Tetradontiformes no Brasil, e a nova espécie difere dessas na distribuição das papilas cloacais e habitat dos hospedeiros. Cucullanus marajoara n. sp. adiciona dados a biodiversidade de parasitos descritos parasitando Tetradontiformes da ictiofauna estuarina da Amazônia brasileira.

Palavras-chave
s: Helminto; parasito; nematoda; baiacu

Introduction

The northern estuary of Brazil has a rich ichthyofauna, particularly fish of the order Tetraodontiformes. Among these, the family Tetraodontidae includes four species: Colomesus psittacus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801), Colomesus asellus (Müller & Troschel, 1849), Colomesus tocantinensis Amaral, Brito, Silva & Carvalho (2013), Sphoeroides testudineus (Linnaeus, 1758), and Lagocephalus laevigatus (Linnaeus, 1766) ( KRUMME et al., 2004 ). Colomesus psittacus, popularly known in Brazil as “baiacu” (puffer fish), is a demersal fish of marine-estuarine waters with depths of up to 40 m, although it often is found in freshwater. This species is distributed in the Western Atlantic principally from the Gulf of Paria (Venezuela) in the north to the Amazon River, state of Pará in Brazil ( CERVIGON et al., 1992 ; FROESE & PAULY, 2018 ) in the south. Baiacu can be found throughout the entire Amazonian estuary ( CAMARGO & MAIA, 2008 ).

The genus Cucullanus Müller (1777), contains approximately 100 fish parasite species worldwide ( TIMI & LANFRANCHI, 2006 ; GIESE et al., 2010 ; LACERDA et al., 2015 ). Approximately 32 species have been described in the Neotropical region of the American continent ( LÓPEZ-CABALLERO et al., 2009 ; GIESE et al., 2010 ; LACERDA et al., 2015 ). The species Cucullanus genypteri Sardella, Navone & Timi, 1997, C. marplatensis Daniel, Timi & Sardella, 2002, and C. bonaerensis Lanfranchi, Timi & Sardella, 2004 were described in South America. Cucullanus pedroi was described in Argentina ( TIMI & LANFRANCHI, 2006 ). Cucullanus colossomi Díaz-Ungría, 1968, that is a parasite of Colossoma macropomum, was found in the Orinoco River, Venezuela, and Cucullanus bagre Petter, 1974, that is a parasite of Bagre bagre , was described in French Guiana.

For fish from Brazil, Luque et al. (2011) listed Cucullanus cirratus Müller, 1777, Cucullanus pulcherrimus Barreto, 1918; Cucullanus dodsworthi Barreto, 1922; Cucullanus pinnai Travasso, Artigas, & Pereira, 1928; Cucullanus zungaro Vaz & Pereira, 1934; Cucullanus pauliceae Vaz & Pereira, 1934; Cucullanus schubarti Travasso, 1947; Cucullanus mogi Travassos, 1947; Cucullanus carioca Vicente & Fernandes, 1973; C. rougetae Vicente & Santos, 1974; Cucullanus oswaldocruzi Santo, Vicente & Jardim, 1979; Cucullanus grandistomis (Ferraz & Thatcher, 1988); Cucullanus patoi Fortes, Hoffmann & Sarmento, 1992; Cucullanus brevispiculus Moravec, Konh & Fernandes, 1993; Cucullanus pimelodellae Moravec, Kohn & Fernandes, 1993; Cucullanus fabregasi Fortes, Hoffmann & Sarmento, 1993; Cucullanus riograndensis Fortes, Hoffmann & Sarmento, 1993; Cucullanus debacoi Sarmento, Fortes & Hoffmann, 1995; Cucullanus cassinensis Pereira Jr. & Costa, 1996; Cucullanus pinnai pterodorasi Moravec, Kohn & Fernandes, 1997; Cucullanus pseudoplatystomae Moravec, Kohn & Fernandes, 1997; Cucullanus rhamphichthydis Moravec, Kohn, and Fernades, 1997; Cucullanus heliomartinsi Moreira, Rocha & Costa, 2000; and Cucullanus ageneiosus Giese, Furtado, Lanfredi & Santos, 2010. Moravec (1998) considered C. patoi, C. fabregasi, C. riograndensis , and C. debacoi, and Timi et al. (2009) considered C. cassinensis to be species inquirenda .

Pereira et al. (2014) described Cucullanus brevicaudatus as a parasite of Balistes capriscus, a marine fish collected in Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. Vieira et al. (2015) described Cucullanus gastrophysi, Cucullanus protrudens , and Cucullanus pseudopercis and redescribed Cucullanus cirratus , Cucullanus pedroi, and Cucullanus genypteri from fish collected from the same state and thus added new data to the biodiversity of Cucullanidae parasites from Brazilian fish fauna. Lacerda et al. (2015) described Cucullanus tucunarensis as a parasite of Cichla piquiti (Cichliformes) in the Tocantins River and Pereira & Luque (2017) described Cucullanus opisthoporus in Cichla melaniae in the Xingu River, Pará.

Colomesus psittacus commonly enters the fish traps along the shore, but they are not harvested because they produce a tetradoxina toxic to humans ( SANTANA et al., 2010 ). The fishermen discard the fish outside of the traps. Because they were available abundantly and not part of the local source of food, we decided to investigate the parasite fauna of the species. During this study, a new species of Cucullanus was found; it is described herein and compared with other members of the genus recorded from the same zoogeographical region and the same group of hosts (Tetraodontiformes).

Materials and Methods

Twenty specimens of C. psittacus were caught by fishermen in the municipality of Soure (0°53’39” S, 48° 7’39” W), Marajó Archipelago, Pará state (Brazil). The fish were obtained from riverine fishermen who discarded them from their catch and were transported on ice to the Laboratório de Histologia e Embriologia Animal, Instituto da Saúde e Produção, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Campus Belém, Pará state, Brazil. The weight (g) and total length (cm) of the specimens were measured. After biometric analysis, the animals were necropsied to search for helminths. The digestive tract was isolated in petri dishes containing physiological solution and analyzed under a stereomicroscope (Leica – ES2). The collected helminths were fixed in an alcohol-formaldehyde-acetic acid (AFA) solution (930 mL of 70% ethanol, 50 mL of commercial formalin, and 20 mL of glacial acetic acid) stored at room temperature. Subsequently, the specimens were dehydrated in an ethanol series, clarified with Aman's lactophenol, and examined by light field microscopy using a Leica DM2500 microscope with a clear camera for scientific imaging and morphometric analysis.

Ten male specimens and ten female specimens were used for the morphometric analysis of the helminths. The measurements were made in millimeters as the means, with the ranges shown in parentheses. For scanning electron microscopy, the helminth specimens were washed in distilled water, postfixed in 1% osmium tetroxide, dehydrated to the critical point of CO₂, metallized with gold + palladium, and analyzed using a TESCAN scanning electron microscope (VEGA 3) in the Laboratório de Microscópia Eletrônica de Varredura da Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia. There are more than 100 putative species in the genus, so the suggestions of ( YOOYEN et al., 2011 ; LACERDA et al., 2015 ), that morphological and morphometric comparisons should be made only among the different species that parasitize the same taxonomic group of hosts from the same zoogeographical region in which the host was found. The host fishes scientific name is in accordance with FishBase ( FROESE & PAULY, 2018 ).

Results

Survey data

Of the 20 specimens of C. psittacus collected in the Soure municipality, 90% (18 infected fish/ 20 examined fish) were parasitized by nematodes of the genus Cucullanus, which we compared in their morphology and morphometric with other members of the genus recorded for the zoogeographic region and the same group of hosts, and we proposed the species Cucullanus marajoara n. sp.

Family Cucullanidae Cobbold 186

Cucullanus marajoara n. sp.

(Based on light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy examination: Figs. 1-3)

Medium-sized nematode, opaque white when alive. Females are larger than males, and the morphology of the anterior region is similar in both genders ( Figures 1 a and 2 a). A thick cuticle forms a lateral cervical flap in some specimens, and the presence of thin transverse striae are observed along the body. The cephalic end is rounded, and an oral aperture in the form of a dorsoventral cleft is surrounded by a cuticular ring and delimited by a row of small teeth ( Figures 2 ab). Presence of four external cephalic papillae, four internal papillae, and a pair of dorsolateral amphids ( Figures 2 ab). The claviform muscular oesophagus is divided into two distinct and well-developed regions, and a well sclerotized anterior region forming an oral pseudocapsule (oesophastome) with a nerve ring is located in this region ( Figure 1 a). The posterior region of the oesophagus is expanded and opens into the intestine by a strong valve. The diverticulum of the oesophagus and intestinal cecum are absent. Deirids at level of the middle glandular oesophagus, and the excretory pore is located below the oesophagus ( Figures 1 a, 2 cd).

Figure 1
Cucullanus marajoara n. sp. a parasite of Colomesus psittacus from Soure, Marajó Archipelago, state of Pará, eastern Amazon, Brazil: (a) Cephalic region view. Bar = 100 µm; (b ) Posterior end of male, lateral view. Bar = 100 µm; (c) Caudal region of male, ventral view. Bar = 150 µm; (d) Vulval region, lateral view. Bar = 100 µm; (e) Egg from ovijector. Bar = 100 µm; (f) Posterior end of female, lateral view. Bar = 200 µm.

Figure 2
Cucullanus marajoara n. sp. of Colomesus psittacus. Scanning electron micrographs of a female: (a) Cephalic region subapical views, oral aperture with four external papillae (arrowheads), four internal papillae (*), and amphid (a). Bar = 20 µm; (b) Detail showing the oral aperture with teeth (*) surrounded by a cuticular ring (cr) and amphid (a). Bar = 5 µm; ( c) Deirid. Bar = 5µm; (d) Excretory pore (ep). Bar = 10 µm; (e) Vulval region (v) and protruding upper lip (*) in the lateral view. Bar = 20 µm; (f) A anal region, ventral view. Bar = 20 µm; (g) Arrowheads indicate phasmids. Bar = 25 µm.

Males (Based on 10 specimens, measurements of the holotype in brackets): Body length of 7.59 (6.0–10.6) [8], and maximum width at the junction between the esophagus and bowel of 0.27 (0.19–0.36) [0.29]. Muscular oesophagus with a size of 0.76 (0.63–0.91) [0.77] × 0.13 (0.1–0.2) [0.13]. Oesophastome with a size of 0.28 (0.25–0.33) [0.28] × 0.14 (0.13–0.16) [0.14]; the oesophagus represents 10% (8–13%) [10%] of the total body length. The nerve ring, deirids, and excretory pore are positioned 0.32 (0.22–0.86) [0.26], 0.65 (0.52–0.76) [0.63], and 0.81 (0.65–0.97) [0.78] from the cephalic end, respectively. A muscular precloacal sucker with a diameter of 0.10 (0.08–0.15) [0.097] is located 0.76 (0.61–0.88) [0.84] from the posterior extremity ( Figures 1 b, c, 3 a). The cloacal opening has a protruded upper lip ( Figures 1 b, 3 d). Postdeirids are not observed. Ten pairs of caudal papillae are observed as follows: five precloacal pairs (the first pair is located anteriorly to the cloacal sucker, and pairs No. 2, 3, 4, and 5 are ventral and located posteriorly to the cloacal sucker) and five postcloacal pairs (pairs No. 6, 8, and 10 are ventral, pair No. 7 is lateral, and pair No. 9 is dorsal); a pair of lateral phasmids is located between pairs No. 8 and 10 ( Figures 1 b-c and 3 a- c). Unpaired ventral papilla is located slightly anterior to the cloacal protrusions ( Figures 1 b-c and 3 d). The spicules are long, filiform, subequal, and sclerotized, with a length of 0.78 (0.56-1.00) [0.78], representing 10% (8–12.5%) [9.75%] of the total body length ( Figures 1 b, c and 3 a). The gubernaculum is sclerotized and is spoon-shaped in the lateral view, with a length of 0.07 (0.06-0.08) [0.08]. The conical tail has a length of 0.22 (0.20-0.26) [0.22]; the caudal alae and cuticular projection are absent ( Figures 1 c and 3 a).

Figure 3
Cucullanus marajoara n. sp. of Colomesus psittacus . Scanning electron micrographs of a male: (a) Tail region, lateral view, caudal papillae, 10 pairs: five pre-cloacal pairs (the first pair is located anterior to the pre-cloacal sucker, whereas pairs No. 2, 3, 4, and 5 are ventral and located posterior to the pre-cloacal sucker) and five post-cloacal pairs (pairs No. 6, 8, and 10 are ventral, pair No. 7 is lateral, and pair No. 9 is dorsal); the pseudosucker (ps) and pair of lateral phasmids are located between pairs No. 8 and 10 and the spicule (e). Bar = 100 µm; (b) Detail of phasmids. Bar = 5 µm. (c) Detail of the tail showing four pairs of ventral papillae (No. 5, 6, 8, and 10), a lateral pair (No. 7), a dorsal pair (No. 9), and phasmids (arrowheads). Bar = 25 µm; (d ) Detail of the unpaired papilla (u), spicule (e). Bar = 20 µm.

Females (Based on 10 gravid specimens with immature eggs, measurements of allotype in brackets): Body length of 9.5 (7.55–12.12) [12.12], maximum width at the junction between the esophagus and intestine of 0.35 (0.28–0.46) [0.39]. The oesophastome has a size of 0.3 (0.28–0.33) [0.33] × 0.15 (0.13–0.17) [0.17]; the muscular oesophagus has a size of 0.84 (0.76–0.91) [0.91] × 0.15 (0.13–0.18) [0.18], with the oesophagus representing 9% (7–11%) [7.6] of the total body length. The nerve ring, deirids, and excretory pore are located 0.29 (0.26–0.32) [0.3], 0.76 (0.64–0.95) [0.91], and 0.95 (0.78–1.23) [0.94] from the anterior extremity, respectively. Vulva postequatorial is located 5.96 (4.68–7.75) [7.75] from the cephalic end and has a prominent upper lip ( Figures 1 d and 2 e). The eggs have a size of 0.04 (0.03–0.05) × 0.03 (0.03–0.04) ( Figures 1 d, f). Tail conical has a length of 0.26 (0.23–0.31) [0.25]; the phasmids are conspicuous and lack a cuticular projection at the extremity ( Figures 1 e, 2 g). The anus has a prominent upper lip ( Figures 1 e, 2 f).

Taxonomy Summary:

Cucullanus marajoara n. sp.

Host:Colomesus psittacus Bloch and Schneider, 1801 (Tetraodontiformes: Tetraodontidae) – Common name: Baiacu (puffer fish)

Average length and weight of hosts: 35.5 cm and 368.5 g, respectively.

Site of infection: Middle intestine.

Biome: Amazon - Environment: Estuarine

Location type: Municipality of Soure, Marajó Archipelago, state of Pará, Brazil.

Prevalence: 90% (20 host examined, 18 hosts infected)

Etymology: The specific name marajoara refers to the geographical region of the distribution (i.e., Arquipélago de Marajó, state of Pará, Amazon, Brazil).

Deposit of Specimens: Coleção Helmintológica do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz

(acronym CHIOC), State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Cucullanus marajoara n. sp. CHIOC 38584 a-h (holotype: 38584a and allotype: 38584b and paratypes: female 9c; paratypes: male 7d; paratypes: male 8e; paratypes: male 10f; voucher female: g-h).

Discussion

The genus Cucullanus contains more 100 nominal species that parasitize freshwater, brackish, and marine fish ( LÓPEZ-CABALLERO et al., 2009 ; YOOYEN et al., 2011 ; LACERDA et al., 2015 ). Moravec et al. (1993) was if the opinion that species of Cucullanus have a fairly uniform morphology and that some species had been described incorrectly; thus, performing a detailed comparison between all species was impracticable. Therefore, morphological and morphometric comparisons among different species should consider the taxonomic group of the host ( MORAVEC et al., 2005 ; GONZÁLEZ-SOLÍS et al., 2007 ; LÓPEZ-CABALLERO et al., 2009 ; YOOYEN et al., 2011 ; PEREIRA et al., 2015 ) and the zoogeographical region in which the host was found ( MORAVEC et al., 1997 ; SARDELLA et al., 1997 ; CASPETA-MANDUJANO et al., 2000 ; DANIEL et al., 2002 ; LANFRANCHI et al., 2004 ; CABAÑAS-CARRANZA & CASPETA-MANDUJANO, 2007 ; PEREIRA et al., 2015 ; LACERDA et al., 2015 ) were selecting species for comparison.

In Brazil, genus Cucullanus contains 27 parasite species from 10 different orders of fish (Siluriformes, Perciformes, Cichliformes, Characiformes, Tetradontiformes, Gymnotiformes, Ophidiiformes, Anguilliformes, Lophiiformes, and Gadiformes) that are present in different aquatic environments, including freshwater, estuarine, and marine. The order Siluriformes contains the highest number of representatives of the genus Cucullanus . Cucullanus pinnai, C. zungaro, C. pauliceae (Syn. C. schubarti Travassos, 1947), C. oswaldocruzi, C. grandistomis, C. brevisciculus , C. pimelodellae, C. pinnai pterodorasi, C. pseudoplatystoma, C. heliomartinsi, and C. ageneiosus were described to parasitize Brazilian fish in three different aquatic environments. Cucullanus bagre described in Bagre bagre in Cayenne, French Guiana, and the North Atlantic Ocean was redescribed in Brazil by Pereira et al. (2015) in the same host in Angra dos Reys Bay, state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, South Atlantic Ocean.

Cucullanus marajoara n. sp. parasitizes C. psittacus (Tetradontiformes), which was collected in municipality of Soure, Marajó Archipelago, state Pará, but differs in habitat, biome, and host order from C. cirratus, C. pulcherrimus, C. carioca, C. rougetae, C. tucunarensis, C. protrudens, and C. pseudopercis, which are parasites of fish of the order Perciformes, which are mostly marine. C. tucunarensis and C. opisthoporus, parasites of freshwater fish of the genus Cichla (Cichliformes) in northern Brazil; differ morphologically from the new species because they present sclerotized spines at the tail end in the ventral region.

Hosts of the order Perciformes, which are mostly marine, include Cucullanus cirratus , C. pulcherrimus, C. carioca, C. rougetae, C. protrudens and C. pseudopercis followed by hosts of the order Tetradontiformes, including C. dodsworthi and C. brevicaudatus, and the orders Characiformes, Gymnotiformes, Ophidiiformes, Anguilliformes, and Lophiiformes, including C. mogi, C. rhamphichthydis , C. genypteri, C. pedroi, and C. gastrophysi, respectively.

Cucullanus dodsworthi and C. brevicaudatus are the only species described parasitizing fish of the order Tetradontiformes. C. dodsworthi was originally described in Sphoeroides testudineus in Brazil ( BARRETO, 1922 ). Campana-Rouget (1957) redescribed this species parasitizing Lagocephalus laevigatus in Senegal, Africa, and Mejía-Madrid & Guillén-Hernández (2011) redescribed the species parasitizing Sphoeroides testudineus in Mexico. Cucullanus marajoara n. sp. presents 10 pairs of cloacal papillae distributed in five ventral precloacal pairs, an unpaired papilla on the upper lip of the cloaca, and five postcloacal pairs (pairs No. 6, 8, and 10 are ventral, pair No. 7 is lateral, and pair No. 9 is dorsal); one pair of lateral phasmids located between pairs No. 8 and 10. C. dodsworthi also has ten pairs of papillae, but their distribution is unique [three ventral precloacal pairs, four adcloacal pairs, one unpaired precloacal papillae on anterior precloacal lip and three postcloacal pairs (two ventral pairs and one lateral pair)]. Moreover, Barreto (1922) and López-Caballero et al. (2009) did not observe protruded cloacal lips, which occur in the new species.

Cucullanus brevicaudatus, a parasite of B. capriscus (Tetraodontiformes: Balistidae), differs from the new species by the host family, habitat (marine), morphology of the gubernaculum well sclerotised, thin distally, enlarged and with small ornament proximally, tail size, and distribution of the caudal papillae (six pairs of precloacal papillae, one pair of adcloacal papillae, and three pairs of posterior papillae).

Cuculllanus marajoara n. sp. differs from other similar species that parasitize hosts of order Siluriformes by the host species and habitat, with the exceptions of C. oswaldocruzi, which is a parasite of the freshwater fish Paulicea luetkeni (Syn. Zungaro zungaro) found in the Curuá river, and C. ageneiosus, which is a parasite of the estuarine fish Ageneiosus ucayalensis ; both of these species occur in Pará in the same zoogeographic region as the new species. Morphologically, Cucullanus marajoara n. sp. differs from these two species by the distribution of the cloacal papillae, including the presence of five precloacal pairs (the first pair is located anterior to the precloacal sucker, whereas pairs No. 2, 3, 4, and 5 are ventral and located posterior to the precloacal sucker) and five postcloacal pairs (pairs No. 6, 8, and 10 are ventral, pair No. 7 is lateral, and pair No. 9 is dorsal). The location of the phasmids between pairs No. 8 and 10 is a diagnostic feature of the new species and differs from C. ageneiosus, in which the phasmids are located immediately posterior to the tenth pair of papillae. In addition to belonging to a different host group, C. oswaldocruzi and C. ageneiosus do not present a protuberant cloacal upper lip and do not have an odd papilla on this lip, as has been observed in Cucullanus marajoara n. sp.

Cucullanus mogi (parasite of Characirfomes) and C. rhamphichthydis (parasite of Gymnotiformes) differ from the new species based on the host order and other morphological characteristics. Cucullanus mogi does not have a gubernaculum, whereas this structure is present in Cucullanus marajoara n. sp. (0.06–0.08 mm). Cucullanus rhamphichthydis parasitizes the freshwater fish Rhamphichthys rostratus in Paraná, Brazil, and only females have been used for the description of the species. The morphological characteristics that are important for the distinction of these species from the new species include the position of the nerve ring (0.354–0.476), deirids (1.63), excretory pore (1.81–2.30), and non-protruding vulval lips in females. Additional morphometric comparisons between Cucullanus marajoara n. sp. and the other species found in Brazil are presented in Table 1 .

Table 1
Morphometric characteristics of Cucullanus marajoara n. sp. parasite of Colomesus psittacus in the Marajó Archipelago, state of Pará, eastern Amazon, Brazil.

Caracteres	Cucullanus marajoara n. sp.					Cucullanus cirratus						Cucullanus pulcherrimus					Cucullanus dodsworthi					Cucullanus pinnai						Cucullanus zungaro						Cucullanus pauliceae
	Male			Female		Male			Female			Male			Female		Male		Female			Male		Female				Male		Female				Male			Female
Host	Colomesus psittacus					Micropogonias undulatus						Caranx lugubris					Spheroides testudineus					Pimelodus clarias						Paulicea luetkeni						Paulicea luetkeni
Group of host	(Tetraodontiformes)					(Perciformes)						(Perciformes)					(Tetraodontiformes)					(Siluriformes)						(Siluriformes)						(Siluriformes)
Locality	Soure, Arquipélago do Marajó, Pará, Brazil					Macaé, RJ, Brazil						Ilha de Trindade, ES. Brazil					Baia da Ganabara. RJ. Brazil					Rio Guaçu. SP. Brazil						Rio Paraná. PR. Brazil						Rio Paraná, PR. Brazil
Environment	Brackish					Marine						Marine					Marine					Freshwater						Freshwater						Freshwater
Author	–					Mueller (1777)						Barreto (1918)					Barreto (1922)					Travassos, Artigas & Pereira (1928)						Vaz & Pereira (1934)						Vaz & Pereira (1934)
Length	6–10.6			7.55–12.12		10.9			13.2			13.30			15.90		9.54		14.4			5.07–11.88		5.07–12.31				5.40–11.60		8.3				18.5			20.30
Esophagus	0.63–0.91			0.76–0.91		0.99			1.16			1.59			–		0.71–0.91 a		0.95–1.06 a			0.54–0.97		0.61–0.95				0.898		–				1.50			–
Vulva (Position)	Postequatorial					Postequatorial						Equatorial					Postequatorial					Postequatorial						Equatorial						Postequatorial
Precloacal papillae	5ve+1u					6						3ve					3 ve+1u a					5ve						5						3
Adcloacal papillae	–					1						4 (3 ve–1L)					4					1						–						3 (2 sv–1L)
Posterior papillae	5 (3ve–1L+1dL–1ph)					4						3 (2 ve–1L)					3 (2ve–1L) a					4 (2 sv–2L–1ph)						5 (3 sv–2L–1ph)						4 (2 sv–2L--1ph)
Spicule length	0.56–1					0.88						0.62					1.023					0.345–0.681						0.640–0.780						1.2
Gubernaculum	0.06–0.08					0.16						0.13					0.114					0.06 –0.07						0.075						–
Cloacal lips	Protruded					No protruded						No protruded					No protruded					No protruded						No protruded						Protruded
Reference	From this study					Vicente & Santos (1973)						Barreto (1922)					( Barreto, 1922 )					Moravec (1998)						Moravec (1998)						Moravec (1998)
Caracteres	Cucullanus schubarti					Cucullanus mogi				Cucullanus carioca			Cucullanus rougetae					Cucullanus bagre				Cucullanus oswaldocruzi							Cucullanus grandistomis					Cucullanus brevispiculus
	Male	Female				Male				Male	Female		Male					Male			Female	Male				Female			Male		Female			Male				Female
Host	Paulicea luetkeni					Leporinus sp.				Pinguipes brasilianus			Plagioscion auratus					Bagre bagre				Paulicea luetkeni							Pseudodora niger					Auchenipterus nuchalis
Group of host	(Siluriformes)					(Characiformes)				(Perciformes)			(Perciformes)					(Siluriformes)				(Siluriformes)							(Siluriformes)					(Siluriformes)
Locality	Rio Mogi Guaçú, SP. Bazil					Rio Mogi Guaçú, SP. Bazil				Baia da Guanabara. RJ. Brazil			Macaé. RJ. Brazil					Angra dos Reis Bay, RJ. Brazil				Rio Amazonas. PA. Brazil							Rio Amazônas, AM. Brazil					Rio Paraná. PR. Brazil
Environment	Freshwater					Freshwater				Marine			Marine					Marine				Freshwater							Freshwater					Freshwater
Author	Travassos (1947)					Travassos (1948)				Vicente & Fernandes (1973)			Vicente & Santos (1974)					Petter (1974)				Santos, Vicente & Jardim (1979)							Ferraz & Thatcher (1988)					Moravec, Kohn & Fernandes (1993)
Length	14.5–15.6	19.2				8.7				4.47–7.71	5.88		3.71					11.3–19			13.4–18.6	17.13–18.22				18.22			3.70–4.70		3–7.40			9.56–9.86				8.55–11
Esophagus	1.4–1.8	1.4–1.8				0.70				0.79–0.83	0.72		0.63					1.2–1.4			1.2–2.0	1.52				1.59			0.56–0.68		0.45–0.79			0.76–0.81				0.95–1.03
Vulva (Position)	Postequatorial					–				Postequatorial			–					Postequatorial				Postequatorial							Postequatorial					Postequatorial
Precloacal papillae	2					5				6			6					3 (2v–1sv)+1u				5							4					5
Adcloacal papillae	2					–				–			–					4 (3sv–1L)				–							4					–
Posterior papillae	5					6 (5ve–1L)				4			5					3 (2sv–1L)				6 (+1ph)							3					5 (3sv–2L–1ph)
Spicule length	1–1.4					0.68–0.76				0.91–1.05			0.96					0.360–0.429				1.14							0.78					0.210
Gubernaculum	0.1					Absent				0.06			0.06					0.172–0.182				0.09							–					0.075–0.084
Cloacal lips	–					No protruded				No protruded			No protruded					Protruded				No protruded							No protruded					No protruded
Reference	Travassos (1947)					Travassos (1947)				Vicente & Fernandes (1973)			Vicente & Santos (1974)					Pereira et al. (2015)				Moravec (1998)							Moravec (1998)					Moravec (1998)
Caracteres	Cucullanus Pimelodellae				Cucullanus pinnai pterodorasi						Cucullanus pseudoplatystomae					Cucullanus rhamphichthydis							Cucullanus genypteri						Cucullanus heliomartinsi							Cucullanus pedroi
	Male				Male		Female				Male		Female			Female							Male		Female				Male			Female				Male				Female
Host	Pimelodella lateristriga				Pseudoplatystoma corruscans						Pseudoplatystoma corruscans					Rhamphichthys rostratus							Genypterus brasiliensis						Parauchenipterus stiatulus							Conger orbignianus
Group of host	(Siluriformes)				(Siluriformes)						(Siluriformes)					(Gymnotiformes)							(Ophidiiformes)						(Siluriformes)							(Anguilliformes)
Locality	Rio Paraná. PR. Brazil				Rio Paraná. PR. Brazil						Rio Paraná. PR. Brazil					Santa Helena. PR. Brazil							Cabo Frio, Rj. Brazil						Rio Doce. MG. Brazil							Cabo Frio, Rj. Brazil
Environment	Freshwater				Freshwater						Freshwater					Freshwater							Marine						Freshwater							Marine
Author	Moravec, Kohn & Fernandes (1993)				Moravec, Kohn & Fernandes (1993)						Moravec, Kohn & Fernandes (1993)					Moravec, Kohn & Fernandes (1993)							Sardella, Navone & Timi (1997)						Moreira, Rocha & Costa (2000)							Timi & Lanfranchi (2006)
Length	3.74–4.92				6.83–9.90		8.60–10.35				9.09–11.83		8.57–15.16			9.34–12.35							17.6–21.9		18.3–27.5				11.18			17.45				10.5–15.2				19.4–25.6
Esophagus	0.57–0.66				0.748–0.884		0.843–0.870				1.09–1.44		1.10–1.47			1.17–1.35							1.8–2.4		1.8–2.5				0.80			0.93				1.3–1.5				1.5–1.6
Vulva (Position)	–				Postequatorial						Postequatorial					Postequatorial							Postequatorial						Postequatorial							Postequatorial
Precloacal papillae	5 (sv)				5						5–6					–							3v + 1u						5							4 +1u
Adcloacal papillae	1				1						1					–							4 (3sv–1L)						1							3 (2sv–1L)
Posterior papillae	5 (3sv–2L)				4 (2sv–2L–1ph)						4 (2sv–2L–1ph)					–							4 (2sv–1sd–1ph)						5 (3sv–2L)							4(2sv–1sd–1ph)
Spicule length	0.21–0.33				0.544–0.558						0.486–0.534					–							1–1.3						0.28							1.1–1.6
Gubernaculum	0.03–0.04				0.069						0.075– 0.084					–							0.047–0.055						0.09							0.232–0.264
Cloacal lips	No protruded				Protruded						No protruded					–							No protruded						No protruded							Protruded
Reference	Moravec et al. (1993)				Moravec et al. (1993)						Moravec et al. (1993)					Moravec et al. (1997)							Vieira et al. (2015)						Moreira et al. (2000)							Vieira et al. (2015)
Caracteres	Cucullanus ageneiosus				Cucullanus tucunarensis						Cucullanus brevicaudatus					Cucullanus gastrophysi							Cucullanus protrudens						Cucullanus pseudopercis						Cucullanus opisthoporus
	Male		Female		Male			Female			Male			Female		Male				Female			Male				Female		Male				Female		Male				Female
Host	Ageneiosus ucayalensis				Cichla piquiti						Balistes capriscus					Lophius gatrophysus							Pargus pargus						Pseudopercis semifasciata						Cichla melaniae
Group of host	(Siluriformes)				(Cichliformes)						(Tetraodontiformes)					(Lophiiformes)							(Perciformes)						(Perciformes)						(Cichliformes)
Locality	Baia do Guajará. PA. Brazil				Rio Tocantins. TO. Brazil						Angra dos Reis Bay. RJ. Brazil					Cabo Frio. RJ. Brazil							Cabo Frio. RJ. Brazil						Cabo Frio. RJ. Brazil						Rio Xingu. PA. Brazil
Environment	Brackish				Freshwater						Marine					Marine							Marine						Marine						Freshwater
Author	Giese, Furtado, Lanfredi & Santos (2010)				Lacerda, Takemoto, Marchiori, Martins & Pavanelli (2013)						Pereira, Vieira & Luque (2014)					Pereira, Vieira & Luque (2015)							Pereira, Vieira & Luque (2015)						Pereira, Vieira & Luque (2015)						Pereira & Luque (2017)
Length	3.65–8.94		10–12		4.50–5.87			4.75–7			2.5–3.6			2.6–4.5		12.3–16.6				14.8–20.2			10.5–12.3				14.5–17		8.9–12.1				10. 8–12.7		4.6–5.9				5.6
Esophagus	0.51–0.57		0.94–1		0.65–0.75			0.78–0.84			0.471–0.591			0.539–0.650		1.13–1.33				1.23–1.42			1–1.2				1.13–1.37		0.78–1				0.8–1.1		0.382–0.472				0.507
Vulva (Position)	Postequatorial				Postequatorial						Postequatorial					Postequatorial							Pre–equatorial						Postequatorial						Postequatorial
Precloacal papillae	5sv				6						6 (5sv–1L)					5 sv + 1u							4 sv +1u						5 (4sv–1L+1u)						5v + 1u
Adcloacal papillae	–				2						1					1 sv							2 sv						2						2 (1sv–1L)
Posterior papillae	5 (3sv–2L–1ph)				4						3 (1sv–1v–1sd)					3 (2sv–1sd–1ph)							4 (2sv–1sd–1L–1ph)						3 (2sv–1sd–1ph)						3 (2sv–1sd–1ph)
Spicule length	0.14–0.18				0.96 –1.28						0.669–0. 853					0.97–1.29							0.400–0.415						1–1.5						0. 739–1.18
Gubernaculum	0.08–0.10				0.08–0.10						0.080–0.087					0.107–0.135							0.091–0.103						0.178–0.196						0.048–0.065
Cloacal lips	No protruded				–						Protruded					Not protuded							Protruded						Protruded						Not protruded
Reference	Giese et al. (2010)				Lacerda et al. (2013)						Pereira et al. (2014)					Vieira et al. (2015)							Vieira et al. (2015)						Vieira et al. (2015)						Pereira & Luque (2017)

• ^a
  basede on Mejía-Madrid & Aguirre-Macedo (2011) ;
• Abbreviations: v = ventral papillae; sd = subdorsal papillae; sv = subventral papillae; L = lateral papillae; dL = dorsolateral papillae; RJ = Rio de Janeiro state; ES = Espírito Santo state; SP = São Paulo state; PR = Paraná state; AM: Amazonas state; PA: Pará state.

Vieira et al. (2015) studied marine fish and described C. gastrophysis, which is a parasite of Lophius gastrophysus (Lophiformes), and redescribed C. genypteri parasitizing Genypterus brasiliensis (Ophidiiformes), C. pedroi parasitizing Conger orbignianus (Anguilliformes), and C. cirratus parasitizing Urophycis brasiliensis (Gadiformes) in the states of Rio de Janeiro and Rio Grande do Sul. Cucullanus marajoara n. sp. differs from these species in the zoogeographical region, host order, and absence of adcloacal papilla, as observed in the four marine species C. gastrophysis (one pair, 1sv), C. genypteri (four pairs, 3sv–1L), C. pedroi (three pairs, 2sv–1L), and C. cirratus (four pairs, 3sv–1L).

In conclusion, this study described Cucullanus marajoara n. sp. as the first species of the genus parasitizing C. psittacus in Marajó Archipelago region, in state of Pará, in eastern Amazon. This species is the second species of the genus living in estuarine environments in Brazil and adds new data to the diversity of fish parasites of the Tetraodontiformes in the Neotropical region.

Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to the following the Laboratório de Histologia e Embriologia Animal and Laboratório de Microscópia Eletrônica de Varredura – Instituto da Saúde e Produção Animal – Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia – UFRA, campus Belém, state of Pará, Brazil for the use of the scanning electron microscope. This study is part of the Ph.D. thesis of Raul Henrique da Silva Pinheiro, developed for the Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários (Graduate Program in Biology of Infectious Agents and Parasites), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (Biological Sciences Institute), Universidade Federal do Pará-UFPA. Financial support for this study was provided by the PAPQ2017/PROPESP/UFPA, Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – CAPES and Ministério da Educação do Brasil.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  08 Nov 2018
• Date of issue
  Oct-Dec 2018

History

• Received
  29 June 2018
• Accepted
  22 Aug 2018