A new species of Cruzia (Ascaridida; Kathlanidae) parasitizing Salvator merianae (Squamata, Teiidae) from the Atlantic forest in Brazil

Uma nova espécie de Cruzia (Ascaridida; Kathlanidae) parasitando Salvator merianae (Squamata, Teiidae) de Mata Atlântica no Brasil

Abstract

Cruzia lauroi sp. nov. is described from Salvator merianae (Duméril & Bibron, 1839) (Squamata; Teiidae). The new species differs from all previously described species through several morphological characteristics: number of tooth like structures per row in the inner pharynx; and presence of unpaired papillae on the anterior border of the cloacal aperture. However, Cruzia lauroi sp. nov. is closest to C. tentaculata (Rudolphi, 1819), through having similar distribution of male caudal papillae, unpaired pre-cloacal papillae and females with an pre-equatorial vulva. Cruzia lauroi sp. nov. differs from C. tentaculata regarding smaller total body length of individuals, higher number of tooth like structures per row in the pharynx, greater size of diverticulum, smaller size of spicules and a more anterior vulva than in C. tentaculata; and the males do not have caudal alae. Cruzia mazza, C. travassosia, C. mexicana and C. testudines were considered to be species inquirendae, because their descriptions need more detailed taxonomic studies.

Keywords:
Cruzia lauroi sp. nov.; lizard; new species; Salvator merianae; Brazil

Resumo

Cruzia lauroi sp. nov. é uma nova espécie descrita em Salvator merianae (Duméril & Bibron, 1839) (Squamata; Teiidae). Essa nova espécie difere de todas as espécies descritas anteriormente por diferentes características morfológicas: pelo número de dentes por coluna longitudinal interna na faringe; pela presença de papila ímpar na borda anterior da cloaca. Entretanto, Cruzia lauroi sp. nov. possui similaridades com C. tentaculata (Rudolphi, 1819), por ter distribuição semelhante das papilas caudais dos machos, por possuir papila pré-cloacal ímpar e por possuir fêmeas com vulva pré-equatorial. Cruzia lauroi sp. nov. se difere de C. tentaculata em relação ao menor comprimento total do corpo dos indivíduos, pelo maior número de dentes por coluna longitudinal interna na faringe; pelo maior tamanho de divertículo; pelo menor tamanho de espículos; por possuir fêmeas com vulva mais próxima a extremidade anterior do que observado em fêmeas de C. tentaculata; e pelos machos não possuírem asa caudal. Cruzia mazza, C. travassosia, C. mexicana e C. testudines foram consideradas species inquirendae, pelo fato de suas descrições necessitarem de maior detalhamento taxonômico.

Palavras-chave:
Cruzia lauroi sp. nov.; lagartos; nova espécie; Salvator merianae; Brasil

Introduction

Nematodes of the genus Cruzia Travassos, 1917, have been reported to inhabit the large intestine of amphibians, reptiles and, especially, mammals (Ruiz, 1947; Lent & Freitas, 1948; Ubelaker & Younus, 1965; Adnet et al., 2009). Until the current study, this genus included 12 nominal species that occur in North, Central and South America (Ruiz, 1947; Lent & Freitas, 1948; Wahid, 1964; Costa, 1965; Ubelaker & Younus, 1965; Adnet et al., 2009). However, some species of this genus need more detailed taxonomic studies and need to be re-evaluated.

In reptiles of the Neotropical region, three species of Cruzia have been reported: Cruzia rudolphii Ruiz, 1947; C. tentaculata (Rudolphi, 1819); and Cruzia travassosia Khalil & Vogelsang, 1932 (Ruiz, 1947; Lent & Freitas, 1948; Baker, 1987; Ávila et al., 2008; 2010; Ávila & Silva, 2010). However, most of these reports do not provide any morphological or morphometric data on the species. Cruzia fulleborni Khalil and Vogelsang, 1930, was reported by Ávila & Silva (2010) to be a parasite of Tupinambis teguixin (Linnaeus, 1758) (Squamata; Teiidae) (= Salvator merianae) from Argentina and Paraguay. It was transferred to the genus Schizobucca Schuurmans-Stekhoven Jr., 1950 (Ascaridida; Kathlanidae) by Schuurmans-Stekhoven (1950).

This study describes a new species of Cruzia parasitizing Salvator merianae (Duméril & Bibron, 1839) (Squamata; Teiidae), from the Atlantic forest biome region in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Materials and Methods

The nematodes were collected from the large intestine of one specimen of S. merianae that was found dead in the municipality of Juiz de Fora (21º76' S; 43º21' W), state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. This lizard was identified based on Peters et al. (1986) and was deposited in the Coleção Herpetologica da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora – Repteis (CHUFJF – Repteis 1488), Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Living parasites were fixed in 4% hot formalin and were kept in this for 15 days. After this period, they were conditioned in 70°GL ethanol for morphological studies. For species identification, 20 adult nematodes were separated for analysis. The specimens were clarified in Amann's lactophenol, mounted on temporary slides and analyzed under an Olympus BX-41 microscope equipped with drawing tube and micrometric ocular lens, in the Laboratorio de Helmintos Parasitos de Vertebrados of the Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. All measurements are given in micrometers as ranges.

The specimens were identified to genus level in accordance with Chabaud (1978). The identification key of species of Cruzia was elaborated from the original descriptions of the species of this genus or studies of revision of these species. Holotype, allotype and paratypes were deposited in the Helminthological Collection of the Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (CHIOC), FIOCRUZ, RJ, Brazil.

Results

Description

Cruzia lauroi sp. nov. (Figure 1)

Figure 1
Cruzia lauroi sp. nov. (A) anterior region of body, male, lateral view; (B) cephalic end, male, lateral view; (C) posterior region, male, lateral view; (D) posterior region, male, latero-ventral view; (E) tail, male, latero-ventral view; (F) tail, female, lateral view.

General morphology. The parasites are long, straight and thick. The mouth is surrounded by three well-formed lips (Figure 1B). The shape of the lips is pyramidal, with triangular spaces left between each of them (Figure 1B). The dorsal lip has a pair of lateral papillae, and the two latero-ventral lips have only one papilla and one amphid on each (Figure 1B). One pair of tiny tooth like structures is located at the inner margin of each lip (Figure 1B). The pharynx is lined with a cuticle that has three columns with two parallel lines of tooth like structures each, that look like a saw, which project into the lumen (Figures 1A, B). The intestinal diverticulum extends anteriorly beyond the esophageal bulb (Figure 1A). Lateral alae are absent.

Males (Based on 10 adult specimens). Body elongated. Total body length 6.60–8.82 mm (7.41 ± 0.98 mm), maximum width 337–375 (362.5 ± 35.94). Pharynx 97–150 (125 ± 26.46) long. Esophagus 1.31–1.95 mm (1.63 ± 0.29 mm) long and 80–150 (117.5 ± 31.22) wide, bulb 200–310 (270 ± 60.83) long and 200–300 (253 ± 50.33) wide. Nerve ring 260–480 (375 ± 90) and excretory pore 770–930 (840 ± 93.1) from cephalic end. Intestinal diverticulum 550–850 (775 ± 150) long. Posterior region ventrally curved, becomes narrower posterior to cloacal aperture and almost cylindrical in the posterior third, ending as a conical tip shape (Figure 1C). Cloacal aperture 140–250 (197.5 ± 45) from posterior end. Caudal region shows 10 pairs of sessile papillae symmetrically ventro-laterally located, three large pre-cloacal papillae, three ad cloacal papillae and four post-cloacal papillae, and one unpaired papillae at the anterior border of cloacal aperture (Figures 1CE). Gubernaculum with triangular shape (Figure 1D) 130–180 (155 ± 20.82) long. Spicules similar, long and robust (Figures 1C, D), 600–750 (648 ± 63.06) long.

Females (Based on 10 adult specimens). Body elongated. Total body length 8.21–9.75 mm (8.89 ± 0.66 mm), maximum width 370–450 (420 ± 34.64). Pharynx 140–200 (165 ± 25.17) long. Esophagus 1.56–2 mm (1.87 ± 0.22 mm) long and 120–150 (133 ± 12.88) wide, bulb 270–330 (302 ± 25) long and 280–330 (307.5 ± 22.17) wide. Nerve ring 260–420 (370 ± 77.89) and excretory pore 870–920 (955 ± 55.1) from cephalic end. Intestinal diverticulum 470–980 (725 ± 294.45) long. Vulva pre-cloacal, 1.71–2.17 mm (1.95 ± 0.23) from cephalic end. Eggs not observed, adult females, but with eggs not yet formed. Posterior end sharply conical (Figure 1F), tail 610–920 (730.5 ± 130.48) long.

Taxonomic summary

Type-host:Salvator merianae (Duméril & Bibron, 1839) (Squamata, Teiidae) (Argentine Black and White Tegu).

Locality: Municipality of Juiz de Fora (21º76'S, 43º21' W), state of Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Site of infection: Large intestine.

Type-material: Holotype male (CHIOC 38781a), allotype female (CHIOC 38781b), 2 male and 2 female paratypes (CHIOC 38781c).

Etymology. Specific name is in honor of Dr. Lauro Travassos from the Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Brazil, for his great contribution to the knowledge of Brazilian helminth biodiversity.

Discussion

The new species was assigned to the genus Cruzia because of the following morphological characteristics. The anterior end shows an oral aperture surrounded by three lips: on the dorsal lip, there is a pair of lateral papillae; and on the latero-ventral lips, one lateral papilla on each. There is one pair of tooth like structures located at the inner margin of each lip. The pharynx shows three columns with small tooth like structures, like a saw, which projects inwards and into the lumen. The intestinal diverticulum is prominent: it projects anteriorly and goes beyond the esophageal bulb. In males, the caudal region presents symmetrically located sessile papillae, a triangular gubernaculum and two spicules that are similar to each other and do not have a cloacal sucker.

Currently, nine species of Cruzia are considered to be valid (Table 1): six have been described from mammal hosts, two are parasitic in reptiles and one occurs in amphibians (Sprehn, 1932; Ruiz, 1947; Wolfgang, 1951; Crites, 1956; Wahid, 1964; Costa, 1965; Ubelaker & Younus, 1965; Guerrero, 1971; Adnet et al., 2009).

Table 1
Species of Cruzia Travassos, 1917, taxonomic characters of species, type hosts and localities of species.

Cruzia spp.	Characters						Type host	Country	References
	Male					Female
	Number of tooth-like structures	Spicule (µm)	Gubernaculum (µm)	Caudal papillae pre: ad: postcloacal	Unpaired Papillae	Vulva position
Cruzia americana Maplestone, 1930	15–18	890–1000	140–160	3: 3: 5	No	Pre- equatorial	Didelphis marsupialis (Mammal)	USA	Crites (1956)
Cruzia boliviana Sprehn, 1932	16–18	880	180	3: 3: 4	Yes	Pre- equatorial	Tolypeutes matacus (= T. conurus) and Dasypus novemcinctus (=T. novemcintus) (Mammal)	Paraguay and Bolivia	Sprehn (1932)
Cruzia brasiliensis Costa, 1965	17–22	848	219	3: 3: 5	Yes	Equatorial	Sus scrofa (Mammal)	Brazil	Costa (1965)
Cruzia buckleyi Wahid, 1964	6–7	1500–1700	260	3: 2: 4	Yes	Post-equatorial	Callimico goeldii (Mammal)	South America*	Wahid (1964)
Cruzia cameroni Wolfgang, 1951	13–17	1170–1270	180–195	3:3:4	No	Equatorial	Didelphis marsupialis (Mammal)	Trinidad	Wolfgang (1951)
Cruzia empera Guerrero, 1971	9	697–737	123–131	3: 3: 4	No	Equatorial	Rhinella marina (=Bufo marinus) (frog)	Venezuela	Guerrero (1971)
Cruzia lauroi sp. nov.	12	600–750	130–180	3: 3: 4	Yes	Pre-equatorial	Salvator merianae (Lizard)	Brazil	Current study
Cruzia rudolphi Ruiz, 1947	16–18	490	130	3: 3: 4	Yes	Equatorial	Erythrolamprus aesculapii (Snake)	Brazil	Ruiz (1947)
Cruzia tentaculata (Rudolphi, 1819)	10	890–960	160–190	3: 3: 4	Yes	Pre- equatorial	Didelphis aurita (Mammal)	Brazil	Adnet et al. (2009)
Cruzia tropidodipsi Ubelaker and Younus, 1965	13–14	760–1210	150	3: 3: 4	No	Post- equatorial	Tropidodipsas fasciata (Snake)	Mexico	Ubelaker & Younus (1965)

• ^*
  Host from an unnamed country in South America, and inhabiting the Zoological Garden of London, UK.

In different species of Cruzia, the number of teeth per row in the inner pharynx may be the main characteristic enabling species differentiation. Cruzia lauroi sp. nov. has 12 teeth in each row in the pharynx, which differs from C. buckleyi Wahid, 1964, and C. empera Guerrero, 1971, which have fewer teeth per row (Wahid, 1964; Guerrero, 1971). It also differs from C. americana Maplestone, 1930, C. boliviana Sprehn, 1932, C. brasiliensis Costa, 1965, and C. rudolphii Ruiz, 1947, which have considerably greater numbers of teeth per row than does Cruzia lauroi sp. nov. (Sprehn, 1932; Ruiz, 1947; Crites, 1956; Costa, 1965) (Table 1).

Cruzia cameroni Wolfgang, 1951, C. tentaculata (Rudolphi, 1819) and C. tropidodipsi Ubelaker & Younus, 1965, present variation in the number of teeth per row of the pharynx that is close to that of Cruzia lauroi sp. nov. (Wolfgang, 1951; Ubelaker & Younus, 1965; Adnet et al., 2009) (Table 1). However, Cruzia lauroi sp. nov. differs from C. cameroni and C. tropidodipsi in that these last two species do not have an unpaired papilla on the anterior border of the cloacal lip; and in relation to the position of the vulva, which in Cruzia lauroi sp. nov. is pre-cloacal (Table 1).

The species of the genus Cruzia in which the set of morphological and morphometric characteristics is closest to those of Cruzia lauroi sp. nov. is C. tentaculata (Rudolphi, 1819) (Table 1), which occurs mainly in mammals of the family Didelphidae (Travassos, 1917, 1922; Ruiz, 1947; Adnet et al., 2009). The latter species has also been recorded in Tupinambis teguixin (Linnaeus, 1758) (Squamata; Teiidae), and Rhinella marina (Linnaeus, 1758) (Anura; Bufonidae) (Ruiz, 1947).

Cruzia lauroi sp. nov. differs from C. tentaculata in that the individuals of the new species have shorter body length, higher number of toothlike structures per row of the pharynx, greater size of diverticulum in comparison with the size of the esophagus, smaller absolute size of spicules and a more anterior vulva than in C. tentaculata; and the males do not have caudal alae (Table 2).

Table 2
Comparative morphometrics of Cruzia lauroi sp. nov.and Cruzia tentaculata (Rudolphi, 1819).

	Cruzia lauroi sp. nov.		Cruzia tentaculata (Rudolphi, 1819)
Hosts	Salvator merianae (Duméril & Bibron, 1839)		Didelphis aurita (Wied-Neuwied, 1826), D. marsupialis Linnaeus, 1758
References	Current study		Adnet et al. (2009)
Localities	Brazil		Brazil, Colombia
	Females	Males	Females	Males
Body length (mm)	8.21–9.75	6.60–8.82	11.40–12.20	11–12.05
Body width	370–450	330–410	500–550	530–650
Pharynx length	140–200	90–150	170–260	170–210
Number of tooth-like structures in each row	12	12	10	10
Oesophagus length (mm)	1.56–2	1.31–1.95	1.59–2.16	2.07–2.32
Oesophagus width	120–150	80–95	90–140	100–130
Oesophagus bulb length	270–330	200–310	250–270	290–320
Oesophagus bulb width	280–330	200–300	250–320	270–330
Nerve ring	260–420	260–480	480–550	480–550
Excretory pore	920	770–930	1180–1300	1180–1300
Diverticulum length	470–980	550–850	390–450	370–420
Diverticulum - oesophagus ratio	40%	42%	20%	18%
Spicule length		600–750		890–960
Gubernaculum length		130–180		160–190
Number and position of caudal papillae		10 pairs (3 pre + 3 ad + 4 post) + 1 unpaired		10 pairs (3 pre + 3 ad + 4 post) + 1 unpaired
Vulva from anterior end (mm)	1.71–2.17 (Pre equatorial)		5.54–5.83 (Pre equatorial)
Vulva - body length ratio	21%		48%
Egg length	-		100–130
Egg width	-		60
Tail	610–920	140–250	690–1040	150–180

The most recent identification key for species of Cruzia was drafted by Ruiz (1947). However, some species were proposed after that study (C. brasiliensis, C. buckleyi, C. cameroni, C. empera and C. tropidodipsi); or were included in other genera, as was the case of Pseudocruzia orientalis (Maplestone, 1931), which was originally described as C. orientalis and was transferred to Pseudocruzia by Wolfgang (1953), and Schizobucca fulleborni (Khalil and Vogelsang, 1931), which was originally described as C. fulleborni and was transferred to Schizobucca by Schuurmans-Stekhoven Jr. (1950). Chabaud (1978) considered that the genera Schizobucca and Pseudocruzia were valid. Therefore, we present here the latest key to identification of valid species of Cruzia.

Key to species of Cruzia

1. Male with less than 15 tooth-like structures in each columns of pharynx 2

- Male with 15 or more tooth-like structures in each columns of pharynx 6

2. Absence of unpaired papilla on the anterior border of the cloaca 3

- Presence of unpaired papilla on the anterior border of the cloaca 4

3. Spicules greater than 900 µm Cruzia cameroni Wolfgang, 1951

- Spicules shorter than 900 µm Cruzia empera Guerrero, 1971

4. Vulva pre-equatorial 5

- Vulva post-equatorial Cruzia buckleyi Wahid, 1964

5. Male without caudal alae. Spicules shorter than 800 µm. Twelve tooth-like structures in each columns of pharynx Cruzia lauroi sp. nov.

- Male with small caudal alae. Spicules larger than 800 µm. Ten tooth-like structures in each columns of pharynx Cruzia tentaculata (Rudolphi, 1819)

6. Presence of unpaired papilla on the anterior border of the cloaca 7

- Absence of unpaired papilla on the anterior border of the cloaca 8

7. Eleven pair of caudal papillae. Vulva pre-equatorial Cruzia americana Maplestone, 1930

- Ten pair of caudal papillae. Vulva post-equatorial Cruzia tropidodipsi Ubelaker and Younus, 1965

8. Spicules greater than 600 µm 9

- Spicules shorter than 600 µm Cruzia rudolphi Ruiz, 1947

9. Eleven pair of caudal papillae Cruzia brasiliensis Costa, 1965

- Ten pair of caudal papillae Cruzia boliviana Sprehn, 1932

Only a few species of Cruzia have been reported from reptiles in South America (Ávila et al., 2010). Moreover, most of these records do not detail any morphological or morphometric characteristics of the parasites, which leaves doubt regarding their identification. Cruzia tentaculata was reported parasitizing T. teguixin in Uruguay but Lent & Freitas (1948) did not provide any taxonomic description of this species. The same situation occurred in relation to the records of C. travassosia in S. merianae from the Cerrado biome in Brazil, which was studied by Ávila et al. (2010); and in relation to C. rudolphii from Hoplocercus spinosus Fitzinger, 1843 (Squamata; Hoplocercidae) in the Brazilian Cerrado (Ávila et al., 2008). The study by Ruiz (1947) is the only one that has provided detailed taxonomic descriptions of the species of Cruzia parasitizing Brazilian hosts, including C. rudolphii, which is a parasite of Erythrolamprus aesculapii (Linnaeus, 1758) (Squamata; Colubridae) in Brazil. Therefore, it can be stated that further taxonomic studies on species of Cruzia in Brazilian reptiles are necessary, in order to understand the real dimensions of the biodiversity of the species of this genus in Brazilian reptiles.

Other species previously assigned to Cruzia deserve some comments. C. mazza and C. travassosia, which were found in mammals of the genus Tolypeutes Illiger, 1811 (Cingulata; Dasypodidae), in Argentina, are poorly described, because the number of tooth like structures is unknown, the description needs more graphic representation of taxonomic structures, the information about type material is non-existent and further details on the type locality were not reported (Khalil & Vogelsang, 1932). In relation to Cruzia mexicana, a parasite from an unspecified species of lizard in Mexico, the number of tooth like structures in the pharynx was not informed and the information about type material is non-existent (Khalil, 1927). Cruzia testudinis, which occurs in Terrapene carolina (Linnaeus, 1758) (Testudines, Emydidae) in the USA, was poorly described, since the number of tooth like structures in the pharynx is unknown and the graphical representation of the species is non-existent (Hardwood, 1932). Therefore, we prefer to consider these species as species inquirendae.

Acknowledgements

This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brazil (CAPES) - Finance Code 001. Fabiano M. Vieira was supported by a Postdoctoral fellowship from Programa Nacional de Pós-doutorado (PNPD), Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, Brasil/Fundação Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (CAPES/FIOCRUZ) at the Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade e Saúde (PPGBS) of the Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. Bernadete M. Sousa was supported by Productivity fellowship by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Brazil (CNPq).

• How to cite: Vieira FM, Gonçalves PA, Lima SS, Sousa BM, Muniz-Pereira LC. A new species of Cruzia (Ascaridida; Kathlanidae) parasitizing Salvator merianae (Squamata, Teiidae) from the Atlantic forest in Brazil. Braz J Vet Parasitol 2020; 29(1): e018519. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612019111

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  09 Apr 2020
• Date of issue
  2020

History

• Received
  14 Oct 2019
• Accepted
  09 Dec 2019