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Occurrence of IgG antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, and Leptospira spp. in goats and sheep from an indigenous village in Pernambuco, Brazil

Ocorrência de anticorpos IgG contra Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum e Leptospira spp. em caprinos e ovinos de uma aldeia indígena em Pernambuco, Brasil

Abstract

This study aimed to determine the occurrence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, and Leptospira spp. antibodies in sheep and goats raised in villages of the Xukuru do Ororubá indigenous community, Pernambuco, Brazil. A total of 180 serum samples from sheep and 108 serum samples from goats of both sexes and different ages were analyzed. For antibody research, indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) were used for the protozoa T. gondii and N. caninum, and microscopic agglutination test (MAT) for Leptospira spp., with a cutoff titer of 1:64, 1:50 and 1:100, respectively. The frequency of anti-T. gondii antibodies was 16.6% (30/180) for sheep and 11.1% (12/108) for goats. The frequency of anti-N. caninum antibodies was 10.55% (19/180) for sheep, and 20.37% (22/108) for goats, while for Leptospira spp., 2.2% (4/180) of sheep and 1.85% (2/108) of goats reacted positively. The results obtained in this study are unprecedented in indigenous communities in the country and serve as an alert for monitoring goats and sheep from the Xukuru do Ororubá indigenous village regarding the occurrence and productive impact of infections by T. gondii, N. caninum, and Leptospira spp., in addition to the occurrence of the zoonosis toxoplasmosis and leptospirosis in the indigenous community.

Keywords:
Indigenous community; MAT; IFAT; zoonosis; serology test

Resumo

Objetivou-se determinar a ocorrência de anticorpos anti-Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum e Leptospira spp., em ovinos e caprinos criados em aldeias da comunidade indígena Xukuru do Ororubá, Pernambuco, Brasil. Foram analisadas 180 amostras de soro de ovinos e 108 amostras de soro de caprinos de ambos os sexos e diferentes idades. Para a pesquisa de anticorpos foi utilizada a técnica de Reação de Imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI), para os protozoários T. gondii e N. caninum e Aglutinação Microscópica (MAT) para Leptospira spp., com ponto de corte de 1:64, 1:50 e 1:100, respectivamente. A frequência de anticorpos anti-T gondii foi de 16,6% (30/180) em ovinos e 11,1% (12/108) em caprinos. A frequência de anticorpos anti-N. caninum foi de 10,55% (19/180) para ovinos e 20,37% (22/108) para caprinos, enquanto para Leptospira spp., 2,2% (4/180) dos ovinos e 1,85% (2/108) dos caprinos reagiram positivamente. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo são inéditos em comunidades indígenas do país e alertam para o monitoramento de caprinos e ovinos da aldeia indígena Xukuru do Ororubá, quanto à ocorrência e impacto produtivo de infecções por T. gondii, N. caninum e Leptospira spp., além da ocorrência de zoonoses como a toxoplasmose e leptospirose na comunidade indígena.

Palavras-chave:
Comunidade indígena; MAT; IFAT; zoonose; teste sorológico

The indigenous village of the Xukuru do Ororubá is situated in the mesoregion of the Agreste, state of Pernambuco, approximately 215 km from Recife (latitude 8º 05 South and longitude 34º 88 west of Greenwich), in the Serra do Ororubá, an officially recognized territory of the ethnic group (Silva, 2010Silva E. Os índios Xukuru e as Ligas Camponesas (Pesqueira-PE, 1961). Rev Crít Hist 2010; 1(2): 101-114. http://dx.doi.org/10.28998/rchvl1n02.2010.0003.
http://dx.doi.org/10.28998/rchvl1n02.201...
). This territory has agricultural characteristics, considering the existence of water and a variable climate, ranging from humid areas to arid and rain-dependent regions (Silva, 2017Silva E. Xukuru: memórias e história dos índios da Serra do Ororubá (Pesqueira/ PE), 1950-1988. 2nd ed. Recife: Editora UFPE; 2017.). In addition to crops, the Xukuru do Ororubá raise cattle, horses, sheep, and goats, essentially in subsistence systems, and the producer surplus is sold at fairs (Oliveira, 2011Oliveira JP. A presença indígena no Nordeste: processos de territorialização, modos de reconhecimento e regimes de memória. Rio de Janeiro: Contra Capa; 2011.; Silva, 2011Silva EH. Índios Xukuru: a história a partir das memórias. Rev Hist Unisinos 2011; 15(2): 182-194. http://dx.doi.org/10.4013/htu.2011.152.05.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4013/htu.2011.152.0...
).

Indigenous populations have encouraged agricultural activities since the establishment of the colonization process. In this process, animal husbandry forms an important colonizing model of land occupation, civilization of territories, and social groups (Silva, 2010Silva E. Os índios Xukuru e as Ligas Camponesas (Pesqueira-PE, 1961). Rev Crít Hist 2010; 1(2): 101-114. http://dx.doi.org/10.28998/rchvl1n02.2010.0003.
http://dx.doi.org/10.28998/rchvl1n02.201...
). To date, the incentives for implementing animal husbandry on a larger scale in indigenous villages remain embedded in a civilizational bias (Velden, 2011Velden FFV. Rebanhos em aldeias: investigando a introdução de animais domesticados e formas de criação animal em povos indígenas na Amazônia (Rondônia). Espaço Ameríndio 2011; 5(1): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1982-6524.16602.
http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1982-6524.166...
). In the state of Pernambuco, ten indigenous individuals have been characterized in several ethnographic studies (IBGE, 2009Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística - IBGE. Sistema IBGE de recuperação automática-SIDRA [online]. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE; 2009 [cited 2022 Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.sidra.ibge.gov.br/bda/
http://www.sidra.ibge.gov.br/bda/...
); however, there is a considerable gap in the production/productivity and sanitary conditions of animals raised by these people.

Productivity in small ruminant farms is greatly influenced by reproductive efficiency, and among the multiple etiologies that may cause reproductive failure, infections by Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum (apicomplexan protozoa) (Dubey, 2003Dubey JP. Review of Neospora caninum and neosporosis in animals. Korean J Parasitol 2003; 41(1): 1-16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2003.41.1.1. PMid:12666725.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2003.41.1....
, 2010Dubey JP. Toxoplasmosis of animals and humans. 2nd ed. Beltsville: CRC Press; 2010.), in addition to Leptospira spp. (Gram-negative bacteria) stand out (Ellis, 2015Ellis WA. Animal leptospirosis. In: Adler B, editor. Leptospira and leptospirosis. Berlin: Springer; 2015. p. 99-137. (Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology; vol. 387). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-45059-8_6.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-45059-...
).

Toxoplasmosis is an anthropozoonosis caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii. It has a cosmopolitan distribution and affects all homeothermic animals, causing asymptomatic infection to severe systemic conditions (Stelzer et al., 2019Stelzer S, Basso W, Silván JB, Ortega-Mora LM, Maksimov P, Gethmann J, et al. Toxoplasma gondii infection and toxoplasmosis in farm animals: risk factors and economic impact. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2019; 15: e00037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fawpar.2019.e00037. PMid:32095611.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fawpar.2019....
). Consumption of products derived from infected goats and sheep, such as raw milk or undercooked meat, represents a notable source of infection for humans (Dubey, 2010Dubey JP. Toxoplasmosis of animals and humans. 2nd ed. Beltsville: CRC Press; 2010.).

Neosporosis is a disease caused by N. caninum, recognized worldwide as a significant cause of abortions among cattle herds (Dubey, 2003Dubey JP. Review of Neospora caninum and neosporosis in animals. Korean J Parasitol 2003; 41(1): 1-16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2003.41.1.1. PMid:12666725.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2003.41.1....
). However, it has also been reported to cause reproductive failure in sheep and goats (Dubey, 2003Dubey JP. Review of Neospora caninum and neosporosis in animals. Korean J Parasitol 2003; 41(1): 1-16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2003.41.1.1. PMid:12666725.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2003.41.1....
, 2010Dubey JP. Toxoplasmosis of animals and humans. 2nd ed. Beltsville: CRC Press; 2010.).

Leptospirosis is a bacterial anthropozoonosis of worldwide distribution, causing epidemic outbreaks in animals and humans. It is transmitted by direct or indirect contact with the urine of infected animals (Ellis, 2015Ellis WA. Animal leptospirosis. In: Adler B, editor. Leptospira and leptospirosis. Berlin: Springer; 2015. p. 99-137. (Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology; vol. 387). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-45059-8_6.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-45059-...
). It leads to economic damage in sheep and goats’ production due to infection, resulting in decreased fertility, neonatal deaths, and abortions (Ellis, 2015Ellis WA. Animal leptospirosis. In: Adler B, editor. Leptospira and leptospirosis. Berlin: Springer; 2015. p. 99-137. (Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology; vol. 387). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-45059-8_6.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-45059-...
). In addition, these animals are potential sources of infection to other animals and humans, given their renal colonization by bacteria (Dubey, 2003Dubey JP. Review of Neospora caninum and neosporosis in animals. Korean J Parasitol 2003; 41(1): 1-16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2003.41.1.1. PMid:12666725.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2003.41.1....
, 2010Dubey JP. Toxoplasmosis of animals and humans. 2nd ed. Beltsville: CRC Press; 2010.; Suepaul et al., 2011Suepaul SM, Carrington CV, Campbell M, Borde G, Adesiyun AA. Seroepidemiology of leptospirosis in livestock in Trinidad. Trop Anim Health Prod 2011; 43(2): 367-375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-010-9698-8. PMid:20953838.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-010-969...
).

Several studies have reported infection by T. gondii, N. caninum, and Leptospira spp. in sheep and goats in Brazil in different production systems (Dubey, 2003Dubey JP. Review of Neospora caninum and neosporosis in animals. Korean J Parasitol 2003; 41(1): 1-16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2003.41.1.1. PMid:12666725.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2003.41.1....
, 2010Dubey JP. Toxoplasmosis of animals and humans. 2nd ed. Beltsville: CRC Press; 2010.; Topazio et al., 2015Topazio J, Tonin AA, Machado G, Noll JCG, Ribeiro A, Moura AB, et al. Antibodies to Leptospira interrogans in goats and risk factors of the disease in Santa Catarina (West side), Brazil. Res Vet Sci 2015; 99: 53-57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.01.014. PMid:25687815.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.01...
); however, little is known about infection in animals from indigenous communities in Brazil. The elucidation of epidemiological aspects favors understanding the dynamics of diseases that compromise productivity within villages, as well as scales the risk of transmission of zoonotic agents by consumption of products obtained in this system (Jones et al., 2017Jones BA, Betson M, Pfeiffer DU. Eco-social processes influencing infectious disease emergence and spread. Parasitology 2017; 144(1): 26-36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0031182016001414. PMid:27609615.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0031182016001...
).

The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of antibodies anti-T. gondii, N. caninum, and Leptospira spp. in sheep and goats raised in villages of the Xukuru do Ororubá indigenous community, Pernambuco, Brazil.

Owing to the lack of information on the populations of sheep and goats in the villages of the Xukuru do Ororubá territory, a non-probabilistic sampling method was chosen. The target population consisted of animals of all ages, sexes, and breeds. Serological samples were collected from 180 sheep and 108 goats from Canabrava, Capim de Planta, Mascarenhas, Cimbres, and Caípe villages.

Blood samples (5mL) from the animals were obtained by venipuncture of the external jugular vein using vacuum tubes without anticoagulant. The samples were centrifuged at 1000×g for five minutes to obtain serum. Blood sera were aliquoted and stored at -20°C until serological tests were performed.

Crude antigens consisting of tachyzoites of T. gondii (ME-49 strain) and N. caninum (Nc-Spain7 strain) were used and maintained in monolayer culture of MA-104 (ATCC® CRL-2378.1).

Indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) was used for the detection of anti-T. gondii (cutoff 1:64) and anti-N. caninum (cutoff 1:50) antibodies (Silva et al., 2012Silva GS, Bruhn FRP, Rocha CMBM, Guimarães AS, Gouveia AMG, Guimarães AM. Seroprevalence and risk factors for Neospora caninum in sheep in the state Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil. Vet Parasitol 2012; 188(1-2): 168-171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.03.006. PMid:22475416.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2012....
; Porto et al., 2016Porto WJN, Regidor-Cerrillo J, Kim PCP, Benavides J, Silva ACS, Horcajo P, et al. Experimental caprine neosporosis: the influence of gestational stage on the outcome of infection. Vet Res 2016; 47(1): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13567-016-0312-6. PMid:26864744.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13567-016-031...
). Tachyzoites of T. gondii ME-49 strain and N. caninum Nc-Sp7 strain were used as antigens to sensitize the slides. Positive and negative control sera were included in all slides.

The microscopic agglutination test (MAT) was performed using a collection of live antigens cultured in Ellinghausen-McCullough-Johnson-Harris medium, free from contamination and autoagglutination, represented by the following serovars: Leptospira interrogans (serovars: Bratislava, Canicola, Djasiman, Australis, Hardjoprajitno, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Pomona, Bataviae), Leptospira borgpetersenii (serovars: Castellonis, Javanica, Hardjobovis, and Tarassovi), Leptospira kirschneri (serovar: Grippotyphosa), Leptospira santarosai (serovar: Shermani), Leptospira biflexa (serovar: Patoc).

Positive and negative control serum samples were used for the reactions. Initially, sera were screened at a 1:50 dilution and then subjected to titration by serial dilution. Samples with titers ≥50 were considered positive (Nogueira et al., 2020Nogueira DB, Costa FTR, Bezerra CS, Silva MLCR, Costa DF, Viana MP, et al. Use of serological and molecular techniques for detection of Leptospira sp. carrier sheep under semiarid conditions and the importance of genital transmission route. Acta Trop 2020; 207: 105497. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105497. PMid:32330452.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica....
).

Data were tabulated, grouped, and analyzed by simple descriptive statistics, using absolute and relative frequency in the 2013 Microsoft Excel software.

IgG antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, and Leptospira spp. in small ruminants raised in the villages of the Xukuru do Ororubá territory, in Pernambuco, are shown in Table 1.

Table 1
Serology results for Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum and Leptospira spp. in sheep and goat samples from the Xukuru do Ororubá territory, Pernambuco.

It is noteworthy that 16.6% of sheep and 11.1% of goats were positive for T. gondii antibodies; 10.5% of sheep and 20.73% of goats were positive for N. caninum; 2.2% of sheep and 1.85% of goats were positive for Leptospira spp. The serovars detected and their respective titers were Bataviae (1/6; 16.6%; 50), Djasiman (1/6; 16.6%; 50), Pomona (1/6; 16.6%; 50), Shermani (1/6; 16.6%; 50), Patoc (2/6; 33.3%; 100), Australis (1/6; 16.6%; 50), and Tarassovi (1/6; 16.6%; 50). Some animals simultaneously reacted to more than one serovar.

The results obtained for T. gondii and N. caninum was within the positivity average of other studies carried out in the country (Silva et al., 2012Silva GS, Bruhn FRP, Rocha CMBM, Guimarães AS, Gouveia AMG, Guimarães AM. Seroprevalence and risk factors for Neospora caninum in sheep in the state Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil. Vet Parasitol 2012; 188(1-2): 168-171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.03.006. PMid:22475416.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2012....
; Romanelli et al., 2020Romanelli PR, Matos AMRN, Pinto-Ferreira F, Caldart ET, Oliveira JS, Anteveli G, et al. Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum infections and factors associated in goats in the Parana state, Southern Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2020; 29(4): e003620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612020076. PMid:33053053.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612020...
; Costa et al., 2021Costa FTR, Nogueira DB, Oliveira MAG, Silva SS, Silva RF, Sarmento WF, et al. Vertical transmission of Toxoplasma gondii in naturally infected ewes in the semiarid region of Brazil. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 74: 101595. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cimid.2020.101595. PMid:33260018.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cimid.2020.1...
). In addition to its importance for public health, T. gondii is one of the main abortifacient agents in small ruminants, and human infection can result in abortion or neurological infection in immunosuppressed individuals (Stelzer et al., 2019Stelzer S, Basso W, Silván JB, Ortega-Mora LM, Maksimov P, Gethmann J, et al. Toxoplasma gondii infection and toxoplasmosis in farm animals: risk factors and economic impact. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2019; 15: e00037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fawpar.2019.e00037. PMid:32095611.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fawpar.2019....
). Previous studies have reported the risk factors associated with the infection of indigenous people by T. gondii, highlighting the consumption of water from rivers, streams, and wells and the presence of felids near these sources of consumption (Santos et al., 2019Santos ALC, Trettel ACPT, Ribeiro LJBB, Vasconcellos ML, Zenazokenae LE, Santos MA, et al. Serological study on toxoplasmosis in the Haliti-Paresí community of the Utiariti indigenous territory, Campo Novo do Parecis, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2019; 5: e00097. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.parepi.2019.e00097. PMid:30886914.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.parepi.2019....
), because of the dispersion of oocysts in the environment. In addition, transmission through the consumption of infected animal tissues is an important route of transmission of the protozoan (Dubey, 2010Dubey JP. Toxoplasmosis of animals and humans. 2nd ed. Beltsville: CRC Press; 2010.), which is an imminent risk to subsistence livestock. While collecting samples, we observed many domestic animals circulating in villages, such as dogs and cats. In addition, cats are widely used for rodent control in goat and sheep farms in the Xukuru territory. This habit can impact the frequency of seropositive sheep and goats since this and other wild felids are definitive hosts of T. gondii (Stelzer et al., 2019Stelzer S, Basso W, Silván JB, Ortega-Mora LM, Maksimov P, Gethmann J, et al. Toxoplasma gondii infection and toxoplasmosis in farm animals: risk factors and economic impact. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2019; 15: e00037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fawpar.2019.e00037. PMid:32095611.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fawpar.2019....
).

In Brazil, indigenous communities maintain a consumption model based on the practice of hunting, fishing, and extractivism with little external intervention; however, others have developed agricultural production models based on a subsistence model (Silva, 2011Silva EH. Índios Xukuru: a história a partir das memórias. Rev Hist Unisinos 2011; 15(2): 182-194. http://dx.doi.org/10.4013/htu.2011.152.05.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4013/htu.2011.152.0...
). In the territory of Xukuru do Ororubá, the animal production system presents precarious technical development, which favors the occurrence of diseases due to poor sanitary conditions. Goat and sheep productivity depends directly on their reproductive efficiency. Thus, abortion and neonatal mortality constitute one of the leading causes of economic losses within the productive sector or in subsistence creations (Stelzer et al., 2019Stelzer S, Basso W, Silván JB, Ortega-Mora LM, Maksimov P, Gethmann J, et al. Toxoplasma gondii infection and toxoplasmosis in farm animals: risk factors and economic impact. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2019; 15: e00037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fawpar.2019.e00037. PMid:32095611.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fawpar.2019....
).

In this indigenous community, the presence of dogs was also observed on goat and sheep properties. Domestic dogs are definitive hosts of N. caninum and eliminate oocysts that contaminate the environment, water, and pastures, favoring infection by protozoans (Dubey, 2003Dubey JP. Review of Neospora caninum and neosporosis in animals. Korean J Parasitol 2003; 41(1): 1-16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2003.41.1.1. PMid:12666725.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2003.41.1....
). Although N. caninum infection is established more efficiently in cattle, it deserves greater attention in the diagnosis of reproductive failure in sheep and goats (Porto et al., 2016Porto WJN, Regidor-Cerrillo J, Kim PCP, Benavides J, Silva ACS, Horcajo P, et al. Experimental caprine neosporosis: the influence of gestational stage on the outcome of infection. Vet Res 2016; 47(1): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13567-016-0312-6. PMid:26864744.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13567-016-031...
; Oliveira et al., 2020Oliveira IM Jr, Mesquita LES, Miranda DNP, Gomes TA, Vasconcelos BKS, Penha LC, et al. Endogenous transplacental transmission of Neospora caninum in successive generations of congenitally infected goats. Vet Parasitol 2020; 284: 109191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109191. PMid:32739750.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2020....
), as abortion and stillbirths have been reported (Dubey, 2003Dubey JP. Review of Neospora caninum and neosporosis in animals. Korean J Parasitol 2003; 41(1): 1-16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2003.41.1.1. PMid:12666725.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2003.41.1....
). Serological and molecular studies have shown infection frequencies by N. caninum similar to or higher than those of Toxoplasma gondii in small ruminants (Dubey, 2003Dubey JP. Review of Neospora caninum and neosporosis in animals. Korean J Parasitol 2003; 41(1): 1-16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2003.41.1.1. PMid:12666725.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2003.41.1....
, 2010Dubey JP. Toxoplasmosis of animals and humans. 2nd ed. Beltsville: CRC Press; 2010.).

In the present study, the occurrence of animals positive for Leptospira spp. was relatively low (2.2% for sheep and 1.85% for goats). Serology for Leptospira spp. identified seven serovars (Patoc, Djasiman, Australis, Tarassovi, Shermani, Pomona, and Bataviae) with titers of 100. The goats and sheep of this indigenous community are not vaccinated against leptospirosis, so the antibodies detected refer to natural infection by this bacterium (Ellis, 2015Ellis WA. Animal leptospirosis. In: Adler B, editor. Leptospira and leptospirosis. Berlin: Springer; 2015. p. 99-137. (Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology; vol. 387). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-45059-8_6.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-45059-...
). The most prevalent serovars in goats and sheep are Pomona, Hardjo Icterohaemorrhagiae, and Canicola (Cortizo et al., 2015Cortizo P, Loureiro AP, Martins G, Rodrigues PR, Faria BP, Lilenbaum W, et al. Risk factors to incidental leptospirosis and its role on the reproduction of ewes and goats of Espírito Santo state, Brazil. Trop Anim Health Prod 2015; 47(1): 231-235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-014-0684-4. PMid:25274622.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-014-068...
; Topazio et al., 2015Topazio J, Tonin AA, Machado G, Noll JCG, Ribeiro A, Moura AB, et al. Antibodies to Leptospira interrogans in goats and risk factors of the disease in Santa Catarina (West side), Brazil. Res Vet Sci 2015; 99: 53-57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.01.014. PMid:25687815.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.01...
). However, the frequency of serovars detected in each animal species is significantly related to the reservoirs involved in the transmission chain in each region studied (Ellis, 2015Ellis WA. Animal leptospirosis. In: Adler B, editor. Leptospira and leptospirosis. Berlin: Springer; 2015. p. 99-137. (Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology; vol. 387). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-45059-8_6.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-45059-...
), therefore, serovars may vary between areas. In Northeast of Brazil (Ceará, Paraíba, Piauí, Rio Grande do Norte, and Sergipe), the serovar Autumnalis is the most frequent in sheep (Silva et al., 2021Silva JD, Viana MP, Calado LGLP, Lima AMC, Alves FSF, Pinheiro RR, et al. Cross-sectional survey for sheep leptospirosis in the Northeast region of Brazil. Prev Vet Med 2021; 197: 105525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105525. PMid:34749158.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.20...
). Additionally, worldwide investigations have detected serovars Pomona, Australis, and Tarassovi in goat species, while Australis, Tarassovi, Bratislava Grippothyphosa, and Hebdomadis were detected in sheep species (Guzman-Barragan et al., 2022Guzman-Barragan BL, Martínez-Rodríguez LC, Tobón-Torreglosa JC, Tafur-Gómez GA. Seroprevalence and risk factors for Leptospira spp. in small ruminants of the semi-arid zone in northeastern Colombia. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54(1): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-021-03019-0. PMid:34893919.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-021-030...
; Hajikolaei et al., 2022Hajikolaei MRH, Rezaei S, Mashhadi ARG, Ghorbanpoor M. The role of small ruminants in the epidemiology of leptospirosis. Sci Rep 2022; 12(1): 2148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-05767-x. PMid:35140240.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-057...
). When the disease manifests in goats and sheep, it is characterized by reproductive disorders, such as infertility, abortion, neonatal death, and decreased milk production (Cortizo et al., 2015Cortizo P, Loureiro AP, Martins G, Rodrigues PR, Faria BP, Lilenbaum W, et al. Risk factors to incidental leptospirosis and its role on the reproduction of ewes and goats of Espírito Santo state, Brazil. Trop Anim Health Prod 2015; 47(1): 231-235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-014-0684-4. PMid:25274622.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-014-068...
; Campos et al., 2017Campos AP, Miranda DFH, Rodrigues HWS, Lustosa MSC, Martins GHC, Mineiro ALBB, et al. Seroprevalence and risk factors for leptospirosis in cattle, sheep, and goats at consorted rearing from the State of Piauí, northeastern Brazil. Trop Anim Health Prod 2017; 49(5): 899-907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-017-1255-2. PMid:28357645.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-017-125...
).

In this study, it was not possible to determine the impact of these infections in goats and sheep in terms of reproductive disorders, or the relationship of these animals as sources of infection for native people. However, considering the poor sanitary conditions observed in the village and the habit of consuming meat and animal viscera, it is prudent to consider the occurrence of toxoplasmosis and leptospirosis among indigenous people. In this way, the results of this study will be able to guide measures to prevent these diseases in humans and animals, thus contributing to the maintenance of the health and quality of life of native people in Brazil.

The results obtained in this study are unprecedented in indigenous communities and serve as an alert for monitoring the village's goats and sheep. Xukuru do Ororubá indigenous people regarding the occurrence and productive impact of infections with T. gondii, N. caninum, and Leptospira spp., in addition to the occurrence of toxoplasmosis and leptospirosis in the indigenous community.

Acknowledgements

Thanks to the Foundation for the Support of Science and Technology of Pernambuco (FACEPE).

  • How to cite: Galvão CMMQ, Oliveira PRF, Cavalcanti ALA, Nogueira DB, Azevedo SS, Ramos RAN, et al. Occurrence of IgG antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, and Leptospira spp. in goats and sheep from an indigenous village in Pernambuco, Brazil. Braz J Vet Parasitol 2023; 32(2): e000423. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612023022

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Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    28 Apr 2023
  • Date of issue
    2023

History

  • Received
    22 Jan 2023
  • Accepted
    15 Mar 2023
Colégio Brasileiro de Parasitologia Veterinária FCAV/UNESP - Departamento de Patologia Veterinária, Via de acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, Zona Rural, , 14884-900 Jaboticabal - SP, Brasil, Fone: (16) 3209-7100 RAMAL 7934 - Jaboticabal - SP - Brazil
E-mail: cbpv_rbpv.fcav@unesp.br