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Bryde's whale (Cetartiodactyla: Balaenopteridae) occurrence and movements in coastal areas of southeastern Brazil

Abstract

Bryde's whales, Balaenoptera edeni Anderson, 1879, were observed on 17 occasions (N = 21 surveys) in the coastal waters off Rio de Janeiro in southeastern Brazil during austral summer through autumn 2014. Five whales were individually identified using photo-identification techniques. The mean interval between resightings for all individuals was 12.8 days, with a minimum of one day and a maximum of 48 days. The comparison between the catalogs of Bryde's whales off Rio de Janeiro and the Cabo Frio region revealed matches for three individuals. The resightings show movements of up to 149.6 km along the coastal waters off the state of Rio de Janeiro. Most of the observations consisted of solitary individuals (82.3% of sightings). Feeding was the predominant behavior observed (47%), followed by milling (35.3%) and travelling (17.6%) in waters up to 48 m deep. Direct observations resulted in the addition of new prey, such as snubnose anchovy, Anchoviella brevirostris (Günther, 1868) and white snake mackerel, Thyrsitops lepidopoides (Cuvier, 1832), to the known diet of the Bryde's whale. A long time series of photo-identification efforts in the Rio de Janeiro, the Cabo Frio region and other areas can elucidate fundamental aspects of spatial and temporal site fidelity knowledge of Bryde's whales in southeastern Brazil.

Balaenoptera edeni; displacements; individual identification; surface activities


The sighting and stranding data suggest that Bryde's whales, Balaenoptera edeni Anderson, 1879 occur regularly along the coast off the states of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, southeastern Brazil (Zerbini et al. 1997Zerbini AN, Secchi ER, Siciliano S, Simões-Lopes PC (1997) A review of the occurrence and distribution of whales of the Genus Balaenoptera along the Brazilian coast. Reports of the International Whaling Commission 47: 407-417., Siciliano et al. 2004Siciliano S, Santos MCO, Vicente AFC, Alvarenga FS, Zampirolli E, Brito Jr JL, Azevedo AF, Pizzorno JLA (2004) Strandings and feeding records of Bryde's whales (Balaenoptera edeni) in southeastern Brazil. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 84(4): 857-859. doi: 10.1017/S0025315404010082h
https://doi.org/10.1017/S002531540401008...
, Gonçalves & Andriolo 2006Gonçalves LR, Andriolo A (2006) Ocorrência, distribuição e comportamento de baleias-de-Bryde (Balaenoptera edeni Anderson, 1879) (Cetacea, Mysticeti) em áreas costais e oceânicas do sudeste do Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Zoociências 8(2): 213., Moura & Siciliano 2012Moura JF, Siciliano S (2012) Stranding pattern of Bryde's whales along the southeastern coast of Brazil. Marine Biodiversity Records 5: e73. doi: 10.1017/S1755267212000528
https://doi.org/10.1017/S175526721200052...
, Figueiredo et al. 2014Figueiredo LD, Tardin RH, Lodi L, Maciel IS, Alves MAS, Simão SM (2014) Site fidelity of Bryde's whales (Balaenoptera edeni) in Cabo Frio region, southeastern Brazil, through photoidentification technique. Brazilian Journal of Aquatic Science and Technology 18(2): 59-64. doi: 10.14210/bjast.v18n2.p59-64
https://doi.org/10.14210/bjast.v18n2.p59...
). Sightings of this species are recorded mainly in austral summer and autumn, but strandings are recorded throughout the year (Zerbini et al. 1997Zerbini AN, Secchi ER, Siciliano S, Simões-Lopes PC (1997) A review of the occurrence and distribution of whales of the Genus Balaenoptera along the Brazilian coast. Reports of the International Whaling Commission 47: 407-417., Siciliano et al. 2004Siciliano S, Santos MCO, Vicente AFC, Alvarenga FS, Zampirolli E, Brito Jr JL, Azevedo AF, Pizzorno JLA (2004) Strandings and feeding records of Bryde's whales (Balaenoptera edeni) in southeastern Brazil. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 84(4): 857-859. doi: 10.1017/S0025315404010082h
https://doi.org/10.1017/S002531540401008...
, Moura & Siciliano 2012Moura JF, Siciliano S (2012) Stranding pattern of Bryde's whales along the southeastern coast of Brazil. Marine Biodiversity Records 5: e73. doi: 10.1017/S1755267212000528
https://doi.org/10.1017/S175526721200052...
), supporting the idea that B. edeni is common in southeastern Brazil. However, abundance estimates, spatial distribution, ecology, behavior, movement patterns, mating and calving grounds of Bryde's whales in these coastal waters are poorly known.

Photo-identification (photo-ID) is a well-established technique in aquatic mammal research. The use of natural markings to identify individuals to be monitored in photographic sighting and resighting is the standard approach for addressing questions of movements and site fidelity, among others (Würsig & Jefferson 1990Würsig B, Jefferson TA (1990) Methods of photo-identification for small cetaceans. Reports of the International Whaling Commission (Special Issue 12): 43-52.). The Bryde's whale has been the subject of several studies employing the photo-ID technique in Mexico (Tershy et al. 1990Tershy BR, Breese D, Strong CS (1990) Abundance, seasonal distribution and population composition of balaenopterid whales in the Canal de Ballenas, Gulf of California, Mexico. Reports of the International Whaling Commission (Special Issue 12): 369-375.), New Zealand (Thompson et al. 2002Thompson KF, O'Callaghan TM, Dalebout ML, Baker CS (2002) Population ecology of Bryde's whales (Balaenoptera edeni sp.) in the Hauraki Gulf, New Zealand: Preliminary observations. Reports of the International Whaling Commission 54: 1-8.), Azores (Steiner et al. 2008Steiner L, Silva MA, Zereba J, Leal MJ (2008) Bryde's whales, Balaenoptera edeni, observed in the Azores: A new species record for the region. Marine Biodiversity Records 1(e66): 1-6. doi: 10.1017/S1755267207007282
https://doi.org/10.1017/S175526720700728...
), South Africa (G.S. Penry, unpubl. data), Thailand (Thongsukdee et al. 2014Thongsukdee S, Adulyanukosol K, Passada S, Prempree T (2014) A study of the Bryde's whale in the upper Gulf of Thailand. Proceedings of the Design Symposium on Conservation of Ecosystem 2: 26-31.), and the Cabo Frio region, Brazil (Figueiredo et al. 2014Figueiredo LD, Tardin RH, Lodi L, Maciel IS, Alves MAS, Simão SM (2014) Site fidelity of Bryde's whales (Balaenoptera edeni) in Cabo Frio region, southeastern Brazil, through photoidentification technique. Brazilian Journal of Aquatic Science and Technology 18(2): 59-64. doi: 10.14210/bjast.v18n2.p59-64
https://doi.org/10.14210/bjast.v18n2.p59...
).

The aim of this study was to: 1) photo-identify individual Bryde's whales during austral summer and autumn months in coastal waters off Rio de Janeiro, 2) describe the movements of photo-identified individuals to the Cabo Frio region, one of the core areas of the species in southeastern Brazil (Figueiredo et al. 2014Figueiredo LD, Tardin RH, Lodi L, Maciel IS, Alves MAS, Simão SM (2014) Site fidelity of Bryde's whales (Balaenoptera edeni) in Cabo Frio region, southeastern Brazil, through photoidentification technique. Brazilian Journal of Aquatic Science and Technology 18(2): 59-64. doi: 10.14210/bjast.v18n2.p59-64
https://doi.org/10.14210/bjast.v18n2.p59...
), and 3) investigate their occurrence and behavior in the study area. In addition, the information presented in this study provides baseline data for the establishment of a management plan of the Monumento Natural do Arquipélago das Ilhas Cagarras - MoNa Cagarras (Federal Law #12229, April 13, 2010) - a marine protected area that includes the Cagarras, Palmas, Comprida, and Redonda islands. Thus, the information presented herein can also be used to help plan and implement appropriate governmental management actions, as well as to mitigate the impacts of anthropogenic activities on the species. One of the goals of the Brazilian National Action Plan for the Conservation of Large Cetaceans (Rocha-Campos & Câmara 2011Rocha-Campos CC, Câmara IG (2011) Plano de ação nacional para conservação dos mamíferos aquáticos: grandes cetáceos e pinípedes. Versão III. Brasília, ICMBio, Diretoria de Conservação da Biodiversidade, Coordenação Geral de Espécies Ameaçadas, Série Espécies Ameaçadas 14, ISBN: 978-85-61842-16-1, 156p.) is to investigate the distribution patterns and to define the priority and critical areas for Bryde's whale conservation in Brazil.

Our study comprised Rio de Janeiro coastal waters (22°59'1"S, 43°3'39"W - 22°59'44"S, 43°13'42"W). Surveys were conducted from a 10 m diesel trawler under favorable environmental conditions (Beaufort sea state ≤ 2) and followed three pre-established routes that randomly alternated on each survey day.

The study area was divided into 96 grids of 2 x 2 km2. Each time a whale was sighted, a focal animal procedure (Lehner 1996Lehner PN (1996) Handbook of ethological methods. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2nd ed., ISBN 978-0521554053, XVII+672p.) was adopted and a GPS location was taken every 300 m following the movement of the whale. All the sightings were interpolated to produce an encounter rate map using ArcGIS 10.0(r). The encounter rate was defined as the number of sightings in a given grid/number of routes that sampled the same grid. Information on depth was obtained from Nautical Chart #1501 (Directorate of Hydrography and Navigation of the Brazilian Navy).

The definitions of behavioral states were adapted from Thompson et al. (2002Thompson KF, O'Callaghan TM, Dalebout ML, Baker CS (2002) Population ecology of Bryde's whales (Balaenoptera edeni sp.) in the Hauraki Gulf, New Zealand: Preliminary observations. Reports of the International Whaling Commission 54: 1-8.): 1) travelling - moving with directionality; 2) milling - making random movements without clear direction while remaining in the same area, which could also be considered foraging behavior prior to feeding; and 3) feeding - moving around schools of small pelagic fish. To enhance the recording of feeding behavior, categories of body orientations relative to the sea surface for surface lunge-feeding behaviors, when a whale exposes the mouth and head above the water, were used following the terminology adopted from Kot et al. (2014Kot BW, Sears R, Zbinden D, Borda E, Gordon MS (2014) Rorqual whale (Balaenopteridae) surface lunge-feeding behaviors: standardized classification, repertoire diversity, and evolutionary analyses. Marine Mammal Science 30(4): 1335-1357. doi: 10.1111/mms.12115
https://doi.org/10.1111/mms.12115...
). Loose aggregations were considered when two or more whales gathered at the same area but without evidence of the same behavior, internal organization and swimming pattern (adapted from Wilson 1975Wilson EO (1975) Sociobiology. Cambridge, The Belknap Press, 697p.).

The photographs of individual whales were taken with a digital camera with a 75-300 mm lens. Individuals were identified based on the presence of nicks and scars on their dorsal fin (e.g., Tershy et al. 1990Tershy BR, Breese D, Strong CS (1990) Abundance, seasonal distribution and population composition of balaenopterid whales in the Canal de Ballenas, Gulf of California, Mexico. Reports of the International Whaling Commission (Special Issue 12): 369-375.). The best photograph of each individual (i.e., dorsal fin in focus and perpendicular to the camera) was included in the catalog. The photos taken at each sighting were compared with the photographs taken of previously identified individuals. An independent reviewer was used to confirm photo matches. Identified individuals in the coastal waters off Rio de Janeiro were compared with the Bryde's whale catalog of Cabo Frio region coast (22°50'21"S, 41°54'37"W - 23°00'18"S, 42°05'53"W), northern Rio de Janeiro state, elaborated on 2011, 2012 and 2014, by the Laboratório de Bioacústica e Ecologia de Cetáceos/Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (LBEC/UFRRJ).

Surveys (N = 21) were conducted between 22 January and 31 May 2014. Bryde's whales were observed during 81% (N = 17) of the survey days and 12.5% of the total hours of effort. The sampling effort and sighting data are shown in Table 1. Figure 1 shows the number of routes by grids. Area coverage was not homogeneous during the surveys.

The mean bottom depth where Bryde's whales were encountered was 25.7 m (± s.d. 8.3 m, range = 10-48 m). High encounter rates occurred off Copacabana Beach, Cagarra island adjacencies and close to Rasa island (Fig. 2).

Table 1.
Sampling effort and sighting data of Bryde's whale, Balaenoptera edeni, off Rio de Janeiro coast from January through May 2014. (h) Hours, (km) kilometers.

Figures 1-2.
(1) Study area is delimitated by 2 x 2 km2 grids and shows the number of routes. (2) Bryde's whale, Balaenoptera edeni, encounter rates in the coastal waters off Rio de Janeiro, southeastern Brazil. Continuous lines indicate bathymetric stripes.

Whales were identified in 15 sightings (88.2%, N = 17), and five individuals (N = 22) were distinctive enough to be individually identified (Table 2). The mean interval between resightings for all individuals was 12.8 days, with a minimum of one day and a maximum of 48 days. Three matches were made during comparisons between the Rio de Janeiro and Cabo Frio region catalogues (Table 2). The minimum and maximum distances between these matches were approximately 121.5 km and 149.6 km, respectively.

Table 2.
Sightings and resightings of photo-identified Bryde's whale, Balaenoptera edeni, in coastal waters off Rio de Janeiro and Cabo Frio region.

One individual (RJB001) was photographed opportunistically at the entrance of Guanabara Bay on 26 November 2006 and was resighted in 2012 and 2014 off Rio de Janeiro coast and in 2011 and 2012 in the Cabo Frio region (Table 2). Whale RJB002 (ArCaB004) was sighted off Rio de Janeiro on 15 February 2014 (Fig. 3) and 5 days later in the Cabo Frio region (Fig. 4), a distance of 133.3 km. The waters off Rio de Janeiro were surveyed on 21 February, 12 March, and 14 March, and this whale was not encountered, but it was photographed again during the 21 March survey (29 days later).

Figures 3-4.
Nicks and notches on Bryde's whale dorsal fin. Pictures are from the same individual (RJB002 - ArCaB004). Copacabana Beach, Rio de Janeiro (3) and Cabo Frio region on February 2014 (4).

Bryde's whales were most frequently observed alone (N = 14, 82.3%). An adult small calf (ca. 4 m) pair, whose adult individual was identified by natural marks (N = 1, 5.9%), and loose aggregations of two to four adult individuals (including the same adult-calf pair, typically swimming close together) were observed (N = 2, 11.8%).

Feeding was the most often observed activity (47%, N = 8), followed by milling (35.3%, N = 6), and travelling (17.6%, N = 3). During the feeding activities, B. edeni were observed within 3.95 km (1.87 km ± s.d. 1.1 km) of the shoreline. During two feeding events, solitary Bryde's whales were also observed exhaling bubbles while slowly swimming just under the water surface. The presence of feeding flocks of seabirds was also recorded, including brown boobies, Sula leucogaster (Boddaert, 1783); magnificent frigate birds, Fregata magnificens Mathews, 1914; Cabot's terns, Thalasseus acuflavidus; and/or South American terns, Sterna hirundinacea Lesson, 1831.

Samples of prey and photographs of small fishes jumping at the water surface were obtained during six occasions when the feeding by Bryde's whales was recorded. The Bryde's whales were observed to prey on small schooling fish, such as the snubnose anchovy, Anchoviella brevirostris (Günther, 1868) (N = 4); the white snake mackerel, Thyrsitops lepidopoides (Cuvier, 1832) (N = 1); and a mixed school of Brazilian sardines, Sardinella brasiliensis (Steindachner, 1879) and mullet (Mugilidae) or mojarra (Gerreidae) (N = 1).

Although the number of individuals identified and resighted is low, the results suggest that some Bryde's whales are using the coastal waters off Rio de Janeiro and in the Cabo Frio region. Whale RJB001, who was photographed at the entrance to Guanabara Bay in November 2006, was resighted six years later on five different occasions in the coastal waters off Rio de Janeiro and twice in the Cabo Frio region. The intervals between resightings indicate Bryde's whales may stay in an area for several days and return to it after months or years; this suggests site fidelity, at least for some individuals, as reported for South African inshore Bryde's whales (G.S. Penry, unpubl. data).

Prey abundance and availability affect the behavior, seasonality and abundance of Bryde's whales in coastal waters (e.g., Tershy 1992Tershy BR (1992) Body size, diet, habitat use, and social behavior of Balaenoptera whales in the Gulf of California. Journal of Mammalogy 73(3): 477-486., Penry et al. 2011Penry GS, Cockcroft VG, Hammond PS (2011) Seasonal fluctuations in occurrence of inshore Bryde's whales in Plettenberg Bay, South Africa, with notes on feeding and multispecies associations. African Journal of Marine Science 33(3): 403-414. doi: 10.2989/1814232X.2011.637617
https://doi.org/10.2989/1814232X.2011.63...
, Thongsukdee et al. 2014Thongsukdee S, Adulyanukosol K, Passada S, Prempree T (2014) A study of the Bryde's whale in the upper Gulf of Thailand. Proceedings of the Design Symposium on Conservation of Ecosystem 2: 26-31.). Sighting records of B. edeni off Rio de Janeiro and in the Cabo Frio region suggest that Bryde's whales are possibly following the movements of pelagic fish schools. In southeastern Brazil, during late spring, summer (Cergole et al. 2005Cergole MC, Ávila-da-Silva AO, Rossi-Wongtschowski CL (2005) Análise das principais pescarias comerciais da região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: dinâmica populacional das espécies em explotação. São Paulo, Instituto Oceanográfico - USP, Série Documentos Revizee: Score Sul, ISBN 85-98729-05-1, 176p.) and fall (Paiva & Motta 2000Paiva MP, Motta PCS (2000) Cardumes da sardinha-verdadeira, Sardinella brasiliensis, em águas costeiras do estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 17(2): 339-346. doi: 10.1590/S0101-81752000000200004
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-8175200000...
), Brazilian sardines approach the coast to spawn in shallower waters. In Brazil, Brazilian sardines (Siciliano et al. 2004Siciliano S, Santos MCO, Vicente AFC, Alvarenga FS, Zampirolli E, Brito Jr JL, Azevedo AF, Pizzorno JLA (2004) Strandings and feeding records of Bryde's whales (Balaenoptera edeni) in southeastern Brazil. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 84(4): 857-859. doi: 10.1017/S0025315404010082h
https://doi.org/10.1017/S002531540401008...
), Engraulidae fish (Lima et al. 2006Lima AFB, Gonçalves LR, Querioz EL (2006) The historical record of a stranding of a Bryde's whale Balaenoptera edeni Anderson, 1879 (Mysticeti: Balaenopteridae), in the Paraguaçu River, Todos os Santos Bay, Bahia, Brazil. Biokos 20(2): 75-79.) and aviu shrimp, Acetes americanus Ortmann, 1893 (Moura & Siciliano 2012Moura JF, Siciliano S (2012) Stranding pattern of Bryde's whales along the southeastern coast of Brazil. Marine Biodiversity Records 5: e73. doi: 10.1017/S1755267212000528
https://doi.org/10.1017/S175526721200052...
) seem to be important in the diet of Bryde's whales. In our study, we add new prey items (e.g., snubnose anchovy and white snake mackerel) to the known diet of the Bryde's whale.

The data we gathered constitute one of the first attempts to identify individual B. edeni in the Southwest Atlantic, allowing for an assessment of Bryde's whale movements in coastal waters off southeastern Brazil. We provide the first information on Bryde's whales sighting history and habitat use around MoNa Cagarras, which contributes to the baseline data in the elaboration of the management plan for this marine protected area. One sighting was made within the limits of the MoNa Cagarras (in the vicinity of Palmas island), which includes a radius of 10 m of marine waters around each island of the archipelago. Therefore a spatial analysis of Bryde's whale occurrence is especially important for the demarcation of a buffer zone. A buffer zone in the case of the MoNa Cagarras would provide an additional layer of protection, fundamental for achieving its conservation, in light of the close geographical proximity of this protected area to a metropolis such as city of Rio de Janeiro, with all pressures of urban development.

Sightings made near the entrance of Guanabara Bay, a zone with heavy ship traffic due to the Port of Rio de Janeiro, as well sightings in the gillnet fishing areas of the artisanal fishing community of Copacabana, called Colônia de Pesca de Copacabana, Z-13 (Moraes et al. 2013Moraes F, Rebouças M, Jordão S, Pereira LA, Santos E, Amorim R, Lobo V, Silva Junior L, Cabral D, Bertoncini A (2013) A pesca no entorno do Monumento Natural das Ilhas Cagarras, p. 245-267. In: Morais F, Bertoncini A, Aguiar A (Eds.). História, pesquisa e biodiversidade do Monumento Natural das Ilhas Cagarras. Rio de Janeiro, Museu Nacional, Série Livros 48, ISBN 978-85-7427-044-9, 299p.), suggest that an educational and public awareness program should be developed focusing on the conservation of Bryde's whales in waters off Rio de Janeiro.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors thank Guilherme Marcondes and Cassiano Monteiro-Neto for identifying the fish species and Alexandre Serrano who kindly provided the photograph of whale RBJ001 from November 2006. The results of this study are part of Projeto Ilhas do Rio, performed by Instituto Mar Adentro and sponsored by Petrobras. The Cabo Frio region data were sponsored by Fundação Grupo Boticário de Proteção à Natureza (Grant 201320118) and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (Grant 479348/2010-3). Rodrigo H. Tardin received a scholarship from Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (Process E-26/100.866/2011) and Israel S. Maciel from Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior. Dagmar Fertl and three anonymous reviewers provided valuable suggestions to the original manuscript.

  • Cergole MC, Ávila-da-Silva AO, Rossi-Wongtschowski CL (2005) Análise das principais pescarias comerciais da região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: dinâmica populacional das espécies em explotação. São Paulo, Instituto Oceanográfico - USP, Série Documentos Revizee: Score Sul, ISBN 85-98729-05-1, 176p.
  • Figueiredo LD, Tardin RH, Lodi L, Maciel IS, Alves MAS, Simão SM (2014) Site fidelity of Bryde's whales (Balaenoptera edeni) in Cabo Frio region, southeastern Brazil, through photoidentification technique. Brazilian Journal of Aquatic Science and Technology 18(2): 59-64. doi: 10.14210/bjast.v18n2.p59-64
    » https://doi.org/10.14210/bjast.v18n2.p59-64
  • Gonçalves LR, Andriolo A (2006) Ocorrência, distribuição e comportamento de baleias-de-Bryde (Balaenoptera edeni Anderson, 1879) (Cetacea, Mysticeti) em áreas costais e oceânicas do sudeste do Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Zoociências 8(2): 213.
  • Lehner PN (1996) Handbook of ethological methods. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2nd ed., ISBN 978-0521554053, XVII+672p.
  • Kot BW, Sears R, Zbinden D, Borda E, Gordon MS (2014) Rorqual whale (Balaenopteridae) surface lunge-feeding behaviors: standardized classification, repertoire diversity, and evolutionary analyses. Marine Mammal Science 30(4): 1335-1357. doi: 10.1111/mms.12115
    » https://doi.org/10.1111/mms.12115
  • Lima AFB, Gonçalves LR, Querioz EL (2006) The historical record of a stranding of a Bryde's whale Balaenoptera edeni Anderson, 1879 (Mysticeti: Balaenopteridae), in the Paraguaçu River, Todos os Santos Bay, Bahia, Brazil. Biokos 20(2): 75-79.
  • Moraes F, Rebouças M, Jordão S, Pereira LA, Santos E, Amorim R, Lobo V, Silva Junior L, Cabral D, Bertoncini A (2013) A pesca no entorno do Monumento Natural das Ilhas Cagarras, p. 245-267. In: Morais F, Bertoncini A, Aguiar A (Eds.). História, pesquisa e biodiversidade do Monumento Natural das Ilhas Cagarras. Rio de Janeiro, Museu Nacional, Série Livros 48, ISBN 978-85-7427-044-9, 299p.
  • Moura JF, Siciliano S (2012) Stranding pattern of Bryde's whales along the southeastern coast of Brazil. Marine Biodiversity Records 5: e73. doi: 10.1017/S1755267212000528
    » https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755267212000528
  • Paiva MP, Motta PCS (2000) Cardumes da sardinha-verdadeira, Sardinella brasiliensis, em águas costeiras do estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 17(2): 339-346. doi: 10.1590/S0101-81752000000200004
    » https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752000000200004
  • Penry GS, Cockcroft VG, Hammond PS (2011) Seasonal fluctuations in occurrence of inshore Bryde's whales in Plettenberg Bay, South Africa, with notes on feeding and multispecies associations. African Journal of Marine Science 33(3): 403-414. doi: 10.2989/1814232X.2011.637617
    » https://doi.org/10.2989/1814232X.2011.637617
  • Rocha-Campos CC, Câmara IG (2011) Plano de ação nacional para conservação dos mamíferos aquáticos: grandes cetáceos e pinípedes. Versão III. Brasília, ICMBio, Diretoria de Conservação da Biodiversidade, Coordenação Geral de Espécies Ameaçadas, Série Espécies Ameaçadas 14, ISBN: 978-85-61842-16-1, 156p.
  • Siciliano S, Santos MCO, Vicente AFC, Alvarenga FS, Zampirolli E, Brito Jr JL, Azevedo AF, Pizzorno JLA (2004) Strandings and feeding records of Bryde's whales (Balaenoptera edeni) in southeastern Brazil. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 84(4): 857-859. doi: 10.1017/S0025315404010082h
    » https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315404010082h
  • Steiner L, Silva MA, Zereba J, Leal MJ (2008) Bryde's whales, Balaenoptera edeni, observed in the Azores: A new species record for the region. Marine Biodiversity Records 1(e66): 1-6. doi: 10.1017/S1755267207007282
    » https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755267207007282
  • Tershy BR (1992) Body size, diet, habitat use, and social behavior of Balaenoptera whales in the Gulf of California. Journal of Mammalogy 73(3): 477-486.
  • Tershy BR, Breese D, Strong CS (1990) Abundance, seasonal distribution and population composition of balaenopterid whales in the Canal de Ballenas, Gulf of California, Mexico. Reports of the International Whaling Commission (Special Issue 12): 369-375.
  • Thompson KF, O'Callaghan TM, Dalebout ML, Baker CS (2002) Population ecology of Bryde's whales (Balaenoptera edeni sp.) in the Hauraki Gulf, New Zealand: Preliminary observations. Reports of the International Whaling Commission 54: 1-8.
  • Thongsukdee S, Adulyanukosol K, Passada S, Prempree T (2014) A study of the Bryde's whale in the upper Gulf of Thailand. Proceedings of the Design Symposium on Conservation of Ecosystem 2: 26-31.
  • Zerbini AN, Secchi ER, Siciliano S, Simões-Lopes PC (1997) A review of the occurrence and distribution of whales of the Genus Balaenoptera along the Brazilian coast. Reports of the International Whaling Commission 47: 407-417.
  • Wilson EO (1975) Sociobiology. Cambridge, The Belknap Press, 697p.
  • Würsig B, Jefferson TA (1990) Methods of photo-identification for small cetaceans. Reports of the International Whaling Commission (Special Issue 12): 43-52.

Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    Mar-Apr 2015

History

  • Received
    09 Feb 2015
  • Reviewed
    02 Apr 2015
  • Accepted
    12 Apr 2015
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