Acessibilidade / Reportar erro

Length-based estimates of growth parameters and mortality rates of fish populations from a coastal zone in the Southeastern Brazil

ABSTRACT

Small-scale fisheries in Brazil contribute to a significant share of total fish production, accessing a large variety of species. Life history parameters from these resources are important for their management and conservation, based on primary data. The objective of this article is to generate growth parameters and mortality rates of ten fish populations from a coastal zone in Southeastern Brazil. Monthly samples were taken between January 2011 and November 2014 from landings of the beach-seine fishery in an area adjacent to the entrance of the Guanabara Bay. All fishes were measured (total length) and weighed. The length-weight relationships (LWR) were estimated by linear regression analysis on log-transformed data of the equation: W = aL b . The Von Bertalanffy Growth Function (VBGF) was fitted to size-at-age data to obtain growth parameters (K, L ). The length-converted catch curve was used for estimating the instantaneous total mortality (Z). Taylor’s equations provided an independent estimate of the natural mortality (M) and longevity. The difference between Z and M derived Fishing mortality (F). A total of 2,938 individuals from ten fish species were used to determine the length-weight relationships. Harengula clupeola (Cuvier, 1829) has a new maximum length record for the FishBase LWR database. Sardinella brasiliensis (Steindachner, 1879) presented the smallest and largest size recorded for LWR observed in the literature and FishBase database. Upeneus parvus showed the greatest total length, while Trichiurus lepturus Linnaeus, 1758, Orthopristis ruber (Cuvier, 1830) and Dactylopterus volitans (Linnaeus, 1758) presented the smallest sizes for LWR in FishBase. The other species showed parameters within the expected values for each group. The performance index combining information from K and L presented values between 2.32 and 3.76 and were considered appropriate for the populations evaluated. Fishing was the primary source of mortality for Caranx crysos (Mitchill, 1815), Eucinostomus argenteus Baird & Girard, 1855, S. brasiliensis and U. parvus, and less important for Cynoscion jamaicensis (Vaillant & Bocourt, 1883), D. volitans, O. ruber, Selene setapinnis (Mitchill, 1815), T. lepturus and H. clupeola. The parameters generated may be used for the management and conservation of the species’ stocks.

KEY WORDS:
Ichthyofauna; length-weight relationships; life history; shallow waters; small-scale fisheries

INTRODUCTION

Direct readings of hard structures (e.g., otoliths, spines, vertebrae) to estimate the age of fish, or indirect estimates based on length distribution data over time are traditional methods to determine growth parameters of fish populations (Gayanilo et al. 2002Gayanilo FC, Sparre P, Pauly D (2002) FAO-ICLARM Stock Assessment Tools (FiSAT). Software versión 1.2. 0. FAO, Roma ., Panfili et al. 2002Panfili J, Pontual H, Troadec H, Wrigh PJ (2002) Manual of fish sclerochronology. IRD-Ifremer, Brest, 463 pp.). Indirect stock assessment tools are relatively more useful in tropical and sub-tropical waters since hard structures in these relatively warm waters, where seasonal differences are subtle, often present unclear band marks (Sparre and Venema 1992Sparre P, Venema SC (1992) Introduction to tropical fish stock assessment. FAO, Rome, 306 pp., Panhwar and Liu 2013Panhwar SK, Liu Q (2013) Population statistics of the migratory hilsa shad, Tenualosa ilisha, in Sindh, Pakistan. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 29: 1091-1096. https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.12134
https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.12134...
). The development of the length-based stock assessment methodologies and relative growth models (Huxley 1993Huxley JS (1993) Problems of relative growth; with a new introduction by Frederick B. Churchill and an essay by Richard E. Strauss. The John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 31 pp.), simplified the investigation of population dynamics of fish stocks in tropical waters (Froese and Binohlan 2000Froese R, Binohlan C (2000) Empirical relationships to estimate asymptotic length, length at first maturity and length at maximum yield per recruit in fishes, with a simple method to evaluate length frequency data. Journal of Fish Biology 56: 758-773. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2000.tb00870.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2000...
). These methods were applied in recent decades (Sparre and Venema 1992Sparre P, Venema SC (1992) Introduction to tropical fish stock assessment. FAO, Rome, 306 pp., Castro et al. 2002Castro PD, Cergole MC, Carneiro MH, Mucinhato CMD, Servo GDM (2002) Crescimento, mortalidade e taxa de explotação do goete, Cynoscion jamaicensis (Perciformes: Sciaenidae), na região sudeste/sul do Brasil. Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, São Paulo 28: 141-153., Velasco et al. 2007Velasco G, Reis EG, Vieira JP (2007) Calculating growth parameters of Genidens barbus (Siluriformes, Ariidae) using length composition and age data. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 23: 64-69. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2006.00793.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2006...
, Panhwar and Liu 2013Panhwar SK, Liu Q (2013) Population statistics of the migratory hilsa shad, Tenualosa ilisha, in Sindh, Pakistan. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 29: 1091-1096. https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.12134
https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.12134...
) to tests life-history hypothesis (e.g. Stergiou 2000Stergiou KI (2000) Box 17. Using Fishbase to test life-history hypothesis. In: Froese R, Pauly D (Eds) FishBase 2000: concepts, design and data sources. ICLARM, Los Banõs, 344 pp.) and provided empirical estimations of relevant biological and fishery parameters such as length at first maturity and longevity (Froese and Binohlan 2000Froese R, Binohlan C (2000) Empirical relationships to estimate asymptotic length, length at first maturity and length at maximum yield per recruit in fishes, with a simple method to evaluate length frequency data. Journal of Fish Biology 56: 758-773. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2000.tb00870.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2000...
). Thus, stock assessment becomes a basic management approach to help the understanding of growth (relative to the individual and the population) and death of fish (Jennings et al. 2001Jennings S, Kaiser MJ, Reynolds JD (2001) Marine fisheries ecology. Blackwell Science Ltd., Oxford, 417 pp.). It also contributes to making predictions about the exploitation of fish populations, which may help for the selection of alternative management choices (Costa and Araújo 2003Costa MR da, Araújo FG (2003) Length-weight relationship and condition factor of Micropogonias furnieri (Desmarest) (Perciformes, Sciaenidae) in the Sepetiba Bay, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 20: 685-690. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752003000400022
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-8175200300...
, Froese 2006Froese R (2006) Cube law, condition factor and weight-length relationships: history, meta-analysis and recommendations. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 22: 241-253. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2006.00805.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2006...
, Garcia and Duarte 2006García CB, Duarte LO (2006) Length-based estimates of growth parameters and mortality rates of fish populations of the Caribbean Sea. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 22: 193-200. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2006.00720.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2006...
, Costa et al. 2014Costa MR da, Pereira HH, Neves LM, Araújo FG (2014) Length-weight relationships of 23 fish species from Southeastern Brazil. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 30: 230-232. https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.12275
https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.12275...
, Sá-Oliveira et al. 2015Sá-Oliveira JC, Angelini R, Isaac-Nahum VJ (2015) Population parameters of the fish fauna in a long-established Amazonian reservoir (Amapa, Brazil). Journal of Applied Ichthyology 31: 290-295. doi: 10.1111/jai.12667).

The lack of growth and mortality estimates is widespread for coastal marine fish populations. These are essential parameters for modeling population dynamics of fish stocks and ecosystems (Sparre and Venema 1992Sparre P, Venema SC (1992) Introduction to tropical fish stock assessment. FAO, Rome, 306 pp.). They contain information on the biology and ecology of the population under study, indicating its renewal and productivity, since species with higher rates of natural mortality also have higher rates of growth and reproduction, generating more biomass per unit of time.

In Brazil, small-scale fisheries contribute a significant share of total fish production, accessing a large variety of species. These fisheries often exploit coastal fishery resources, as the fleet is mostly limited by size and technology (Chuenpagdee and Pauly 2008Chuenpagdee R, Pauly D (2008) Small is beautiful? A database approach for global assessment of small-scale fisheries: preliminary results and hypotheses. American Fisheries Society Symposium 49: 575-586.). A small-scale fishery operating in the coastal zone of Itaipu has a key socioeconomic role for local fishers and the communities in which they live. More than 90 species are captured in different fishing gears, leading to an estimated annual production of 108 tons (CPUE = 38.8 kg*trip−1) (Loto et al. 2018Loto L, Monteiro-Neto C, Martins RRM, Tubino RA (2018) Temporal changes of a coastal small-scale fishery system within a tropical metropolitan city. Ocean & Coastal Management 153: 203-214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2017.12.004
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2017...
). Beach seining is the traditional fishery, practiced for over 100 years, and responsible for half of the total production volume. Gear selectivity was low capturing several species and individuals of all sizes. Currently, the traditional fishing grounds where most of the local fishery concentrates were declared a Territorial Use Rights for Fisheries (TURF), a type of marine protected area (Afflerbach et al. 2014Afflerbach JC, Lester SE, Doughertya DT, Poon SE (2014) A global survey of ‘‘TURF-reserves’’, Territorial Use Rights for Fisheries coupled with marine reserves. Global Ecology and Conservation 2: 97-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2014.08.001
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2014.08....
), the Itaipu Marine Extractive Reserve - Itaipu RESEX (Freitas et al. 2017Freitas RR, Chamy P, Dumith RC (2017) Institutional design of small-scale fisheries in marine protected areas applied to sustainable territorial development on the Brazilian coast. Ocean and Coastal Management 139: 92-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2017.02.006
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2017...
). It is an area of 3,943.28 hectares in which fishers, government, and local civil society representatives define management strategies for the sustainable use of fisheries and natural resources (Brasil 2011Brasil (2011) SNUC - Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação da Natureza: Lei nº 9.985, de 18 de julho de 2000; Decreto nº 4.340, de 22 de agosto de 2002; Decreto nº 5.746, de 5 de abril de 2006. Plano Estratégico Nacional de Áreas Protegidas: Decreto nº 5.758, de 13 de abril de 2006. Brasília, Ministério do Meio Ambiente, 76 pp.). Several studies in the area focused on the anthropological aspects of fishers organization and traditional knowledge (Kant de Lima and Pereira 1997Kant de Lima R, Pereira LF (1997) Pescadores de Itaipu: meio ambiente, conflito e ritual no litoral do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Editora da Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, 331 pp.), fisheries production (Tubino et al. 2007Tubino RA, Monteiro-Neto C, Moraes LES, Paes ET (2007) Artisanal fisheries production in the coastal zone of Itaipu, Niterói, RJ, Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Oceanography 55: 187-197. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-87592007000300003
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-8759200700...
), species list and connectivity between nursery habitats and fishing grounds (Monteiro-Neto et al. 2008Monteiro-Neto C, Tubino RA, Moraes LE, Mendonça Neto JPD, Esteves GV, Fortes WL (2008) Associations of fishes in the coastal region of Itaipu, Niterói. Iheringia, Série Zoologia 98: 50-59. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0073-47212008000100007
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0073-4721200800...
) and changes in the fishery over time (Tubino et al. 2014Tubino RA, Marques Junior Silva EP da, Lobão RJS, Seara TF, Monteiro-Neto C (2014) Mudanças Históricas e Perda de Referenciais em Uma Pescaria Artesanal Costeira no Sudeste do Brasil. In: Haimovici M, Andriguetto Filho JM, Sunye PS (Eds) A pesca marinha no Brasil: estudos multidisciplinares. Editora da FURG, Rio Grande, 191 pp., Loto et al. 2018Loto L, Monteiro-Neto C, Martins RRM, Tubino RA (2018) Temporal changes of a coastal small-scale fishery system within a tropical metropolitan city. Ocean & Coastal Management 153: 203-214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2017.12.004
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2017...
). Nevertheless, few attempts have addressed the development of monitoring programs to collect life history information of the predominant stocks exploited by this small-scale fishery. To overcome this gap, we used length-based stock assessment tools for estimating growth parameters and mortality rates of ten selected fish populations exploited within a TURF type reserve in a Southeastern Brazil coastal zone.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The Itaipu coastal zone (22°53’14” S, 43°04’00” W) covers an intensive small-scale (artisanal) fishery established in the area since the 18th century. Today, nearly 110 fishermen realize their catches in areas down to 50 m deep (Loto et al. 2018Loto L, Monteiro-Neto C, Martins RRM, Tubino RA (2018) Temporal changes of a coastal small-scale fishery system within a tropical metropolitan city. Ocean & Coastal Management 153: 203-214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2017.12.004
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2017...
). The area is located to the west of the mouth of Guanabara Bay and forms a semi-sheltered cove protected by three coastal islands (Fig. 1). The coastal water mass is a mix of Guanabara Bay waters, contributions from the Itaipu-Piratininga lagoons, and coastal oceanic waters, seasonally influenced by weak upwelling of the South Atlantic Central Water, following the general pattern for the South Atlantic Bight (Castro-Filho et al. 1987Castro Filho BD, Miranda LD, Miyao SY (1987) Condições hidrográficas na plataforma continental ao largo de Ubatuba: variações sazonais e em média escala. Boletim do Instituto Oceanográfico 35: 135-151. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0373-55241987000200004
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0373-5524198700...
).

Figure 1
Geographical location of Itaipu coastal zone of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, showing fishing areas (stars).

We monitored the artisanal beach-seine fishery landings in Itaipu on a monthly basis from January 2001 to November 2004, recording catch composition, abundance and fish size structures. Beach-seine operations were considered as boat trips, and teams of two to three observers at the landing site monitored all trips during the sampling day. Once a month one beach-seine operation was fully monitored to record the whole fishing process, including the sorting and marketing of the catch. All collected specimens (license SISBIO #15787-1) were placed in plastic bags, labeled and stored on ice during transport to the laboratory where they were screened and identified at the lowest taxonomic level (e.g. Figueiredo and Menezes 2000Figueiredo JL, Menezes NA (2000) Manual de peixes marinhos do sudeste do Brasil. IV Teleostei (5). Universidade de São Paulo, Museu de Zoologia, São Paulo, 116 pp., Figueiredo and Menezes 1980Figueiredo JD, Menezes NA (1980) Manual de peixes marinhos do sudeste do Brasil. IV Teleostei (3). Universidade de São Paulo, Museu de Zoologia, São Paulo, 96 pp.). All fishes were measured for total length (±1 mm precision) and weighed with an electronic scale (±0.01 g precision). Vouchers of reference specimens collected in this study are available in the icthyological collection of Laboratório de Biologia do Nécton e Ecologia Pesqueira (LNEP-UFF). The fish size structure data were grouped seasonally, due to the standard fishing effort (the same net of 250 m long, 15 m high, 45 cm mesh) within the same fishing area. The entire fishing operation involves between ten and 15 fishers and a large dugout wooden canoe up to nine meters in length. The seasonal groups followed approximately the conventional southern hemisphere four seasons definition: Summer - January to March; Fall - April to June; Winter - July to September; and Spring - October to December. The equation used to calculate the LWRs was:

W = a L b

where W is the total weight of fishes (g), a is the coefficient related to body shape, L is the total length (cm), and b is an exponent related to changes in body shape (Le Cren 1951Le Cren ED (1951) The length-weight relationship and seasonal cycle in gonad weight and condition in the perch (Perca fluviatilis). The Journal of Animal Ecology 20: 201-219. https://doi.org/10.2307/1540
https://doi.org/10.2307/1540...
, Froese 2006Froese R (2006) Cube law, condition factor and weight-length relationships: history, meta-analysis and recommendations. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 22: 241-253. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2006.00805.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2006...
). Statistica 7.0 software (Statsoft 2005StatSoft (2005) STATISTICA data analysis software system, version 7.1. StatSoft, Tulsa.) was used to adjust the model; the linear regression

l o g ( W ) = l o g ( a ) + b l o g ( L )

estimated parameters ‘a’ and ‘b’; extreme outlier values were excluded from the analyses. Additionally, 95% confidence limits (CL) of ‘a’ and ‘b’ were estimated. The r-squared (R2) Pearson coefficient provided an estimate of model fit.

Growth rates were calculated using the seasonal von Bertalanffy’s equation, where Lt is the length of the fish (cm) at age t (year), L is the asymptotic total length (cm), k is the constant growth rate (year-1), and t 0 (year) is the nominal age at which fish length is considered to be zero. The k constant was calculated in the FISAT II software (FAO-ICLARM 1996FAO-ICLARM (1996) Stock assessment tools. User’s manual. FAO-ICLARM, Rome, 168 pp., Gayanilo and Pauly 1997Gayanilo FC, Pauly D (1997) FAO-ICLARM fish stock assessment (FiSAT) reference manual. FAO, Roma, Computerized Information Series (Fisheries), 168 pp.) using the ELEFAN I routine (Pauly and David 1981Pauly D, David N (1981) ELEFAN I, a BASIC program for the objective extraction of growth parameters from length-frequency data. Meeresforschung 28: 205-211.), which uses the modal displacement of length classes time series to provide an index of growth rates for different age classes. Additionally, the parameters C (seasonal oscillation amplitude - Castro et al. 2002Castro PD, Cergole MC, Carneiro MH, Mucinhato CMD, Servo GDM (2002) Crescimento, mortalidade e taxa de explotação do goete, Cynoscion jamaicensis (Perciformes: Sciaenidae), na região sudeste/sul do Brasil. Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, São Paulo 28: 141-153.) and Wp (winter point - the time of the year of slowest growth - Gomieiro et al. 2007Gomiero LM, Carmassi AL, Braga FMDS (2007) Crescimento e mortalidade de Brycon opalinus (Characiformes, Characidae) no Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, Mata Atlântica, Estado de São Paulo. Biota Neotropica 7: 22-26. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032007000100002
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1676-0603200700...
) were also determined.

The best growth curve was fitted, based on the “Rn value” a non-parametric goodness of fit index (Gayanilo et al. 2002Gayanilo FC, Sparre P, Pauly D (2002) FAO-ICLARM Stock Assessment Tools (FiSAT). Software versión 1.2. 0. FAO, Roma .). For the calculation of theoretical age at length zero (t0) we used the Pauly’s empirical formula (Pauly 1979Pauly D (1979) Theory and management of tropical multispecies stocks. ICLARM Studies and Reviews 1: 35.):

l o g - t 0 = l o g - 0.3922 - 0.2752 L - 1.038 l o g k

The values of L and L50 (estimated from L ) were found using the length of the largest individual (L max ) and Froese and Binohlan’s (2000Froese R, Binohlan C (2000) Empirical relationships to estimate asymptotic length, length at first maturity and length at maximum yield per recruit in fishes, with a simple method to evaluate length frequency data. Journal of Fish Biology 56: 758-773. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2000.tb00870.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2000...
) equations:

l o g L = 0.044 + 0.9841 × l o g L m a x

and

l o g L 50 = 0 . 8979 × l o g L - 0.0782

To standardize the data, t 0 was considered to be zero for all populations. The length-converted catch curve method (Gayanilo et al. 2002Gayanilo FC, Sparre P, Pauly D (2002) FAO-ICLARM Stock Assessment Tools (FiSAT). Software versión 1.2. 0. FAO, Roma .) estimated the instantaneous total mortality (Z), and Taylor’s equation (Taylor 1958Taylor CC (1958) Cod growth and temperature. Journal du Conseil 23: 366-370. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/23.3.366
https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/23.3.366...
) natural mortality (M):

M = 2.996 / A 0.95 %

Fishing mortality (F) was derived from the difference between Z and M, and the exploitation ratio (E) from fishing mortality/total mortality. Longevity (A 0.95%), defined as the time the individual takes to reach 95% of the asymptotic length, was estimated based on the formula proposed by Taylor (1960Taylor CC (1960) Temperature, growth, and mortality - the pacific cockle. Journal du Conseil 26: 117-124. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/26.1.117
https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/26.1.117...
):

T m a x = t 0 + 2.996 / k

Growth performance indexes (Munro and Pauly 1983Munro JL, Pauly D (1983) A simple method for comparing the growth of fishes and invertebrates. Fishbyte 1: 5-6.) were calculated as:

θ = l o g ( k ) + 2 × l o g ( L )

The indices obtained were compared with values from other stocks of the same species available on FishBase (http://www.fishbase.org) or the literature.

RESULTS

A total of 2,938 specimens representing ten different fish species (eight families) were used to determine the length-weight relationships (LWR). A new maximum length was recorded for Harengula clupeola (Cuvier, 1829) (22.5 cm TL). The data set does not provide first records for the other species in the FishBase database, but present larger and smaller size amplitudes than those previously reported for Brazil and the FishBase. Upeneus parvus Poey, 1852 presented a highest total length; Sardinella brasiliensis (Steindachner, 1879) presented the lowest and highest TL while Trichiurus lepturus Linnaeus, 1758, Orthopristis ruber (Cuvier, 1830) and Dactylopterus volitans (Linnaeus, 1758) presented the lowest TL values. Table 1 provides the results of the LWR analyses along with the descriptive statistics. In the present study, the coefficients of determination (R 2 ) ranged from 0.95 to 0.99.

Table 1
Sample size (n), ranges of total length (LT) and weight (TW) of fish species. Values and confidence limits (CL) of a and b, coefficients of determination (R2) and type of growth (ALO+, positive allometric; ALO-, negative allometric and ISO, isometric).

Population estimates obtained from seasonally adjusted length frequency data were achieved for most important fish species captured by the beach seine fishery. Table 2 summarizes the growth parameters, mortality rates and longevity estimated from our data set. The largest individuals of each species (L max ; cm) were used in the analysis to minimize the overestimation of L and K, and growth curves for juveniles showed a steep increase tapering off approaching L .

In general, our θ values are within the range of θ values from the literature to all species evaluated, except for U. parvus from which growth parameters were inexistent for the coast of Brazil. Fishing was the most important source of mortality for Caranx crysos (Mitchill, 1815), Eucinostomus argenteus Baird & Girard, 1855, S. brasiliensis and U. parvus, and less important for Cynoscion jamaicensis (Vaillant & Bocourt, 1883), D. volitans, O. ruber, Selene setapinnis (Mitchill, 1815), T. lepturus and H. clupeola.

Table 2
Values of constant growth rate (k; year-1), asymptotic total length (L; cm), nominal age at which fish length is considered zero (t0; year), C (seasonal oscillation amplitude; Cº), Wp (winter point); growth performance index (θ; Phi); instantaneous total mortality (Z), natural mortality (M), fishing mortality (F), exploitation ratio (E), length of first sexual maturity (L50), proportion of individuals below the length of first sexual maturity (n < L50;%) and longevity (A0.95%; years) by small scale fisheries in Itaipu costal zone.

Longevity estimates related to the growth constant (k) are within the expected values for all species evaluated, corresponding to the age at which 95% of the population would die from natural causes.

DISCUSSION

This study was conducted to determine some of the key management parameters of growth, mortalities, exploitation rate, longevity and size of the first maturity for fish species caught by the beach-seine artisanal fishery conducted within the Itaipu RESEX, a TURF type protected area. Estimates of population parameters are essential for understanding the biological characteristics of fish species, in particular, those targeted by commercial fisheries (García and Duarte 2006García CB, Duarte LO (2006) Length-based estimates of growth parameters and mortality rates of fish populations of the Caribbean Sea. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 22: 193-200. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2006.00720.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2006...
, Freitas et al. 2014Freitas TMS, Prudente BS, Fontoura NF, Montag LFA (2014) Length-weight relationships of dominant fish species from Caxiuanã National Forest, Eastern Amazon, Brazil. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 30: 1081-1083. https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.12436
https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.12436...
). The present data set was collected over a constant time interval, with fishing operations conducted with similar effort patterns within the same fishing area. However, as expected, the data set does not cover the whole lifespan of the selected fish populations, including representative samples of fry, juveniles, and adults. In fact, such results are seldom achieved even when using the most selective fishing gears (Panhwar and Liu 2013Panhwar SK, Liu Q (2013) Population statistics of the migratory hilsa shad, Tenualosa ilisha, in Sindh, Pakistan. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 29: 1091-1096. https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.12134
https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.12134...
). Therefore, we assumed that the pooled capture data for the whole period represents the average stock composition of each species under consideration.

The relative growth parameters reported are within the range documented in the literature for all ten species. These are widely distributed with a widespread occurrence on the South-southeastern coast of Brazil (Vianna et al. 2004Vianna M, Costa FES, Ferreira CN (2004) Length-weight relationship of fish caught as by-catch by shrimp fishery in the southeastern coast of Brazil. Boletim do Instituto de Pesca , São Paulo 30: 81-85., Haimovici and Velasco 2000Haimovici M, Velasco G (2000) Length-weight relationship of marine fishes from Southern Brazil. Naga, The ICLARM Quarterly 23: 19-23., Costa et al. 2014Costa MR da, Pereira HH, Neves LM, Araújo FG (2014) Length-weight relationships of 23 fish species from Southeastern Brazil. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 30: 230-232. https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.12275
https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.12275...
, Franco et al. 2014Franco TP, Araújo CEO, Araújo FG (2014) Length-weight relationships for 25 fish species from three coastal lagoons in Southeastern Brazil. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 30: 248-250. https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.12271
https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.12271...
). Genetic, environmental (resource availability), and population factors (density) may influence length parameters (TL max and L ). On the other hand, growth rates (k) are determined genetically and physiologically (TL max and L ) (Beverton and Holt 1957Beverton RJ, Holt SJ (1957) On the dynamics of exploited fish populations. Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food, London, 957 pp., Sparre and Venema 1992Sparre P, Venema SC (1992) Introduction to tropical fish stock assessment. FAO, Rome, 306 pp.). Thus, small variations in the distinction between the measured and predicted values or those presented here vs. literature might be influenced by several factors, including the number of sampled specimens, gonad maturity, sex, and growth phase (Froese 2006Froese R (2006) Cube law, condition factor and weight-length relationships: history, meta-analysis and recommendations. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 22: 241-253. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2006.00805.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2006...
). The variations in b values, compared with the available records, may be influenced by habitat type (Ruiz-Campos et al. 2010Ruiz-Campos G, Ramírez-Valdez A, González-Guzmán S, González-Acosta AF, Acosta Zamorano D (2010) Length-weight and length-length relationships for nine rocky tidal pool fishes along the Pacific coast of the Baja California Peninsula, Mexico. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 26: 118-119. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2009.01344.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2009...
), food availability, condition factor (Froese et al. 2011Froese R, Tsikliras AC, Stergiou KI (2011) Editorial note on weight-length relations of fishes. Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 41: 261-263. https://doi.org/10.3750/AIP2011.41.4.01
https://doi.org/10.3750/AIP2011.41.4.01...
), formalin effects on specimens (Teixeira de Mello et al. 2011Teixeira-de-Mello F, Gonzalez-Bergonzoni I, Viana F, Saizar C (2011) Length-weight relationships of 26 fish species from the middle section of the Negro River (Tacuarembó-Durazno, Uruguay). Journal of Applied Ichthyology 27: 1413-1415. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2011.01810.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2011...
) or other uncontrolled factors such as seasons or extreme environments (Costa et al. 2014Costa MR da, Pereira HH, Neves LM, Araújo FG (2014) Length-weight relationships of 23 fish species from Southeastern Brazil. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 30: 230-232. https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.12275
https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.12275...
, Wang et al. 2016Wang JQ, Huang LM, Li J, Zhang YZ, Zhu GP, Chen XJ (2016) Length-weight relationships of 45 fish species in the Min River Estuary, East China Sea. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 32: 131-133. https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.12910
https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.12910...
). Therefore, the relative growth parameters allow determining whether somatic growth is isometric or allometric (Araújo and Vicentini 2001Araújo FG, Vicentini RN (2001) Relação peso-comprimento da corvina Micropogonias furnieri (Desmarest)(Pisces, Sciaenidae) na Baía de Sepetiba, Rio de Janeiro. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 18: 133-138. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752001000100014
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-8175200100...
). Furthermore, they may be valuable tools to estimate (i) fish condition (Santos et al. 2002Santos MN, Gaspar MB, Vasconcelos P, Monteiro CC (2002) Weight-length relationships for 50 selected fish species of the Algarve coast (southern Portugal). Fisheries Research 59: 289-295. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-7836(01)00401-5
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-7836(01)00...
); (ii) biomass from length observations (Morato et al. 2001Morato T, Afonso P, Lourinho P, Barreiros JP, Santos RS, Nash RDM (2001) Length-weight relationships for 21 coastal fish species of the Azores, northeastern Atlantic. Fisheries Research 50: 297-302. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-7836(00)00215-0
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-7836(00)00...
); (iii) weight-at-age (Santos et al. 2002Santos MN, Gaspar MB, Vasconcelos P, Monteiro CC (2002) Weight-length relationships for 50 selected fish species of the Algarve coast (southern Portugal). Fisheries Research 59: 289-295. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-7836(01)00401-5
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-7836(01)00...
) and convert growth-in-length to growth-in-weight equations (Gonçalves et al. 1997Gonçalves JMS, Bentes L, Lino PG, Ribeiro J, Canario AV, Erzini K (1997) Weight-length relationships for selected fish species of the small-scale demersal fisheries of the south and south-west coast of Portugal. Fisheries Research 30: 253-256. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-7836(96)00569-3
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-7836(96)00...
, Stergiou and Moutopoulos 2001Stergiou KI, Moutopoulos DK (2001) A review of length-weight relationships of fishes from Greek marine waters. Naga, the ICLARM Quarterly 24: 23-39.); and (iv) may still be used for between-region comparisons of species life histories (Filiz and Bilge 2004Filiz H, Bilge G (2004) Length-weight relationships of 24 fish species from the North Aegean Sea, Turkey. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 20: 431-432. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2004.00582.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2004...
, Gökçe et al. 2010Gökçe G, Cekic M, Filiz H (2010) Length-weight relationships of marine fishes off Yumurtalık coast (İskenderun Bay), Turkey. Turkish Journal of Zoology 34: 101-104. https://doi.org/10.3906/zoo-0905-33
https://doi.org/10.3906/zoo-0905-33...
).

Beach seining is one of the oldest and most traditional fishing methods employed in Brazil, practiced on dissipative sandy beaches with a gentle slope and vast areas to extend the net (Kant de Lima and Pereira 1997Kant de Lima R, Pereira LF (1997) Pescadores de Itaipu: meio ambiente, conflito e ritual no litoral do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Editora da Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, 331 pp., Fagundes et al. 2007Fagundes L, Tomás ARG, Casarini LM, Bueno EF, Lopes GM, Machado DDAL, Rosa RA, Braga ACA, Camargo FBF, Oberg IMF, Pellegrini SDOP (2007) A pesca de arrasto-de-praia na Ilha de São Vicente, São Paulo, Brasil. São Paulo, Série Relatórios Técnicos 29, 45 pp.). This non-selective gear captured seasonal target species in the Itaipu RESEX, providing age-at-length data of combined juveniles and adults, which contributed for less biased estimates to describe local fish populations. Furthermore, it provided insights into the fisheries potential within the fishing area, that is, the real use of several population strata of different species.

The population parameters recorded in the present study suggests the existence of a fish fauna adapted to various local environmental constraints (spatial, temporal, or both), reflecting the habitat partitioning as they undergo biological development. Some of these species (e.g. C. crysos, E. argenteus, H. clupeola, and S. brasiliensis) are true “r” strategists, showing opportunistic life history strategies exploring empty ecological niches, spawning large batches of eggs without parental care and subjected to very high mortality rates during the first weeks of life. Individuals usually have a short lifespan and habitat carrying capacity is not a restrictive factor. This assemblage forms the bottom of the food chain.

On the other hand, species such C. jamaicensis, D. volitans, O. ruber, S. setapinnis, and T. lepturus, showed the “K” strategist life history strategy. Individuals are reaching larger sizes at a slow growth with low mortality rates. There is a greater parental care investment in the brood with offsprings showing higher survival probability in well busy niches. Such species are suited for life in resilient environments (Luiz et al. 2005Luiz EA, Petry AC, Pavanelli CS, Júlio Jr HF, Latini JD, Domingues VM, Gomes LC (2005) As assembléias de peixes de reservatórios, hidrelétricos do Estado do Paraná e bacias limítrofes. In: Rodrigues L, Thomaz SM, Agostinho AA, Gomes LC (Eds) Biocenoses em reservatórios: padrões espaciais e temporais. Rima Editora, São Carlos, 321 pp.), within sustainable limits of the habitat carrying capacity, and represent the top of the food chain. Groups “r” and “K” strategists may be recognized within the species analyzed, characterizing the multiple life history strategies observed in highly productive areas such as the Itaipu RESEX (Monteiro-Neto et al. 2008Monteiro-Neto C, Tubino RA, Moraes LE, Mendonça Neto JPD, Esteves GV, Fortes WL (2008) Associations of fishes in the coastal region of Itaipu, Niterói. Iheringia, Série Zoologia 98: 50-59. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0073-47212008000100007
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0073-4721200800...
, Tubino et al. 2007Tubino RA, Monteiro-Neto C, Moraes LES, Paes ET (2007) Artisanal fisheries production in the coastal zone of Itaipu, Niterói, RJ, Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Oceanography 55: 187-197. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-87592007000300003
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-8759200700...
, Morasche et al. 2010Morasche MS, Tubino RA, Monteiro-Neto C (2010) Dieta da corvina, Micropogonias furnieri (Desmarest, 1823) (Actinopterygii, Sciaenidae) na região costeira de Itaipu, Niterói-RJ. Arquivo de Ciências do Mar 43: 87-95.).

Natural mortality rate M and longevity showed dimensional reciprocity, but their precise relationship is complex and depends on both natural factors (e.g. changes in M with age due to senescence) and technical aspects such as sampling (e.g. the type of fishing net) and age-determination (Beverton 1992Beverton RJH (1992) Patterns of reproductive strategy parameters in some marine teleost fishes. Journal of Fish Biology 41: 137-160. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1992.tb03875.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1992...
). Both, mortality and longevity obtained in the present study were calculated with parameters derived from the von Bertalanffy equation. These included t0, k, and the value of 2.996 obtained from the transformation: LN (1-p) for P = 0.95. This value represents the proportion of TL max to L , both obtained from the VBGF. Calculating M from the expected maximum age indicated that populations with most longevous individuals often present a lower rate of M. In fact, M is one of the parameters for which a good estimate is harder to obtain and is often the greatest source of uncertainty in inventory valuation (Pauly 1980Pauly D (1980) On the interrelationships between natural mortality, growth parameters, and mean environmental temperature in 175 fish stocks. Journal du Conseil 39: 175-192. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/39.2.175
https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/39.2.175...
, Vetter 1988Vetter EF (1988) Estimation of natural mortality in fish stocks: a review. Fishery Bulletin 86: 25-43.). On the other hand, this is a necessary value for most stock dynamic models.

Using M and Z estimates, the current fishing mortality (F) was calculated for each species. Comparing the estimated values for M and F, it is possible to conclude that the fishery was the most important source of mortality (F > M) for C. crysos, E. argenteus, H. clupeola and U. parvus stocks. Fishing and natural mortality are practically the same for C. jamaicensis, whereas for other species fishing is less important than the other sources of mortality (F < M). Thus, from these results, it is plausible to assume that the stocks showing the “r” strategist behavior were under greater fishing pressure than the other species in question. Also, the levels of exploration (E) in the studied populations corroborate our hypothesis related to F. In fact, Gulland (1971Gulland JA (1971) The fish resource of the ocean. FAO, West Byfleet, 425 pp.) and Patterson (1992Patterson K (1992) Fisheries for small pelagic species: an empirical approach to management targets. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 2: 321-338. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00043521
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00043521...
) suggested optimal E values between 0.5 and 0.4 respectively. Our lower E values occurred in those species under less pressure of the beach seine fishery. However, regardless of fishery control, there is the need for an independent survey of species populations to support this hypothesis further. The interpretation provided represents first insights into the current status of the stocks exploited within the TURF type Itaipu RESEX.

Length-frequency data were collected routinely for fisheries management, as part of exploratory surveys (Asila and Ogari 1988Asila AA, Ogari J (1988) Growth parameters and mortality rates of Nile perch (Lates niloticus) estimated from length-fequency data in the Nyanza Gulf (Lake Victoria). FAO Fisheries Report, Rome, 389 pp., Piñero et al. 1996Piñeiro C, Casas JM, Bañón R, Serrano A, Calviño A, Abad Cerdán R, Navas AG (1996) Resultados de la acción piloto de pesca experimental en el talud de la plataforma gallega (noroeste de la península ibérica). Datos y Resúmenes del Instituto Español de Oceanografía 1-57.) beyond evaluated the status of the respective populations or fishery. Among all the fishing practices under use in Itaipu, the most traditional fishery is the beach seine. Many authors argue that artisanal fisheries are a vital component of small community livelihood, playing a major role in food security, health, and well being. These practices are often the cheapest and most accessible sources of animal protein and micronutrients essential to local communities (Youn et al. 2014Youn SJ, Taylor WW, Lynch AJ, Cowx IG, Beard TD, Bartley D, Wu F (2014) Inland capture fishery contributions to global food security and threats to their future. Global Food Security 3: 142-148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2014.09.005
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2014.09.00...
, Belton and Thilsted 2014Belton B, Thilsted SH (2014) Fisheries in transition: food and nutrition security implications for the global South. Global Food Security 3: 59-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2013.10.001
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2013.10.00...
).

Within the Itaipu coastal zone, this beach seine fishery provided subsistence and established the modes of social reproduction of the Itaipu fishers for more than two centuries (Kant de Lima and Pereira 1997Kant de Lima R, Pereira LF (1997) Pescadores de Itaipu: meio ambiente, conflito e ritual no litoral do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Editora da Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, 331 pp.). The local traditional ecological knowledge (TEK, sensu Berkes 1999Berkes F (1999) Sacred ecology: traditional ecological knowledge and management systems. Taylor & Francis, Philadelphia, 209 pp.) associated with this fishery provided the legal framework for the establishment of the Itaipu Extractive Reserve (Itaipu RESEX) in 2014. The information on the growth parameters here presented for a set of commercial species exploited by this fishery becomes essential for local management of the resources, meeting the objectives of a TURF like protected area.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors would like to thank Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal do Ensino Superior (Capes) for the financial support provided through the post-doctoral fellowship PNPD to R.A. Tubino. Cassiano Monteiro-Neto holds a Research Productivity fellowship from Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq). We also thank the fishers from Itaipu RESEX who contributed for this research. L. Loto elaborated the area map. We greatly appreciated the field and laboratory assistance of all trainees of the ECOPESCA Laboratory. This work was financially supported by Fundação Carlos Chagas de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ E 26/112.613/2012) and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq 406249/2012-1).

LITERATURE CITED

  • Afflerbach JC, Lester SE, Doughertya DT, Poon SE (2014) A global survey of ‘‘TURF-reserves’’, Territorial Use Rights for Fisheries coupled with marine reserves. Global Ecology and Conservation 2: 97-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2014.08.001
    » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2014.08.001
  • Araújo FG, Vicentini RN (2001) Relação peso-comprimento da corvina Micropogonias furnieri (Desmarest)(Pisces, Sciaenidae) na Baía de Sepetiba, Rio de Janeiro. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 18: 133-138. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752001000100014
    » https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752001000100014
  • Asila AA, Ogari J (1988) Growth parameters and mortality rates of Nile perch (Lates niloticus) estimated from length-fequency data in the Nyanza Gulf (Lake Victoria). FAO Fisheries Report, Rome, 389 pp.
  • Belton B, Thilsted SH (2014) Fisheries in transition: food and nutrition security implications for the global South. Global Food Security 3: 59-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2013.10.001
    » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2013.10.001
  • Berkes F (1999) Sacred ecology: traditional ecological knowledge and management systems. Taylor & Francis, Philadelphia, 209 pp.
  • Beverton RJH (1992) Patterns of reproductive strategy parameters in some marine teleost fishes. Journal of Fish Biology 41: 137-160. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1992.tb03875.x
    » https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1992.tb03875.x
  • Beverton RJ, Holt SJ (1957) On the dynamics of exploited fish populations. Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food, London, 957 pp.
  • Brasil (2011) SNUC - Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação da Natureza: Lei nº 9.985, de 18 de julho de 2000; Decreto nº 4.340, de 22 de agosto de 2002; Decreto nº 5.746, de 5 de abril de 2006. Plano Estratégico Nacional de Áreas Protegidas: Decreto nº 5.758, de 13 de abril de 2006. Brasília, Ministério do Meio Ambiente, 76 pp.
  • Castro Filho BD, Miranda LD, Miyao SY (1987) Condições hidrográficas na plataforma continental ao largo de Ubatuba: variações sazonais e em média escala. Boletim do Instituto Oceanográfico 35: 135-151. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0373-55241987000200004
    » https://doi.org/10.1590/S0373-55241987000200004
  • Castro PD, Cergole MC, Carneiro MH, Mucinhato CMD, Servo GDM (2002) Crescimento, mortalidade e taxa de explotação do goete, Cynoscion jamaicensis (Perciformes: Sciaenidae), na região sudeste/sul do Brasil. Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, São Paulo 28: 141-153.
  • Chuenpagdee R, Pauly D (2008) Small is beautiful? A database approach for global assessment of small-scale fisheries: preliminary results and hypotheses. American Fisheries Society Symposium 49: 575-586.
  • Costa MR da, Araújo FG (2003) Length-weight relationship and condition factor of Micropogonias furnieri (Desmarest) (Perciformes, Sciaenidae) in the Sepetiba Bay, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 20: 685-690. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752003000400022
    » https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752003000400022
  • Costa MR da, Pereira HH, Neves LM, Araújo FG (2014) Length-weight relationships of 23 fish species from Southeastern Brazil. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 30: 230-232. https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.12275
    » https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.12275
  • Fagundes L, Tomás ARG, Casarini LM, Bueno EF, Lopes GM, Machado DDAL, Rosa RA, Braga ACA, Camargo FBF, Oberg IMF, Pellegrini SDOP (2007) A pesca de arrasto-de-praia na Ilha de São Vicente, São Paulo, Brasil. São Paulo, Série Relatórios Técnicos 29, 45 pp.
  • FAO-ICLARM (1996) Stock assessment tools. User’s manual. FAO-ICLARM, Rome, 168 pp.
  • Figueiredo JD, Menezes NA (1980) Manual de peixes marinhos do sudeste do Brasil. IV Teleostei (3). Universidade de São Paulo, Museu de Zoologia, São Paulo, 96 pp.
  • Figueiredo JL, Menezes NA (2000) Manual de peixes marinhos do sudeste do Brasil. IV Teleostei (5). Universidade de São Paulo, Museu de Zoologia, São Paulo, 116 pp.
  • Filiz H, Bilge G (2004) Length-weight relationships of 24 fish species from the North Aegean Sea, Turkey. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 20: 431-432. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2004.00582.x
    » https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2004.00582.x
  • Franco TP, Araújo CEO, Araújo FG (2014) Length-weight relationships for 25 fish species from three coastal lagoons in Southeastern Brazil. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 30: 248-250. https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.12271
    » https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.12271
  • Freitas RR, Chamy P, Dumith RC (2017) Institutional design of small-scale fisheries in marine protected areas applied to sustainable territorial development on the Brazilian coast. Ocean and Coastal Management 139: 92-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2017.02.006
    » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2017.02.006
  • Freitas TMS, Prudente BS, Fontoura NF, Montag LFA (2014) Length-weight relationships of dominant fish species from Caxiuanã National Forest, Eastern Amazon, Brazil. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 30: 1081-1083. https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.12436
    » https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.12436
  • Froese R (2006) Cube law, condition factor and weight-length relationships: history, meta-analysis and recommendations. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 22: 241-253. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2006.00805.x
    » https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2006.00805.x
  • Froese R, Binohlan C (2000) Empirical relationships to estimate asymptotic length, length at first maturity and length at maximum yield per recruit in fishes, with a simple method to evaluate length frequency data. Journal of Fish Biology 56: 758-773. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2000.tb00870.x
    » https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2000.tb00870.x
  • Froese R, Tsikliras AC, Stergiou KI (2011) Editorial note on weight-length relations of fishes. Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 41: 261-263. https://doi.org/10.3750/AIP2011.41.4.01
    » https://doi.org/10.3750/AIP2011.41.4.01
  • García CB, Duarte LO (2006) Length-based estimates of growth parameters and mortality rates of fish populations of the Caribbean Sea. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 22: 193-200. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2006.00720.x
    » https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2006.00720.x
  • Gayanilo FC, Pauly D (1997) FAO-ICLARM fish stock assessment (FiSAT) reference manual. FAO, Roma, Computerized Information Series (Fisheries), 168 pp.
  • Gayanilo FC, Sparre P, Pauly D (2002) FAO-ICLARM Stock Assessment Tools (FiSAT). Software versión 1.2. 0. FAO, Roma .
  • Gökçe G, Cekic M, Filiz H (2010) Length-weight relationships of marine fishes off Yumurtalık coast (İskenderun Bay), Turkey. Turkish Journal of Zoology 34: 101-104. https://doi.org/10.3906/zoo-0905-33
    » https://doi.org/10.3906/zoo-0905-33
  • Gomiero LM, Carmassi AL, Braga FMDS (2007) Crescimento e mortalidade de Brycon opalinus (Characiformes, Characidae) no Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, Mata Atlântica, Estado de São Paulo. Biota Neotropica 7: 22-26. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032007000100002
    » https://doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032007000100002
  • Gonçalves JMS, Bentes L, Lino PG, Ribeiro J, Canario AV, Erzini K (1997) Weight-length relationships for selected fish species of the small-scale demersal fisheries of the south and south-west coast of Portugal. Fisheries Research 30: 253-256. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-7836(96)00569-3
    » https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-7836(96)00569-3
  • Gulland JA (1971) The fish resource of the ocean. FAO, West Byfleet, 425 pp.
  • Haimovici M, Velasco G (2000) Length-weight relationship of marine fishes from Southern Brazil. Naga, The ICLARM Quarterly 23: 19-23.
  • Huxley JS (1993) Problems of relative growth; with a new introduction by Frederick B. Churchill and an essay by Richard E. Strauss. The John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 31 pp.
  • Jennings S, Kaiser MJ, Reynolds JD (2001) Marine fisheries ecology. Blackwell Science Ltd., Oxford, 417 pp.
  • Kant de Lima R, Pereira LF (1997) Pescadores de Itaipu: meio ambiente, conflito e ritual no litoral do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Editora da Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, 331 pp.
  • Le Cren ED (1951) The length-weight relationship and seasonal cycle in gonad weight and condition in the perch (Perca fluviatilis). The Journal of Animal Ecology 20: 201-219. https://doi.org/10.2307/1540
    » https://doi.org/10.2307/1540
  • Loto L, Monteiro-Neto C, Martins RRM, Tubino RA (2018) Temporal changes of a coastal small-scale fishery system within a tropical metropolitan city. Ocean & Coastal Management 153: 203-214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2017.12.004
    » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2017.12.004
  • Luiz EA, Petry AC, Pavanelli CS, Júlio Jr HF, Latini JD, Domingues VM, Gomes LC (2005) As assembléias de peixes de reservatórios, hidrelétricos do Estado do Paraná e bacias limítrofes. In: Rodrigues L, Thomaz SM, Agostinho AA, Gomes LC (Eds) Biocenoses em reservatórios: padrões espaciais e temporais. Rima Editora, São Carlos, 321 pp.
  • Monteiro-Neto C, Tubino RA, Moraes LE, Mendonça Neto JPD, Esteves GV, Fortes WL (2008) Associations of fishes in the coastal region of Itaipu, Niterói. Iheringia, Série Zoologia 98: 50-59. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0073-47212008000100007
    » https://doi.org/10.1590/S0073-47212008000100007
  • Morasche MS, Tubino RA, Monteiro-Neto C (2010) Dieta da corvina, Micropogonias furnieri (Desmarest, 1823) (Actinopterygii, Sciaenidae) na região costeira de Itaipu, Niterói-RJ. Arquivo de Ciências do Mar 43: 87-95.
  • Morato T, Afonso P, Lourinho P, Barreiros JP, Santos RS, Nash RDM (2001) Length-weight relationships for 21 coastal fish species of the Azores, northeastern Atlantic. Fisheries Research 50: 297-302. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-7836(00)00215-0
    » https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-7836(00)00215-0
  • Munro JL, Pauly D (1983) A simple method for comparing the growth of fishes and invertebrates. Fishbyte 1: 5-6.
  • Panhwar SK, Liu Q (2013) Population statistics of the migratory hilsa shad, Tenualosa ilisha, in Sindh, Pakistan. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 29: 1091-1096. https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.12134
    » https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.12134
  • Panfili J, Pontual H, Troadec H, Wrigh PJ (2002) Manual of fish sclerochronology. IRD-Ifremer, Brest, 463 pp.
  • Pauly D (1979) Theory and management of tropical multispecies stocks. ICLARM Studies and Reviews 1: 35.
  • Pauly D (1980) On the interrelationships between natural mortality, growth parameters, and mean environmental temperature in 175 fish stocks. Journal du Conseil 39: 175-192. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/39.2.175
    » https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/39.2.175
  • Pauly D, David N (1981) ELEFAN I, a BASIC program for the objective extraction of growth parameters from length-frequency data. Meeresforschung 28: 205-211.
  • Patterson K (1992) Fisheries for small pelagic species: an empirical approach to management targets. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 2: 321-338. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00043521
    » https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00043521
  • Piñeiro C, Casas JM, Bañón R, Serrano A, Calviño A, Abad Cerdán R, Navas AG (1996) Resultados de la acción piloto de pesca experimental en el talud de la plataforma gallega (noroeste de la península ibérica). Datos y Resúmenes del Instituto Español de Oceanografía 1-57.
  • Ruiz-Campos G, Ramírez-Valdez A, González-Guzmán S, González-Acosta AF, Acosta Zamorano D (2010) Length-weight and length-length relationships for nine rocky tidal pool fishes along the Pacific coast of the Baja California Peninsula, Mexico. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 26: 118-119. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2009.01344.x
    » https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2009.01344.x
  • Sá-Oliveira JC, Angelini R, Isaac-Nahum VJ (2015) Population parameters of the fish fauna in a long-established Amazonian reservoir (Amapa, Brazil). Journal of Applied Ichthyology 31: 290-295. doi: 10.1111/jai.12667
  • Santos MN, Gaspar MB, Vasconcelos P, Monteiro CC (2002) Weight-length relationships for 50 selected fish species of the Algarve coast (southern Portugal). Fisheries Research 59: 289-295. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-7836(01)00401-5
    » https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-7836(01)00401-5
  • Sparre P, Venema SC (1992) Introduction to tropical fish stock assessment. FAO, Rome, 306 pp.
  • StatSoft (2005) STATISTICA data analysis software system, version 7.1. StatSoft, Tulsa.
  • Stergiou KI (2000) Box 17. Using Fishbase to test life-history hypothesis. In: Froese R, Pauly D (Eds) FishBase 2000: concepts, design and data sources. ICLARM, Los Banõs, 344 pp.
  • Stergiou KI, Moutopoulos DK (2001) A review of length-weight relationships of fishes from Greek marine waters. Naga, the ICLARM Quarterly 24: 23-39.
  • Taylor CC (1958) Cod growth and temperature. Journal du Conseil 23: 366-370. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/23.3.366
    » https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/23.3.366
  • Taylor CC (1960) Temperature, growth, and mortality - the pacific cockle. Journal du Conseil 26: 117-124. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/26.1.117
    » https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/26.1.117
  • Teixeira-de-Mello F, Gonzalez-Bergonzoni I, Viana F, Saizar C (2011) Length-weight relationships of 26 fish species from the middle section of the Negro River (Tacuarembó-Durazno, Uruguay). Journal of Applied Ichthyology 27: 1413-1415. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2011.01810.x
    » https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2011.01810.x
  • Tubino RA, Marques Junior Silva EP da, Lobão RJS, Seara TF, Monteiro-Neto C (2014) Mudanças Históricas e Perda de Referenciais em Uma Pescaria Artesanal Costeira no Sudeste do Brasil. In: Haimovici M, Andriguetto Filho JM, Sunye PS (Eds) A pesca marinha no Brasil: estudos multidisciplinares. Editora da FURG, Rio Grande, 191 pp.
  • Tubino RA, Monteiro-Neto C, Moraes LES, Paes ET (2007) Artisanal fisheries production in the coastal zone of Itaipu, Niterói, RJ, Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Oceanography 55: 187-197. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-87592007000300003
    » https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-87592007000300003
  • Velasco G, Reis EG, Vieira JP (2007) Calculating growth parameters of Genidens barbus (Siluriformes, Ariidae) using length composition and age data. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 23: 64-69. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2006.00793.x
    » https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2006.00793.x
  • Vetter EF (1988) Estimation of natural mortality in fish stocks: a review. Fishery Bulletin 86: 25-43.
  • Vianna M, Costa FES, Ferreira CN (2004) Length-weight relationship of fish caught as by-catch by shrimp fishery in the southeastern coast of Brazil. Boletim do Instituto de Pesca , São Paulo 30: 81-85.
  • Wang JQ, Huang LM, Li J, Zhang YZ, Zhu GP, Chen XJ (2016) Length-weight relationships of 45 fish species in the Min River Estuary, East China Sea. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 32: 131-133. https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.12910
    » https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.12910
  • Youn SJ, Taylor WW, Lynch AJ, Cowx IG, Beard TD, Bartley D, Wu F (2014) Inland capture fishery contributions to global food security and threats to their future. Global Food Security 3: 142-148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2014.09.005
    » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2014.09.005

Publication Notes

  • Available online:

    November 23, 2018
  • Zoobank Register:

    http://zoobank.org/671582AD-9773-472C-804C-E22787040827
  • Publisher:

    © 2018 Sociedade Brasileira de Zoologia. Published by Pensoft Publishers at https://zoologia.pensoft.net

Edited by

Editorial responsibility:

Susan Barbieri

Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    29 Nov 2018
  • Date of issue
    2018

History

  • Received
    13 Nov 2017
  • Accepted
    07 Feb 2018
  • Published
    23 Nov 2018
Sociedade Brasileira de Zoologia Caixa Postal 19020, 81531-980 Curitiba PR Brasil, Tel./Fax: (55 41) 3266-6823 - Curitiba - PR - Brazil
E-mail: sbz@sbzoologia.org.br