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Sentidos de vida: um estudo transcultural entre gestores brasileiros e portugueses

Resumos

A reflexão sobre o sentido de vida remonta à Antiguidade, e vários trabalhos têm sido desenvolvidos sobre a sua relação com outros construtos, inclusive valores. Os valores possuem conteúdos universais, transculturais, porém não é o caso de sentidos de vida, que não têm aparecido como meta implicita a todas as culturas. De acordo com a literatura, a busca pelo sentido de vida influencia os valores que orientam os comportamentos humanos. Tendo em vista a influência exercida pelos valores na gestão das organizações, este estudo teve como objetivo identificar a diferença entre sentidos de vida de gestores brasileiros e portugueses. A pesquisa caracterizou-se como descritiva exploratória, tendo empregado método quantitativo com aporte qualitativo. Os resultados evidenciaram diferenças entre as duas amostras: os brasileiros mais orientados para a auto-realização e os portugueses para a solidariedade com os grupos sociais próximos.


The subject of life meaning has been discussed since ancient times, and several works have been developed on its relation with other constructs, including values. Values contain universal and transcultural content but life meanings haven’t appeared, in the studies, as a goal to all cultures. According with the literature, the search for life meaning influences the values that guide human behaviors. Regarding the role that values play on the management of organizations, this study aimed to identify the difference between the life meanings of Brazilian and Portuguese managers. The research was exploratory descriptive and had used a quantitative method with a qualitative approach. The results highlighted the differences between life meanings of the two samples: the Brazilians being more guided by the self-achievement, and the Portuguese by the solidarity with the social groups that surround them


ARTIGO

Sentidos de vida: um estudo transcultural entre gestores brasileiros e portugueses

Maria Luisa Mendes TeixeiraI, Silvia Russi DeDomenicoII, Newton Oller de MelloIII, Carlos Manuel Alves de AlmeidaIV, Filipe Jorge Ribeiro de AlmeidaV

IProfª PPGA/Universidade Mackenzi

IIProfª Administração/Universidade Mackenzie e Doutoranda do PPGA/Mackenzie

IIIProf. Administração/Universidade Mackenzie

IVProf. Administração/Universidade Mackenzie

VProf. Faculdade de Economia da Universidade de Coimbra/Portugal. Desenvolveu o projeto em parceria com os demais autores, tendo sido responsável pela adaptação do instrumento de coleta de dados e também pela sua administração naquele país.

RESUMO

A reflexão sobre o sentido de vida remonta à Antiguidade, e vários trabalhos têm sido desenvolvidos sobre a sua relação com outros construtos, inclusive valores. Os valores possuem conteúdos universais, transculturais, porém não é o caso de sentidos de vida, que não têm aparecido como meta implicita a todas as culturas. De acordo com a literatura, a busca pelo sentido de vida influencia os valores que orientam os comportamentos humanos. Tendo em vista a influência exercida pelos valores na gestão das organizações, este estudo teve como objetivo identificar a diferença entre sentidos de vida de gestores brasileiros e portugueses. A pesquisa caracterizou-se como descritiva exploratória, tendo empregado método quantitativo com aporte qualitativo. Os resultados evidenciaram diferenças entre as duas amostras: os brasileiros mais orientados para a auto-realização e os portugueses para a solidariedade com os grupos sociais próximos.

ABSTRACT

The subject of life meaning has been discussed since ancient times, and several works have been developed on its relation with other constructs, including values. Values contain universal and transcultural content but life meanings haven’t appeared, in the studies, as a goal to all cultures. According with the literature, the search for life meaning influences the values that guide human behaviors. Regarding the role that values play on the management of organizations, this study aimed to identify the difference between the life meanings of Brazilian and Portuguese managers. The research was exploratory descriptive and had used a quantitative method with a qualitative approach. The results highlighted the differences between life meanings of the two samples: the Brazilians being more guided by the self-achievement, and the Portuguese by the solidarity with the social groups that surround them.

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REFERÊNCIAS

BATTISTA, J.; ALMOND, R. The development of meaning in life. Psychiatry, 36, p.409-427, 1973.

BAUM. S. K.; STEWART, R. B. Sources of meaning through lhe life span. Psychological Reports, 67, p.3-14, 1990.

BAUM, S. K. Meaningful life experiences for elderly persons. Psychological Reports, 63, p.427-433, 1988.

BAUMEISTER, R. F. Meanings of life. New York: Guilford Press, 1991.

CHAMBERLAIN, K.; ZIKA, S. Measuring meaning in life: an examination of three scales. Personality and Individual Differences, 9(3), p.589-596, 1988.

CRANDALL, J.E.; RASMUSSEN, R. D. Purpouse in life as related to specific values. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 31, p.483-485, 1975.

CRUMBAUGH, J.C. Cross- validation of purpose in life teste based on Frankl’s concept. Journal of Individual Psychologv, 24, p.74-81, 1968.

CRUMBAUGH, J. C.; MAHOLICK, L. T. An experimental study in existentialism: the psychometric approach to Frankl’s concept of noogenic neurosis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 20, p.200-207, 1964.

CRUMBAUGH, J.C., RAPHAEL, S.M.; SHRADER, R.R. Frankl’s view to meaning in a religious order. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 26, p.206 - 207, 1970.

DEBATS, D. L. The life regard index: reliability and validity. Psychological Reports, 67, p.27-34, 1990.

DEBATS, D. L.; DROST, J.; HANSEN, P. Experiences of meaning in life: a combined qualitative and quantitative approach. British Journal of Psychology, 86, p.359-375, 1995.

DEBATS, D. L.; VAN DER LUBBE, P. M.; WEZEMAN, F. R. A. On the psychometric properties of the Life Regard Index (LRI): a measure of meaningful life. Personality and Individual Differences, 14(2), p.337-345, 1993.

EBERSOLE, Peter; QUIRING, Gogi. Social Desirability in the Purpose-In-Life Test. The Journal of Psychology. 123(3), p.305-307, 1988.

ENGLAND, G.; LEE, R. The relationship between managerial values and managerial success in the United States, Japan, India and Australia. Journal of Applied Psychology, v. 59, (4), p.411-419, 1974.

FRANKL, V E. Man’s search for meaning: an introduction to logotherapy. Boston: Beacon Press. 1965.

_________________.The feeling of meaninglessness: a challenge to psychotherapy. American Journal of Psychoanalysis. 32(1), 85-89, 1972.

_________________. Psicoterapia e sentido da vida: fundamentos da logoterapia e análise existencial. São Paulo: Quadrante, 1989a.

_________________. Sede de sentido. São Paulo: Quadrante. 1989b.

_________________. Em busca de sentido: um psicólogo no campo de concentração. São Leopoldo: Editora Sinodal; Petrópolis: Editora Vozes. 1991.

GUTH, W. D.; TAGURI, R. Personal values and corporate strategy. Harvard Business Review, v.43, 1965.

HAIR, JR.; Joseph. F;ANDERSON, Rolph E.; TATHAM, Ronald, L.; BLACK, William C. Multivariate Date Analysis. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall, 1998.

HOFSTEDE, G. Culture’s conseqüences: international diferences in work related values. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1980.

KINNIER, R T.; METHA, A. T.; KEIM, J. S.; OKEY, J. L.; ALDER-TABIA, R. L.; BERRY, M. A.; MULVENON, S. W. Depression, meaninglessness, and substance abuse in "normal" and hospitalized adolescents. Journal of Alcohol & Drug Education, 39(2), p.101-111, 1994.

LIU, Kevin R. Meaning, freedom & values: a framework for the creation of meaning in life within the context of organization. Thesis, Califomia School of Profissional Psychology. Los Angeles, 1996.

LUNDIN, R. W. Personalidade -uma análise do comportamento. São Paulo: E.P.U, 1975.

MADDI, S. R. The search for meaning. In: WILLIAMS. A; PAGE, M (eds). The Nebraska Symposium on Motivation. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1970.

NEWCOMB, M. D.; HARLOW, L. L. Life events and substance use among adolescente: mediating effects of perceived loss of control and meaninglessness in life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(3), p.564-577, 1986.

NICHOLSON, T.; HIGGINS, W.; TURNER, P.; JAMES, S.; STICKLE, F.; PRUITT, T. The relation between meaning in life and the occurrence of drug abuse: a retrospective study. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 8(1), p.24-28, 1994.

REKER, G. T. The purpose-in-life test in an inmate population: an empirical investigation. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 33(3), p.688-693, 1977.

REKER, G. T.; WONG, P. T. P. Aging as an individual process: toward a theory of personal meaning. In: J. BIRREN, J; BENGSTON, V. L. (Eds). Emergent Theories of Aging. New York: Springer Publishing, p. 214-246, 1988.

ROKEACH, Milton. The nature of human values. New York: The Free Press, 1973.

SHEK, D. T. L., HONG, H. K. & CHEUNG, P. C. Meaning in life and adolescent antisocial and prosocial behavior in a Chinese context. Psychology, 37, 211-218, 1994.

SCHWARTZ, S.H. Universal in the content and structure of values. Theoretical advances and empirical test in 20 countries. In: M.P. Zanna. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Nova York: Academic Press, p. 1-65,1992.

_________ Are there universal aspects in the structure and contents of human values? Journal of Social Issues, 50, p. 19-45,1994,

_________ Value priorities and behavior: applying a theory of integrated value systems. In: C. Seligman, J. M. Olson, e M.P. Zanna. The psychology of values: The Ontario Symposium, v8, N.J. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, p1-24, 1996

_________ Existen aspectos universals en la estructura y contenido de los valores humanos? In: Maria Ros e Valdiney V. Gouveia. Psicología social de los valores humanos: desarrollos teóricos, metodológicos y aplicados. Madrid: Biblioteca Nueva, p.53-77, 2001,

SCHWARTZ, S.H., BILSKY, W. Toward a theory of the universal content and structure of values: extensions and cross-cultural replications. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, p.878-891,1990.

  • BATTISTA, J.; ALMOND, R. The development of meaning in life. Psychiatry, 36, p.409-427, 1973.
  • BAUM. S. K.; STEWART, R. B. Sources of meaning through lhe life span. Psychological Reports, 67, p.3-14, 1990.
  • BAUM, S. K. Meaningful life experiences for elderly persons. Psychological Reports, 63, p.427-433, 1988.
  • BAUMEISTER, R. F. Meanings of life New York: Guilford Press, 1991.
  • CHAMBERLAIN, K.; ZIKA, S. Measuring meaning in life: an examination of three scales. Personality and Individual Differences, 9(3), p.589-596, 1988.
  • CRANDALL, J.E.; RASMUSSEN, R. D. Purpouse in life as related to specific values. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 31, p.483-485, 1975.
  • DEBATS, D. L. The life regard index: reliability and validity. Psychological Reports, 67, p.27-34, 1990.
  • DEBATS, D. L.; DROST, J.; HANSEN, P. Experiences of meaning in life: a combined qualitative and quantitative approach. British Journal of Psychology, 86, p.359-375, 1995.
  • DEBATS, D. L.; VAN DER LUBBE, P. M.; WEZEMAN, F. R. A. On the psychometric properties of the Life Regard Index (LRI): a measure of meaningful life. Personality and Individual Differences, 14(2), p.337-345, 1993.
  • EBERSOLE, Peter; QUIRING, Gogi. Social Desirability in the Purpose-In-Life Test. The Journal of Psychology 123(3), p.305-307, 1988.
  • _________________.The feeling of meaninglessness: a challenge to psychotherapy. American Journal of Psychoanalysis 32(1), 85-89, 1972.
  • _________________. Psicoterapia e sentido da vida: fundamentos da logoterapia e análise existencial. São Paulo: Quadrante, 1989a.
  • _________________. Sede de sentido São Paulo: Quadrante. 1989b.
  • _________________. Em busca de sentido: um psicólogo no campo de concentração. São Leopoldo: Editora Sinodal; Petrópolis: Editora Vozes. 1991.
  • GUTH, W. D.; TAGURI, R. Personal values and corporate strategy. Harvard Business Review, v.43, 1965.
  • HAIR, JR.; Joseph. F;ANDERSON, Rolph E.; TATHAM, Ronald, L.; BLACK, William C. Multivariate Date Analysis Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall, 1998.
  • KINNIER, R T.; METHA, A. T.; KEIM, J. S.; OKEY, J. L.; ALDER-TABIA, R. L.; BERRY, M. A.; MULVENON, S. W. Depression, meaninglessness, and substance abuse in "normal" and hospitalized adolescents. Journal of Alcohol & Drug Education, 39(2), p.101-111, 1994.
  • LIU, Kevin R. Meaning, freedom & values: a framework for the creation of meaning in life within the context of organization. Thesis, Califomia School of Profissional Psychology Los Angeles, 1996.
  • LUNDIN, R. W. Personalidade -uma análise do comportamento São Paulo: E.P.U, 1975.
  • MADDI, S. R. The search for meaning. In: WILLIAMS. A; PAGE, M (eds). The Nebraska Symposium on Motivation Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1970.
  • NEWCOMB, M. D.; HARLOW, L. L. Life events and substance use among adolescente: mediating effects of perceived loss of control and meaninglessness in life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(3), p.564-577, 1986.
  • NICHOLSON, T.; HIGGINS, W.; TURNER, P.; JAMES, S.; STICKLE, F.; PRUITT, T. The relation between meaning in life and the occurrence of drug abuse: a retrospective study. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 8(1), p.24-28, 1994.
  • REKER, G. T. The purpose-in-life test in an inmate population: an empirical investigation. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 33(3), p.688-693, 1977.
  • REKER, G. T.; WONG, P. T. P. Aging as an individual process: toward a theory of personal meaning. In: J. BIRREN, J; BENGSTON, V. L. (Eds). Emergent Theories of Aging New York: Springer Publishing, p. 214-246, 1988.
  • ROKEACH, Milton. The nature of human values New York: The Free Press, 1973.
  • SHEK, D. T. L., HONG, H. K. & CHEUNG, P. C. Meaning in life and adolescent antisocial and prosocial behavior in a Chinese context. Psychology, 37, 211-218, 1994.
  • SCHWARTZ, S.H. Universal in the content and structure of values. Theoretical advances and empirical test in 20 countries. In: M.P. Zanna. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology Nova York: Academic Press, p. 1-65,1992.
  • _________ Are there universal aspects in the structure and contents of human values? Journal of Social Issues, 50, p. 19-45,1994,
  • _________ Value priorities and behavior: applying a theory of integrated value systems. In: C. Seligman, J. M. Olson, e M.P. Zanna. The psychology of values: The Ontario Symposium, v8, N.J. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, p1-24, 1996
  • _________ Existen aspectos universals en la estructura y contenido de los valores humanos? In: Maria Ros e Valdiney V. Gouveia. Psicología social de los valores humanos: desarrollos teóricos, metodológicos y aplicados. Madrid: Biblioteca Nueva, p.53-77, 2001,
  • SCHWARTZ, S.H., BILSKY, W. Toward a theory of the universal content and structure of values: extensions and cross-cultural replications. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, p.878-891,1990.

Datas de Publicação

  • Publicação nesta coleção
    24 Out 2014
  • Data do Fascículo
    Set 2006
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