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Composition of small and large firms’ business networks in transition economies

Abstracts

In this study, using firm level data from twenty six transition economies collected by the World Bank and the EBRD in 1999-2000, we conduct a set of logistic regression models to investigate the composition of small and large firms’ business networks. The results show that, in contrast to smaller firms, larger firms are more likely to have formal business relationships, and relationships with national and foreign financial institutions, government, and foreign firms. In addition, in a subgroup analysis of seven transition economies we show that the composition of the firms’ business networks varies substantially across countries but that the government is still a dominant client. Furthermore, we found a large variation on firms’ reliance on informal ties and the extent to which firms exchange with foreign firms.


Neste estudo, utilizando dados de firmas de vinte e seis economias em transição, coletados pelo World Bank e EBRD em 1999-2000, conduzimos um conjunto de modelos de regressão logísticos para investigar a composição das redes relacionais de pequenas e grandes empresas. Os resultados mostram que, em contraste com as pequenas empresas, as empresas maiores são mais propensas a ter relacionamentos formais de negócios, e relacionamentos com instituições financeiras nacionais e internacionais, governos e empresas internacionais. Adicionalmente, numa análise de subgrupos de sete economias de transição, mostramos que a composição das redes relacionais das firmas varia substancialmente de país para país e que o governo é, ainda, um cliente dominante. Também verificamos uma grande variação na dependência das firmas em ligações informais e na quantidade de relacionamentos especificamente com empresas estrangeiras.


ARTIGOS

Composition of small and large firms’ business networks in transition economies

Manuel Portugal FerreiraI; Dan LiII; Fernando Ribeiro SerraIII; Sungu ArmaganIV

IProf. Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gestão/Instituto Politécnico de Leiria-Portugal

IIProf. Kelley School of Business/Indiana University

IIIProf. Unisul Business School

IVProf.College of Business Administration/Florida International University

ABSTRACT

In this study, using firm level data from twenty six transition economies collected by the World Bank and the EBRD in 1999-2000, we conduct a set of logistic regression models to investigate the composition of small and large firms’ business networks. The results show that, in contrast to smaller firms, larger firms are more likely to have formal business relationships, and relationships with national and foreign financial institutions, government, and foreign firms. In addition, in a subgroup analysis of seven transition economies we show that the composition of the firms’ business networks varies substantially across countries but that the government is still a dominant client. Furthermore, we found a large variation on firms’ reliance on informal ties and the extent to which firms exchange with foreign firms.

RESUMO

Neste estudo, utilizando dados de firmas de vinte e seis economias em transição, coletados pelo World Bank e EBRD em 1999-2000, conduzimos um conjunto de modelos de regressão logísticos para investigar a composição das redes relacionais de pequenas e grandes empresas. Os resultados mostram que, em contraste com as pequenas empresas, as empresas maiores são mais propensas a ter relacionamentos formais de negócios, e relacionamentos com instituições financeiras nacionais e internacionais, governos e empresas internacionais. Adicionalmente, numa análise de subgrupos de sete economias de transição, mostramos que a composição das redes relacionais das firmas varia substancialmente de país para país e que o governo é, ainda, um cliente dominante. Também verificamos uma grande variação na dependência das firmas em ligações informais e na quantidade de relacionamentos especificamente com empresas estrangeiras.

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References

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DUBINI, P.; ALDRICH, H. Personal and extended networks are central to the entrepreneurial process. Journal of Business Venturing, 6(5), p. 305-313, 1991.

DYER, J.; SINGH, H. The relational view: Cooperative strategy and sources of interorganizational competitive advantage. Academy of Management Review, 23(4), p. 660-679, 1998.

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GRANOVETTER, M. Economic action and social structure: the problem of embeddedness. American Journal of Sociology, 3, p. 481-510, 1985.

GULATI, R. Social structure and alliance formation patterns: a longitudinal analysis. Administrative Science Quarterly, 40(4), p. 619-652, 1985.

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KOGUT, B. Country capabilities and the permeability of borders. Strategic Management Journal, 12(Summer), p. 33-47, 1991.

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LIPPARINI, A.; SOBRERO, M. The glue and the pieces: entrepreneurship and innovation in small-firm networks. Journal of Business Venturing, 9(2), p. 125, 1994.

LU, J.; BEAMISH, P. The internationalization and performance of SMEs. Strategic Management Journal, 22(6-7), p. 565-586, 2001.

MACAULAY, S. Non-contractual relations in business: a preliminary study. American Sociological Review, 28, p. 55-67, 1963.

MARCH, J. Exploration and exploitation in organizational learning. Organization Science, 2(1), p. 71-87, 1991.

MEYER, K. Institutions, transaction costs, and entry mode choice in Eastern Europe. Journal of International Business Studies, 32(2), p. 357-367, 2001.

MILLER, C.; CARDINAL, L.; GLICK, W. Retrospective reports in organizational research: a reexamination of recent evidence. Academy of Management Journal, 40(1), p. 189-204, 1997.

MINTZBERG, H. The structuring of organizations: the synthesis of the research. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1979.

NEWMAN, K. Organizational transformation during institutional upheaval. Academy of Management Review, 25(3), p. 602-619, 2000.

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PENG, M.; LUO, Y. Managerial ties and firm performance in a transition economy: the nature of a micro-macro link. Academy of Management Journal, 43(3), p. 486501, 2000.

PEROTTI, E. Bank lending in transitional economies. Journal of Banking and finance, 17, p. 1021-1032, 1993.

PFEFFER, J.; SALANCIK, G. The external control of organizations: a resource dependence perspective. New York: Harper & Row, 1978.

PIORE, M.; SABEL, C. The Second Industrial Divide: possibilities for properity. New York: Basic Books, 1984.

POWELL, W. Neither market nor hierarchy: network forms of organizations, research in organizational behavior, Vol. 12: JAI Press, p. 295-336, 1990.

RAMACHANDRAN, K.; RAMNARAYAN, S. Entrepreneurial orientation and networking: some Indian evidence. Journal of Business Venturing, 8(6), p. 513524, 1993.

ROTH, K.; KOSTOVA, T. Organizational coping with institutional upheaval in transition economies, Journal of World Business, 38: P. 314-330, 2003.

ROWLEY, T.; BEHRENS, D.; KRACKHARDT, D. Redundant governance structures: an analysis of structural and relational embeddedness in the steel and semiconductor industries. Strategic Management Journal, 21(3), p. 369-386, 2000.

SAXENIAN, A. Regional networks and the resurgence of Silicon Valley. California Management Review, 33(1), p. 89-112, 1990.

SINGH, J.; HOUSE, R.; TUCKER, D. Organizational change and organizational mortality. Administrative Science Quarterly, 31(4), p. 587-611, 1986.

STEVENSON, H.; GUMPERT, D. The heart of entrepreneurship. Harvard Business Review, 63(2), p. 85-94, 1985.

STIGLITZ, J. Whither socialism? Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1994.

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  • AGGARWAL, R.; RIVOLI, P. Evaluating the costs of raising capital through an initial public offering. Journal of Business Venturing, 6(5), p. 351-361, 1991.
  • ALDRICH, H.; ZIMMER, C. Entrepreneurship through social networks. In D. L. Sexton, & R. W. Smilor (Eds.), The art and science of entrepreneurship, New York: Ballinger, p. 602-619, 1986.
  • BAUM, J.; OLIVER, C. Institutional linkages and organizational mortality. Administrative Science Quarterly, 36(2), p. 187-218, 1991.
  • BAUM, J.; SINGH, J. Organizational niches and the dynamics of organizational founding. Organization Science, 5(4), p. 483-501, 1994.
  • BIRLEY, S. The role of networks in the entrepreneurial process. Journal of Business Venturing, 1(1), p. 107-117, 1985.
  • BOEKER, W. 1989. The development and institutionalization of subunit power in organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 34(3), p. 388-410, 1989.
  • COVIELLO, N.; MUNRO, H. Growing the entrepreneurial firm: networking for international market development. European Journal of Marketing, 29(7), p. 49, 1995.
  • DIMAGGIO, P.; POWELL, W. The iron cage revisited: institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields. American Sociological Review, 48(2), p. 147-160, 1983.
  • DUBINI, P.; ALDRICH, H. Personal and extended networks are central to the entrepreneurial process. Journal of Business Venturing, 6(5), p. 305-313, 1991.
  • DYER, J.; SINGH, H. The relational view: Cooperative strategy and sources of interorganizational competitive advantage. Academy of Management Review, 23(4), p. 660-679, 1998.
  • FERREIRA, M. From dyadic ties to networks: a model of surrogate motherhood in the Portuguese plastics molds industry. Paper presented at the Academy of Management Annual Meeting, Denver, Colorado, 2002.
  • FOGEL, G.; ZAPALSKA, A. A comparison of small and medium-size enterprise development in central and eastern Europe. Comparative Economic Studies, 43(3), p. 35-68, 2001.
  • FONTES, M.; COOMBS, R. The coincidence of technology and market objectives in internationalization of new technology-based firms. International Small Business Journal, 15(4), p. 14-35, 1997.
  • GALASKIEWICZ, J. Exchange networks and community politics Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1979.
  • GOLDEN, B. The past is the past - Or is It? The use of retrospective accounts as indicators of past strategy. Academy of Management Journal, 35(4), p. 848-860, 1992.
  • GRANOVETTER, M. Economic action and social structure: the problem of embeddedness. American Journal of Sociology, 3, p. 481-510, 1985.
  • GULATI, R. Social structure and alliance formation patterns: a longitudinal analysis. Administrative Science Quarterly, 40(4), p. 619-652, 1985.
  • GULATI, R. Alliances and networks. Strategic Management Journal, 19(4), p. 293317, 1998.
  • GULATI, R.; NOHRIA, N.; ZAHEER, A. Strategic networks. Strategic Management Journal, 21(3), p. 203-215, 2000.
  • HAIR, J.; ANDERSON, R.; TATHAM, R.; BLACK, W. Multivariate data analysis: with readings (4 ed.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1995.
  • HAUNSCHILD, P. Interorganizational imitation: the impact of interlocks on corporate acquisition activity. Administrative Science Quarterly, 38(4), p. 564-592, 1993.
  • HITE, J.; HESTERLY, W. The evolution of firm networks: From emergence to early growth of the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 22(3), p. 275-286, 2001.
  • HUMAN, S.; PROVAN, K. Legitimacy building in the evolution of small firm mutilateral networks: a comparative study of success and demise. Administrative Science Quarterly, 45(2); p. 327, 2000.
  • JACK, S.; ANDERSON, A. The effects of embeddedness on the entrepreneurial process. Journal of Business Venturing, 17, p. 467-487, 2002.
  • JARILLO, J. Entrepreneurship and growth: the strategic use of external resources. Journal of Business Venturing, 4(2), p. 133-147, 1989.
  • JELIC, R.; Briston, R.; Mallin, C.. Gambling banks and firm financing in transition economies. Multinational finance Journal, 3(4), p. 253-82, 1999.
  • KOGUT, B. Country capabilities and the permeability of borders. Strategic Management Journal, 12(Summer), p. 33-47, 1991.
  • LARSON, A. Partner networks: leveraging external ties to improve entrepreneurial performance. Journal of Business Venturing, 6(3), p. 173-188, 1991.
  • LARSON, A. Network dyads in entrepreneurial settings: a study of the governance of exchange relationships. Administrative Science Quarterly, 37(1), p. 76-104, 1992.
  • LIPPARINI, A.; SOBRERO, M. The glue and the pieces: entrepreneurship and innovation in small-firm networks. Journal of Business Venturing, 9(2), p. 125, 1994.
  • LU, J.; BEAMISH, P. The internationalization and performance of SMEs. Strategic Management Journal, 22(6-7), p. 565-586, 2001.
  • MACAULAY, S. Non-contractual relations in business: a preliminary study. American Sociological Review, 28, p. 55-67, 1963.
  • MARCH, J. Exploration and exploitation in organizational learning. Organization Science, 2(1), p. 71-87, 1991.
  • MEYER, K. Institutions, transaction costs, and entry mode choice in Eastern Europe. Journal of International Business Studies, 32(2), p. 357-367, 2001.
  • MILLER, C.; CARDINAL, L.; GLICK, W. Retrospective reports in organizational research: a reexamination of recent evidence. Academy of Management Journal, 40(1), p. 189-204, 1997.
  • MINTZBERG, H. The structuring of organizations: the synthesis of the research Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1979.
  • NEWMAN, K. Organizational transformation during institutional upheaval. Academy of Management Review, 25(3), p. 602-619, 2000.
  • OSTGAARD, T.; BIRLEY, S. Personal networks and firm competitive strategy - a strategic or coincidental match? Journal of Business Venturing, 9(4), p. 281-305, 1994.
  • OVIATT, B.; MCDOUGALL, P. Global start-ups: entrepreneurs on a worldwide stage. Academy of Management Executive, 9(2), p. 30-43, 1995.
  • PENG, M.; LUO, Y. Managerial ties and firm performance in a transition economy: the nature of a micro-macro link. Academy of Management Journal, 43(3), p. 486501, 2000.
  • PEROTTI, E. Bank lending in transitional economies. Journal of Banking and finance, 17, p. 1021-1032, 1993.
  • PFEFFER, J.; SALANCIK, G. The external control of organizations: a resource dependence perspective. New York: Harper & Row, 1978.
  • PIORE, M.; SABEL, C. The Second Industrial Divide: possibilities for properity New York: Basic Books, 1984.
  • POWELL, W. Neither market nor hierarchy: network forms of organizations, research in organizational behavior, Vol. 12: JAI Press, p. 295-336, 1990.
  • RAMACHANDRAN, K.; RAMNARAYAN, S. Entrepreneurial orientation and networking: some Indian evidence. Journal of Business Venturing, 8(6), p. 513524, 1993.
  • ROTH, K.; KOSTOVA, T. Organizational coping with institutional upheaval in transition economies, Journal of World Business, 38: P. 314-330, 2003.
  • ROWLEY, T.; BEHRENS, D.; KRACKHARDT, D. Redundant governance structures: an analysis of structural and relational embeddedness in the steel and semiconductor industries. Strategic Management Journal, 21(3), p. 369-386, 2000.
  • SAXENIAN, A. Regional networks and the resurgence of Silicon Valley. California Management Review, 33(1), p. 89-112, 1990.
  • SINGH, J.; HOUSE, R.; TUCKER, D. Organizational change and organizational mortality. Administrative Science Quarterly, 31(4), p. 587-611, 1986.
  • STEVENSON, H.; GUMPERT, D. The heart of entrepreneurship. Harvard Business Review, 63(2), p. 85-94, 1985.
  • STIGLITZ, J. Whither socialism? Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1994.
  • STINCHCOMBE, A. Social structure and organizations. In J. G. March (Ed.), Handbook of Organizations, Chicago, IL: Rand McNally, p. 153-193, 1965.
  • STUART, T.; HOANG, H.; HYBELS, R. Interorganizational endorsements and the performance of entrepreneurial ventures. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44(2), p. 315-349, 1999.
  • WALKER, G.; KOGUT, B.; SHAN, W. Social capital, structural holes and the formation of an industry network. Organization Science, 8(2), p. 109-125, 1997.
  • WAN, W.P.; HOSLISSON, R.E. Home country environments, corporate diversification strategies, and firm performance, Academy of Management Journal, 46, p. 27-45, 2003.
  • WILLIAMSON, O. The economic institutions of capitalism: firms, markets, relational contracting. New York: Free Press, 1985.

Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    22 Oct 2014
  • Date of issue
    Sept 2008
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