O paradoxo de Mozart: carreiras nas indústrias criativas

Bendassolli, Pedro F.; Wood Jr., Thomaz

doi:10.1590/S1984-92302010000200002

Resumos

Nos últimos anos, a literatura sobre carreiras foi enriquecida devido ao desenvolvimento do conceito de carreiras sem fronteiras. No entanto, a idéia de ausência de fronteiras pode ser considerada imprecisa, porque fronteiras continuam a existir. Este trabalho procura contribuir para o entendimento das novas fronteiras das carreiras sem fronteiras. Para tanto, foram realizadas 20 entrevistas semi-estruturadas com artistas e profissionais atuando nas indústrias criativas. Os setores abrangidos incluem arte multimídia, artesanato, cinema, dança, desenho, literatura, música, pintura, teatro e desenvolvimento de software. Os resultados dessas entrevistas apontam no sentido de que as carreiras são construídas num ambiente em que atuam forças contraditórias, originárias dos laços entre cultura e economia. Tais contradições geram paradoxos que demandam a construção de soluções de compromisso. Dois desses paradoxos são discutidos: o paradoxo entre amadorismo e profissionalismo e o paradoxo entre valorização intrínseca e valorização extrínseca do trabalho. O artigo discute, ainda, algumas das estratégias utilizadas pelos entrevistados para fazerem frente a esses paradoxos, concluindo com sugestões para futuras investigações.

Indústrias criativas; Artes; Artistas; Carreiras; Carreiras sem fronteiras

Over the last few years literature about careers has been enriched by developments relating to the concept of boundaryless careers. But the idea of an absence of frontiers might be considered inaccurate, because boundaries continue to exist. This work tries to contribute to an understanding of the new boundaries of boundaryless careers. We carried out 20 semi-structured interviews with artists and professionals working in the creative industries. The sectors covered include multimedia art, crafts, film, dance, design, literature, music, painting, theater and software development. The results of these interviews show that careers are developed in an environment characterized by contradictory forces. These forces originate in the relationship between culture and the economy, and generate paradoxes that require trade-offs. Two of these paradoxes are discussed: the paradox between amateurism and professionalism and the paradox between the intrinsic value and extrinsic value of the work. The paper also discusses some of the strategies used by respondents to overcome these paradoxes, concluding with directions for future research.

Creative industries; Arts; Artists; Careers; Boundaryless careers

ARTIGOS

O paradoxo de Mozart: carreiras nas indústrias criativas

The Mozart paradox: careers in creative industries

Pedro F. Bendassolli^I; Thomaz Wood Jr.^II

^IPós-doutor em Administração pela Université Paris 9. Professor do Departamento de Psicologia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte UFRN. Endereço: UFRN, Campus Universitário Lagoa Nova. Deptº de Psicologia. Natal/RN. CEP: 59072-970. E-mail: pbendassolli@gmail.com

^IIDoutor pela Escola de Administração de Empresas de São Paulo da Fundação Getulio Vargas EAESP/FGV. Professor Titular da EAESP/FGV. E-mail:thomaz.wood@fgv.br

RESUMO

Nos últimos anos, a literatura sobre carreiras foi enriquecida devido ao desenvolvimento do conceito de carreiras sem fronteiras. No entanto, a idéia de ausência de fronteiras pode ser considerada imprecisa, porque fronteiras continuam a existir. Este trabalho procura contribuir para o entendimento das novas fronteiras das carreiras sem fronteiras. Para tanto, foram realizadas 20 entrevistas semi-estruturadas com artistas e profissionais atuando nas indústrias criativas. Os setores abrangidos incluem arte multimídia, artesanato, cinema, dança, desenho, literatura, música, pintura, teatro e desenvolvimento de software. Os resultados dessas entrevistas apontam no sentido de que as carreiras são construídas num ambiente em que atuam forças contraditórias, originárias dos laços entre cultura e economia. Tais contradições geram paradoxos que demandam a construção de soluções de compromisso. Dois desses paradoxos são discutidos: o paradoxo entre amadorismo e profissionalismo e o paradoxo entre valorização intrínseca e valorização extrínseca do trabalho. O artigo discute, ainda, algumas das estratégias utilizadas pelos entrevistados para fazerem frente a esses paradoxos, concluindo com sugestões para futuras investigações.

Palavras-chave: Indústrias criativas. Artes. Artistas. Carreiras. Carreiras sem fronteiras.

ABSTRACT

Over the last few years literature about careers has been enriched by developments relating to the concept of boundaryless careers. But the idea of an absence of frontiers might be considered inaccurate, because boundaries continue to exist. This work tries to contribute to an understanding of the new boundaries of boundaryless careers. We carried out 20 semi-structured interviews with artists and professionals working in the creative industries. The sectors covered include multimedia art, crafts, film, dance, design, literature, music, painting, theater and software development. The results of these interviews show that careers are developed in an environment characterized by contradictory forces. These forces originate in the relationship between culture and the economy, and generate paradoxes that require trade-offs. Two of these paradoxes are discussed: the paradox between amateurism and professionalism and the paradox between the intrinsic value and extrinsic value of the work. The paper also discusses some of the strategies used by respondents to overcome these paradoxes, concluding with directions for future research.

Keywords: Creative industries. Arts. Artists. Careers. Boundaryless careers.

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Full text avaliable only in PDF

Referências

ADORNO, T. W; HORKHEIMER, M. Dialética do esclarecimento. Rio de Janeiro: Jorge Zahar, 1985.

ALVAREZ, J. L; SVEJENOVA, S. Symbiotic careers in movie making: Pedro and Agustín Almodóvar. In: PEIPERSL, M; ARTHUR, M; ANAND, N. (Eds.). Career creativity. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. p. 183-208.

ARTHUR, M. B. The boundaryless career: a new perspective for organizational inquiry. Journal of Organizational Behavior, v. 15, p. 295-306, 1994.

ARTHUR, M; ROUSSEAU, D. M. The boundaryless career. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.

BAGDADLI, S; SOLARI, L; USAI, A; GRANDORI, A. The emergence of career boundaries in unbounded industries. International Journal of Human Resources Management, v. 14, n. 5, p. 788-808, 2003.

BAGGULEY, P. Post-fordism and enterprise culture: flexibility, autonomy and changes in economic organization. In: KEAT, R; ABERCROMBIE, N. (Eds.). Enterprise Culture. London: Routledge, 1991. p. 151-170.

BARLEY, S. R; KUNDA, G. Gurus, hired guns and warm bodies. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004.

BASTOS, A. V. A escolha e o comprometimento com a carreira. Revista de Administração da Universidade de São Paulo, v. 32, n. 3, p. 28-39, 1997.

BECKER, H. Art worlds. California: University of California Press, 1984.

BLYTHE, M. The work of art in the age of digital reproduction: the significance of the creative industries. Journal of Art & Design, v. 20, n. 2, p. 144-150, 2001.

BOLTANSKI, L; CHIAPELLO, E. Le nouvel espirit du capitalisme. Paris: Gallimard, 1999.

BONNELL, V. E; HUNT, L. (Eds.). Beyond the cultural turn. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999.

BOURDIEU, P. As regras da arte. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2002.

CORBETT, M. The outsourcing revolution. Chicago, IL: Kaplan Business, 2004.

COSTA, I. S. A; BALASSIANO, M. (Eds.). Gestão de carreiras. São Paulo: Atlas, 2006.

CROWLEY-HENRY, M. The protean career. International Studies of Management & Organization, v. 37, n. 3, p. 44-64, 2007.

CURRIE, G; TEMPEST, S; STARKEY, K. New careers for old? Organizational and individual responses to changing boundaries. International Journal of Human Resource Management, v, 17, n. 4, p. 755-774, 2006.

DANY, F. "Free actors" and organizations: critical remarks about the new career literature, based on French insights. International Journal of Human Resource Management, v. 14, n. 5, p. 821-938, 2003.

DCMS (Department for Culture, Media and Sport). Creative Industries mapping document. Disponível em : http://www.culture.gov.uk/Reference_library/ Publications/archive_2001/ci_mapping_doc_2001.htm. Acesso em 20.08.2005.

DONNELY, R. Careers and temporal flexibility in the new economy: an Anglo-Dutch comparison of the organisation of consultancy work. International Journal of Human Resource Management, v. 18, n. 3, p. 197-215, 2008.

DU GAY, Enterprise culture and the ideology of excellence. New Formations, v. 13, p. 45-61, 1991.

DUTRA, J. Administração de carreiras. São Paulo : Atlas, 1996. ELIAS, N. Mozart: sociologia de um gênio. São Paulo: Jorge Zahar, 1994.

ENSHER, E. A; MURPHY, S. E; SULLIVAN, S. E. Boundaryless career in entertainment: executive women's experiences. In: PEIPERSL, M; ARTHUR, M; ANAND, N. (Eds.). Career creativity. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002, p. 229-254.

FAULKNER, R. R; ANDERSON, A. B. Short-term projects and emergent careers: evidence from Hollywood. American Journal of Sociology, v. 92, p. 879-909, 1987.

FREIDSON, E. L'analyse sociologique des professions artistiques. Revue Française de Sociologie, v. 27, p. 431-443, 1986.

GIACALONE, R. A; ROSENFELD, P. Applied impression management. Newbury Park: Sage, 1991.

GIBSON, C; KLOCKER, N. Academic publishing as "creative" industry, and recent discourses of "creative economies": Some critical reflections. Area, v. 36, n. 4, p. 423-434, 2004.

HAMMER, M; CHAMPY, J. Reengineering the corporation. New York, NY: Harper Collins, 2003. HARTLEY, J. Creative industries. Londres: Blackwell, 2005.

HARVEY, D. Condição pós-moderna. São Paulo: Edições Loyola, 1996. HAUNSCHILD, A. Managing employment relationships in flexible labour markets: the case of German repertory theatres. Human Relations, v. 56, n. 8, p. 899-929, 2003.

HEINICH, N. Du peintre à l'artiste. Paris: Minuit, 1993. HEINICH, N. Être écrivain. Paris: La Découverte, 2000. HESMONDHALGH, D. The cultural industries. London: Sage, 2002.

HIRSCH, P. M. Cultural industries revisited. Organization science, v. 11, n. 3, p. 356-361, 2000.

HJORTH, D. Rewriting entrepreneurship. Copenhagen: CBS Press, 2003.

HNPT (Heart of the Nation Project Team). Heart of the nation: a cultural strategy for Aotearoa. New Zealand, 2000. Disponível em : http://www.mcdermottmiller.co.nz/projects/hotnation/hotn_summary.pdf. Acesso em 15.11.2008.

IBGE (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística). Sistemas de informações e indicadores culturais: 2003. Disponível em: http://www.ibge.gov.br. Acesso em 10.05.2007.

JAGUARIBE, A. Indústrias criativas. Disponível em : http://www.portalliberal.com.br. Acesso em 24.07.2006.

JEFFCUTT, P. Management and the creative industries. Studies in Culture, Organizations and Society, v. 6, p. 123-127, 2000.

JOHNS, G. In praise of context. Journal of Organizational Behavior, v. 22, n. 1, p. 31-42, 2001.

JONES, C. Careers in project networks: the case of the film industry. In: ARTHUR, M; ROUSSEAU, D. M. (Eds.). The boundaryless career. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996. p. 58-75.

JONES, C. Signaling expertise: how signals shape careers in creative industries. In: PEIPERSL, M; ARTHUR, M; ANAND, N. (Eds.). Career creativity. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002, p. 209-228.

KILIMNIK, Z. M; SANT'ANNA, A. S; CASTILHO, I. V. Carreiras em transformação e seus paradoxais reflexos nos indivíduos. In: BARROS, D. T. R; LIMA, M. T; ESCALDA, R. (Orgs.). Escolha e inserção profissionais. São Paulo: Vetor, 2007. p. 21-42.

KING, Z; BURKE, S; PEMBERTON, J. The "bounded" career: an empirical study of human capital, career mobility and employment outcomes in a mediated labour market. Human Relations, v. 58, n 8, p. 981-1007, 2005.

KRIS, E; KURTZ, O. L'image de l'artiste: légende, mith and magie. Marseille: Rivages, 1987.

LEVINSON, D. The seasons of a man's life. New York: Knopf, 1978.

MARC, E. Psychologie de l'identité. Paris: Dunod, 2005.

MENGER, P.-M. Artistic labor markets and careers. Annual Review of Sociology, v. 25, p. 541-574, 1999.

MENGER, P.-M. Le travail créateur. Paris: Seuil, 2009.

MENGER, P.-M. Portrait de l'artiste en travailleur. Paris: Seuil, 2002.

MOULIN, R. L'artiste, l'institution et le marche. Paris: Flammarion, 1997. O'Connor, J. The definition of cultural industries. Disponível em http://www.mipc.mmu.ac.uk/iciss/reports/defin.pdf. Acesso em 27.07.2006.

PETERS, T. The brand you 50!. New York: Knopf, 1999.

PRINGLE, J. K; MALLON, M. Challenges for the boundaryless career odyssey. International Journal of Human Resource Management, v. 14, n. 5, p. 839-853, 2003.

REIS, A. C. F. Economia da cultura e desenvolvimento sustentável. São Paulo: Manole, 2007.

SCHEIN, E. H. Career anchors: discovering your real values. San Diego: Pfeiffer, 1993.

SEGNINI, L. R. P. Políticas públicas e mercado de trabalho no campo da cultura. In: LEITE, M. de P; ARAÚJO, A. M. C. (Orgs.). O trabalho reconfigurado. São Paulo: Annablume, 2009. p. 95-122.

SHORTHOSE, J; STRANGE, G. The new cultural economy, the artist and the social configuration of autonomy. Capital and Class, v. 84, p. 43-59, 2004.

SILVA, F. A. B. da; ARAÚJO, H. E. de. O mercado formal de cultura: características e evolução. In: Álvarez, G. O. (Org.). Indústrias culturais no Mercosul. Brasília: Instituto Brasileiro de Relações Internacionais, 2003. p. 291-342.

SOMMERLUND, J; BOUTAIBA, S. Borders of "the boundaryless career". Journal of Organizational Change Management, v. 20, n. 4, p. 525-538, 2007.

SUPER, D. E. Psychology of careers. New York: John Wiley, 1957.

TAYLOR, S. J; BOGDAN, R. Introduction to qualitative research methods. New York: Wiley, 1998.

TEMPLER, A. J; CAWSEY, T. F. Rethinking career development in an era of portfolio careers. Career Development International, v. 4, n. 2, p. 70-76, 1999.

THROSBY, D. Defining the artistic workforce: the Australian experience. Poetics, v. 28, p. 255-271, 2001a.

THROSBY, D. Economics and culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001b.

TOLFO, S. R. A carreira profissional e seus movimentos. Revista de Psicologia Organizacional e do Trabalho, v. 2, n. 2, p. 39-63, 2002.

WASSALL, G. H; ALPER, N. O. Toward a unified theory of the determinants of the earning of artists. In: TOWSE, R; ABBE-DECARROUX, F; KHAKEE, A. (Eds.). Cultural Economics. Berlin: Springer, 1992. p. 187-200.

WEICK, K; BERLINGER, L. R. Career improvisation in self-designing organizations: In: ARTHUR, M. B; HALL, D. T; LAWRENCE, B. S. (Eds.). Handbook of career theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989. p. 313-328.

Artigo recebido em 30/11/2008. Artigo aprovado, na sua versão final, em 23/03/2010.

ADORNO, T. W; HORKHEIMER, M. Dialética do esclarecimento. Rio de Janeiro: Jorge Zahar, 1985.
ALVAREZ, J. L; SVEJENOVA, S. Symbiotic careers in movie making: Pedro and Agustín Almodóvar. In: PEIPERSL, M; ARTHUR, M; ANAND, N. (Eds.). Career creativity. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. p. 183-208.
ARTHUR, M. B. The boundaryless career: a new perspective for organizational inquiry. Journal of Organizational Behavior, v. 15, p. 295-306, 1994.
ARTHUR, M; ROUSSEAU, D. M. The boundaryless career. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.
BAGDADLI, S; SOLARI, L; USAI, A; GRANDORI, A. The emergence of career boundaries in unbounded industries. International Journal of Human Resources Management, v. 14, n. 5, p. 788-808, 2003.
BAGGULEY, P. Post-fordism and enterprise culture: flexibility, autonomy and changes in economic organization. In: KEAT, R; ABERCROMBIE, N. (Eds.). Enterprise Culture. London: Routledge, 1991. p. 151-170.
BARLEY, S. R; KUNDA, G. Gurus, hired guns and warm bodies. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004.
BASTOS, A. V. A escolha e o comprometimento com a carreira. Revista de Administração da Universidade de São Paulo, v. 32, n. 3, p. 28-39, 1997.
BECKER, H. Art worlds. California: University of California Press, 1984.
BLYTHE, M. The work of art in the age of digital reproduction: the significance of the creative industries. Journal of Art & Design, v. 20, n. 2, p. 144-150, 2001.
BOLTANSKI, L; CHIAPELLO, E. Le nouvel espirit du capitalisme. Paris: Gallimard, 1999.
BONNELL, V. E; HUNT, L. (Eds.). Beyond the cultural turn. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999.
BOURDIEU, P. As regras da arte. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2002.
CORBETT, M. The outsourcing revolution. Chicago, IL: Kaplan Business, 2004.
COSTA, I. S. A; BALASSIANO, M. (Eds.). Gestão de carreiras. São Paulo: Atlas, 2006.
CROWLEY-HENRY, M. The protean career. International Studies of Management & Organization, v. 37, n. 3, p. 44-64, 2007.
CURRIE, G; TEMPEST, S; STARKEY, K. New careers for old? Organizational and individual responses to changing boundaries. International Journal of Human Resource Management, v, 17, n. 4, p. 755-774, 2006.
DANY, F. "Free actors" and organizations: critical remarks about the new career literature, based on French insights. International Journal of Human Resource Management, v. 14, n. 5, p. 821-938, 2003.
DCMS (Department for Culture, Media and Sport). Creative Industries mapping document. Disponível em : http://www.culture.gov.uk/Reference_library/ Publications/archive_2001/ci_mapping_doc_2001.htm Acesso em 20.08.2005.
DONNELY, R. Careers and temporal flexibility in the new economy: an Anglo-Dutch comparison of the organisation of consultancy work. International Journal of Human Resource Management, v. 18, n. 3, p. 197-215, 2008.
DU GAY, Enterprise culture and the ideology of excellence. New Formations, v. 13, p. 45-61, 1991.
DUTRA, J. Administração de carreiras. São Paulo : Atlas, 1996.
ELIAS, N. Mozart: sociologia de um gênio. São Paulo: Jorge Zahar, 1994.
ENSHER, E. A; MURPHY, S. E; SULLIVAN, S. E. Boundaryless career in entertainment: executive women's experiences. In: PEIPERSL, M; ARTHUR, M; ANAND, N. (Eds.). Career creativity. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002, p. 229-254.
FAULKNER, R. R; ANDERSON, A. B. Short-term projects and emergent careers: evidence from Hollywood. American Journal of Sociology, v. 92, p. 879-909, 1987.
FREIDSON, E. L'analyse sociologique des professions artistiques. Revue Française de Sociologie, v. 27, p. 431-443, 1986.
GIACALONE, R. A; ROSENFELD, P. Applied impression management. Newbury Park: Sage, 1991.
GIBSON, C; KLOCKER, N. Academic publishing as "creative" industry, and recent discourses of "creative economies": Some critical reflections. Area, v. 36, n. 4, p. 423-434, 2004.
HAMMER, M; CHAMPY, J. Reengineering the corporation. New York, NY: Harper Collins, 2003.
HARTLEY, J. Creative industries. Londres: Blackwell, 2005.
HARVEY, D. Condição pós-moderna. São Paulo: Edições Loyola, 1996.
HAUNSCHILD, A. Managing employment relationships in flexible labour markets: the case of German repertory theatres. Human Relations, v. 56, n. 8, p. 899-929, 2003.
HEINICH, N. Du peintre à l'artiste. Paris: Minuit, 1993.
HEINICH, N. Être écrivain. Paris: La Découverte, 2000.
HESMONDHALGH, D. The cultural industries. London: Sage, 2002.
HIRSCH, P. M. Cultural industries revisited. Organization science, v. 11, n. 3, p. 356-361, 2000.
HJORTH, D. Rewriting entrepreneurship. Copenhagen: CBS Press, 2003.
HNPT (Heart of the Nation Project Team). Heart of the nation: a cultural strategy for Aotearoa. New Zealand, 2000. Disponível em : http://www.mcdermottmiller.co.nz/projects/hotnation/hotn_summary.pdf Acesso em 15.11.2008.
IBGE (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística). Sistemas de informações e indicadores culturais: 2003. Disponível em: http://www.ibge.gov.br Acesso em 10.05.2007.
JAGUARIBE, A. Indústrias criativas. Disponível em : http://www.portalliberal.com.br Acesso em 24.07.2006.
JEFFCUTT, P. Management and the creative industries. Studies in Culture, Organizations and Society, v. 6, p. 123-127, 2000.
JOHNS, G. In praise of context. Journal of Organizational Behavior, v. 22, n. 1, p. 31-42, 2001.
JONES, C. Careers in project networks: the case of the film industry. In: ARTHUR, M; ROUSSEAU, D. M. (Eds.). The boundaryless career. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996. p. 58-75.
JONES, C. Signaling expertise: how signals shape careers in creative industries. In: PEIPERSL, M; ARTHUR, M; ANAND, N. (Eds.). Career creativity. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002, p. 209-228.
KILIMNIK, Z. M; SANT'ANNA, A. S; CASTILHO, I. V. Carreiras em transformação e seus paradoxais reflexos nos indivíduos. In: BARROS, D. T. R; LIMA, M. T; ESCALDA, R. (Orgs.). Escolha e inserção profissionais. São Paulo: Vetor, 2007. p. 21-42.
KING, Z; BURKE, S; PEMBERTON, J. The "bounded" career: an empirical study of human capital, career mobility and employment outcomes in a mediated labour market. Human Relations, v. 58, n 8, p. 981-1007, 2005.
KRIS, E; KURTZ, O. L'image de l'artiste: légende, mith and magie. Marseille: Rivages, 1987.
LEVINSON, D. The seasons of a man's life. New York: Knopf, 1978.
MARC, E. Psychologie de l'identité. Paris: Dunod, 2005.
MENGER, P.-M. Artistic labor markets and careers. Annual Review of Sociology, v. 25, p. 541-574, 1999.
MENGER, P.-M. Le travail créateur. Paris: Seuil, 2009.
MENGER, P.-M. Portrait de l'artiste en travailleur. Paris: Seuil, 2002.
MOULIN, R. L'artiste, l'institution et le marche. Paris: Flammarion, 1997.
O'Connor, J. The definition of cultural industries. Disponível em http://www.mipc.mmu.ac.uk/iciss/reports/defin.pdf Acesso em 27.07.2006.
PETERS, T. The brand you 50!. New York: Knopf, 1999.
PRINGLE, J. K; MALLON, M. Challenges for the boundaryless career odyssey. International Journal of Human Resource Management, v. 14, n. 5, p. 839-853, 2003.
REIS, A. C. F. Economia da cultura e desenvolvimento sustentável. São Paulo: Manole, 2007.
SCHEIN, E. H. Career anchors: discovering your real values. San Diego: Pfeiffer, 1993.
SEGNINI, L. R. P. Políticas públicas e mercado de trabalho no campo da cultura. In: LEITE, M. de P; ARAÚJO, A. M. C. (Orgs.). O trabalho reconfigurado. São Paulo: Annablume, 2009. p. 95-122.
SHORTHOSE, J; STRANGE, G. The new cultural economy, the artist and the social configuration of autonomy. Capital and Class, v. 84, p. 43-59, 2004.
SILVA, F. A. B. da; ARAÚJO, H. E. de. O mercado formal de cultura: características e evolução. In: Álvarez, G. O. (Org.). Indústrias culturais no Mercosul. Brasília: Instituto Brasileiro de Relações Internacionais, 2003. p. 291-342.
SOMMERLUND, J; BOUTAIBA, S. Borders of "the boundaryless career". Journal of Organizational Change Management, v. 20, n. 4, p. 525-538, 2007.
SUPER, D. E. Psychology of careers. New York: John Wiley, 1957.
TAYLOR, S. J; BOGDAN, R. Introduction to qualitative research methods. New York: Wiley, 1998.
TEMPLER, A. J; CAWSEY, T. F. Rethinking career development in an era of portfolio careers. Career Development International, v. 4, n. 2, p. 70-76, 1999.
THROSBY, D. Defining the artistic workforce: the Australian experience. Poetics, v. 28, p. 255-271, 2001a.
THROSBY, D. Economics and culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001b.
TOLFO, S. R. A carreira profissional e seus movimentos. Revista de Psicologia Organizacional e do Trabalho, v. 2, n. 2, p. 39-63, 2002.
WASSALL, G. H; ALPER, N. O. Toward a unified theory of the determinants of the earning of artists. In: TOWSE, R; ABBE-DECARROUX, F; KHAKEE, A. (Eds.). Cultural Economics. Berlin: Springer, 1992. p. 187-200.
WEICK, K; BERLINGER, L. R. Career improvisation in self-designing organizations: In: ARTHUR, M. B; HALL, D. T; LAWRENCE, B. S. (Eds.). Handbook of career theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989. p. 313-328.

Datas de Publicação

Publicação nesta coleção
05 Set 2014
Data do Fascículo
Jun 2010

Histórico

Recebido
30 Nov 2008
Aceito
23 Mar 2010

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

[1] ADORNO, T. W; HORKHEIMER, M. Dialética do esclarecimento. Rio de Janeiro: Jorge Zahar, 1985.

[2] ALVAREZ, J. L; SVEJENOVA, S. Symbiotic careers in movie making: Pedro and Agustín Almodóvar. In: PEIPERSL, M; ARTHUR, M; ANAND, N. (Eds.). Career creativity. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. p. 183-208.

[3] ARTHUR, M. B. The boundaryless career: a new perspective for organizational inquiry. Journal of Organizational Behavior, v. 15, p. 295-306, 1994.

[4] ARTHUR, M; ROUSSEAU, D. M. The boundaryless career. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.

[5] BAGDADLI, S; SOLARI, L; USAI, A; GRANDORI, A. The emergence of career boundaries in unbounded industries. International Journal of Human Resources Management, v. 14, n. 5, p. 788-808, 2003.

[6] BAGGULEY, P. Post-fordism and enterprise culture: flexibility, autonomy and changes in economic organization. In: KEAT, R; ABERCROMBIE, N. (Eds.). Enterprise Culture. London: Routledge, 1991. p. 151-170.

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