<i>CARAIPA ANDINA</i> (CLUSIACEAE), A NEW SPECIES FROM THE VENEZUELAN ANDES, AND ITS BIOGEOGRAPHICAL IMPLICATIONS

Aymard C., Gerardo A.; Campbell, Lisa M.

doi:10.1590/2175-7860200859211

ABSTRACT

Caraipa andina from La Fundación, in the western Andes of Venezuela (Táchira State) is described, illustrated, and its morphological relationship with an allied species is discussed. This new species is morphologically related to C. heterocarpa Ducke, but it differs by the leaf blade shape, size, and dense abaxial papillae; fewerflowered inflorescence; and shorter pedicel, flower buds, petals, and filaments. Phytogeographical information about the La Fundación area is presented. This species represents the first report of this genus in the Venezuelan Andes.

Key words:
Amazonia; Estado Táchira; Guayana; Guttiferae; sandstone outcrops

RESUMO

Caraipa andina foi descoberta em La Fundación, nos Andes Ocidentais da Venezuela (Estado de Táchira) e é aqui descrita e ilustrada, discutindo-se suas afinidades morfológicas com as espécies próximas. Morfologicamente relacionada com C. heterocarpa Ducke, a nova espécie diferencia-se pelo tamanho, forma da lâmina foliar e face abaxial densamente papilosa; inflorescência paucifloras; pedicelos, botões florais, pétalas e filamentos mais curtos. Informações sobre a fitogeografia do local são apresentadas. Esta espécie representa o primeiro registro deste gênero nos Andes Venezuelanos.

Palavras-chave:
Amazônia; Estado Táchira; Guayana; Guttiferae; afloramentos de arenito

Full text available only in PDF format.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors are grateful to Richard Schargel (UNELLEZ-Guanare), Franco Urbani (UCV-Caracas), Antoine Cleef (IBED-The Netherlands), Henry Hooghiemstra (IBED-The Netherlands), and Gustavo Romero-G. (AMES) for comments and suggestions on the manuscript. We thank Bruno Manara (VEN) for preparing the illustration and for his expertise in preparing the Latin diagnosis, R. Liesner (MO) for sharing his knowledge of the flora near La Fundación, and the staff of Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics-University van Amsterdam, Missouri Botanical Garden, and New York Botanical Garden for making their facilities available for this research.

REFERENCES

Aymard, G. & Campbell, L. M. 2007. A new species of Securidaca (Polygalaceae) from sandstone outcrops in the Venezuelan Andes. Brittonia. 59: 328-333.
______. 2003. Bosques de los Llanos de Venezuela: consideraciones generales sobre su estructura y composición florística. In: Hétier, J. M. & López F, R. (eds.) Tierras Llaneras de Venezuela, IRD & CIDIAT (Universidad de Los Andes), Mérida, Venezuela. Pp. 19-48.
______ & González, V. 2006. Consideraciones generales sobre la composición florística y diversidad de los bosques de los Llanos de Venezuela. In: Duno de Stefano, R.; Aymard, G. & Huber, O. (eds.). Catálogo ilustrado y anotado de las plantas vasculares de los Llanos de Venezuela. FUDENA, Fundación Polar, & FIBV, Caracas. Pp. 59-72.
Ewan. J. 1951. Taxonomic notes on various species of Musaceae, Marcgraviaceae, Guttiferae, and Solanaceae of Colombia. Natural History Miscellanea 88: 1-9.
Givnish, T. S.; Millam, K. C.; Evans, T. M.; Hall, J. C.; Pires, J. C.; Berry, P. E. & Systsma, J. K. 2004. Ancient vicariance or recent long-distance dispersal? Inferences about phylogeny and South American-African disjunctions in Rapateaceae and Bromeliaceae based on ndhF sequence data. International Journal of Plant Science 165: 834-854.
Gould, K. & Struwe, L. 2004. Phylogeny and evolution of Symbolanthus and Wurdackanthus (Gentianaceae-Helieae) in the Guayana highlands and Andes, based on ribosomal 5S-nts sequences. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 91: 438-446.
Gregory-Wodzicki, K. M. 2000. Uplift history of the central and northern Andes: A review. Geographic Society of America Bulletin 112: 1091-1105.
Gustafsson, M. H. G.; Bittrich, V. & Stevens, P. F. 2002. Phylogeny of Clusiaceae based on rbcL sequences. International Journal of Plant Sciences 163: 1045-1054.
Hooghiemstra, H. & van der Hammen, T. 2004. Quaternary ice-age dynamics in the Colombian Andes: developing and understanding of our legacy. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London. Series B, 359: 173-181.
______ & Cleef, A. M. 2006. The paleobotanical record of Colombia; implications for biogeography and biodiversity. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 93: 297-325.
Huber, O.; Duno de Stefano, R.; Aymard, G.; & Ricarda Riina, R. 2006. Flora and vegetation of the Venezuelan Llanos: A review. In: Pennington, R. T.; Lewis, G. P. & Ratter, J. A. (eds.). Neotropical savannas and dry forests: plant diversity, biogeography and conservation. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. Pp. 95-120.
Kroonenberg, S. B.; Bakker, J. G. M. & van der Wiel, A. M. 1990. Late Cenozoic uplift and paleogeography of the Colombian Andes: constraints on the development of high-Andean biota. Geologie en Mijnbouw 69: 279-290.
Kubitzki, K. 1978. Caraipa and Mahurea (Bonnetiaceae). In: Maguire, B. (ed.). The botany of the Guayana Highland-X. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 29: 82-138.
______. 1987. Three new species of Caraipa (Guttiferae). Acta Amazonica 16-17: 157-160.
______ (ed.). 2007. The families and genera of vascular plants. Vol. 9. Springer, New York.
______ & Holst, B. 1998. Caraipa (Clusiaceae). In: Berry, P. E.; Holst, B. K. & Yatskievych, K. (eds.). Flora of Venezuelan Guayana. Vol. 4. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis. Pp. 252-258.
Notestein, F. B.; Hubman C. W. & Bowler, J. W. 1944. Geology of the Barco Concession, Republic of Colombia, South America. Geological Society of America Bulletin 55: 1165-1216.
Rudas, A. & Prieto, A. 2005. Flórula del Parque Nacional Natural Amacayacu, Amazonas, Colombia. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical. Garden. 99: 1-655.
Salvador, A. 1961a. Nomenclature of the Las Piedras and related formations in eastern Venezuela. Boletin Informativo de la Asociacion Venezolana de Geologia, Minas y Petroleo 4(10): 297-327.
______. 1961b. Guidebook to the geology of northeastern Trujillo. Sociedad Geologica Venezolana, Occidente N^o 3.
Schargel, R. & Aymard, G. 1992. Observaciones en suelos y vegetación en la planicie eólicalimosa del Alto Río Cinaruco. Dtto. Muñoz, Estado Apure, Venezuela. Biollania 9: 119-147.
Stevens, P. F. 2007. Clusiaceae-Guttiferae. In: Kubitzki, K. (ed.). The families and genera of vascular plants. Vol. 9. Springer, New York. Pp. 48-66.
van der Hammen, T. & Cleef. A. 1984. Datos para la historia de la flora Andina. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 56: 97-107.
______ & Hoogghiemstra, H. 2000. Neogene and quaternary history of vegetation, climate, and plant diversity in Amazonia. Quaternary Science Reviews 19: 725-742.
Vásquez-Mártinez, R. 1991. Caraipa (Guttiferae) del Perú. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 78: 1002-1008.
______. 1997. Flórula de las reservas biológicas de Iquitos, Perú. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 63: 1-1046.

Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
Apr-Jun 2008

History

Received
Nov 2007
Accepted
Apr 2008

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

[1] Aymard, G. & Campbell, L. M. 2007. A new species of Securidaca (Polygalaceae) from sandstone outcrops in the Venezuelan Andes. Brittonia. 59: 328-333.

[2] ______. 2003. Bosques de los Llanos de Venezuela: consideraciones generales sobre su estructura y composición florística. In: Hétier, J. M. & López F, R. (eds.) Tierras Llaneras de Venezuela, IRD & CIDIAT (Universidad de Los Andes), Mérida, Venezuela. Pp. 19-48.

[3] ______ & González, V. 2006. Consideraciones generales sobre la composición florística y diversidad de los bosques de los Llanos de Venezuela. In: Duno de Stefano, R.; Aymard, G. & Huber, O. (eds.). Catálogo ilustrado y anotado de las plantas vasculares de los Llanos de Venezuela. FUDENA, Fundación Polar, & FIBV, Caracas. Pp. 59-72.

[4] Ewan. J. 1951. Taxonomic notes on various species of Musaceae, Marcgraviaceae, Guttiferae, and Solanaceae of Colombia. Natural History Miscellanea 88: 1-9.

[5] Givnish, T. S.; Millam, K. C.; Evans, T. M.; Hall, J. C.; Pires, J. C.; Berry, P. E. & Systsma, J. K. 2004. Ancient vicariance or recent long-distance dispersal? Inferences about phylogeny and South American-African disjunctions in Rapateaceae and Bromeliaceae based on ndhF sequence data. International Journal of Plant Science 165: 834-854.

[6] Gould, K. & Struwe, L. 2004. Phylogeny and evolution of Symbolanthus and Wurdackanthus (Gentianaceae-Helieae) in the Guayana highlands and Andes, based on ribosomal 5S-nts sequences. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 91: 438-446.

[7] Gregory-Wodzicki, K. M. 2000. Uplift history of the central and northern Andes: A review. Geographic Society of America Bulletin 112: 1091-1105.

[8] Gustafsson, M. H. G.; Bittrich, V. & Stevens, P. F. 2002. Phylogeny of Clusiaceae based on rbcL sequences. International Journal of Plant Sciences 163: 1045-1054.

[9] Hooghiemstra, H. & van der Hammen, T. 2004. Quaternary ice-age dynamics in the Colombian Andes: developing and understanding of our legacy. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London. Series B, 359: 173-181.

[10] ______ & Cleef, A. M. 2006. The paleobotanical record of Colombia; implications for biogeography and biodiversity. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 93: 297-325.

[11] Huber, O.; Duno de Stefano, R.; Aymard, G.; & Ricarda Riina, R. 2006. Flora and vegetation of the Venezuelan Llanos: A review. In: Pennington, R. T.; Lewis, G. P. & Ratter, J. A. (eds.). Neotropical savannas and dry forests: plant diversity, biogeography and conservation. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. Pp. 95-120.

[12] Kroonenberg, S. B.; Bakker, J. G. M. & van der Wiel, A. M. 1990. Late Cenozoic uplift and paleogeography of the Colombian Andes: constraints on the development of high-Andean biota. Geologie en Mijnbouw 69: 279-290.

[13] Kubitzki, K. 1978. Caraipa and Mahurea (Bonnetiaceae). In: Maguire, B. (ed.). The botany of the Guayana Highland-X. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 29: 82-138.

[14] ______. 1987. Three new species of Caraipa (Guttiferae). Acta Amazonica 16-17: 157-160.

[15] ______ (ed.). 2007. The families and genera of vascular plants. Vol. 9. Springer, New York.

[16] ______ & Holst, B. 1998. Caraipa (Clusiaceae). In: Berry, P. E.; Holst, B. K. & Yatskievych, K. (eds.). Flora of Venezuelan Guayana. Vol. 4. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis. Pp. 252-258.

[17] Notestein, F. B.; Hubman C. W. & Bowler, J. W. 1944. Geology of the Barco Concession, Republic of Colombia, South America. Geological Society of America Bulletin 55: 1165-1216.

[18] Rudas, A. & Prieto, A. 2005. Flórula del Parque Nacional Natural Amacayacu, Amazonas, Colombia. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical. Garden. 99: 1-655.

[19] Salvador, A. 1961a. Nomenclature of the Las Piedras and related formations in eastern Venezuela. Boletin Informativo de la Asociacion Venezolana de Geologia, Minas y Petroleo 4(10): 297-327.

[20] ______. 1961b. Guidebook to the geology of northeastern Trujillo. Sociedad Geologica Venezolana, Occidente N^o 3.

[21] Schargel, R. & Aymard, G. 1992. Observaciones en suelos y vegetación en la planicie eólicalimosa del Alto Río Cinaruco. Dtto. Muñoz, Estado Apure, Venezuela. Biollania 9: 119-147.

[22] Stevens, P. F. 2007. Clusiaceae-Guttiferae. In: Kubitzki, K. (ed.). The families and genera of vascular plants. Vol. 9. Springer, New York. Pp. 48-66.

[23] van der Hammen, T. & Cleef. A. 1984. Datos para la historia de la flora Andina. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 56: 97-107.

[24] ______ & Hoogghiemstra, H. 2000. Neogene and quaternary history of vegetation, climate, and plant diversity in Amazonia. Quaternary Science Reviews 19: 725-742.

[25] Vásquez-Mártinez, R. 1991. Caraipa (Guttiferae) del Perú. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 78: 1002-1008.

[26] ______. 1997. Flórula de las reservas biológicas de Iquitos, Perú. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 63: 1-1046.

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