Citogenética evolutiva en Leguminosas americanas

Poggio, Lidia; Espert, Shirley M.; Fortunato, Renée H.

doi:10.1590/2175-7860200859301

RESUMEN

Se presentan las características cromosómicas descriptas hasta el momento en Leguminosas americanas. A través del análisis de estos datos en conjunto con los morfológicos y las filogenias moleculares se proponen hipótesis acerca de los cambios cromosómicos ocurridos durante el proceso de divergencia y especiación de la familia. Los estudios cromosómicos indican una gran variación intergenérica, inter e intraespecífica, además de una amplia diversificación en el tamaño del genoma entre géneros, especies y poblaciones. A partir del número básico ancestral x=7 se deduce que la especiación híbrida poliploide ha sido muy importante en la diversificación de la familia. Por procesos de disploidía creciente y decreciente, tanto a nivel diploide como poliploide se originarían números básicos secundarios y series poliploides modificadas. En la parafilética subfamilia Caesalpinioideae habría predominado el proceso de disploidia decreciente de n=14 a n=11. En la monofilética subfamilia Mimosoideae, ocurrió un evento principal de evolución del número cromosómico de 14 a 13. Por último en Papilionoideae, la subfamilia más derivada de Leguminosae, se observó reducción del número básico de 14 a 7, pasando por números gaméticos de 11 y 8. Por otro lado, el origen recurrente de los poliploides y la ocurrencia de rearreglos intergenómicos, hibridación y poliploidía secundaria, son procesos que dificultan la agrupación natural de los taxones en algunos grupos de la familia Leguminosae.

Palabras clave:
Leguminosae; citogenética; poliploidía; evolución cromosómica; hibridación; América

ABSTRACT

Chromosomic features described so far for Americans legumes are reviewed and analyzed, simultaneously with morphological and molecular characters. This is an invaluable opportunity to propose hypotheses about chromosome changes during the family divergence and speciation processes. The chromosome studies showed wide inter-generic, inter and intra-specific variability, as well as marked differences in genome sizes between genera, species and populations. By postulating an ancestral basic number of seven (x=7) it is possible to deduce that polyploid hybrid speciation was very important in the diversification of the family as a whole. Due to increasing and decreasing diploidy processes, secondary basic numbers and modified polyploids series could have arised both at diploid and polyploid levels. On the other hand, recurrent origin of polyploids, occurrence of inter-genomic rearrangements, hybridization and secondary polyploidy are all processes that make it difficult to group the taxa within the Leguminosae family in a natural sequence.

Key words:
Leguminosae; cytogenetics; poliploidía; chromosome evolution; hybridization; America

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AGRADECIMIENTOS

Se agradece al Comité organizador del IX Congreso Latinoamericano de Botánica (Santo Domingo, República Dominicana), por la invitación recibida para presentar este trabajo en el marco del Simposio de Leguminosas. Asimismo, LP hace extensivo su agradecimiento a la Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica (PICT 14119), al Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET: PIP 5927) y a la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, UBA, y RHF a CONICET (PIP 5560) y a Myndel Botanica Foundation, Convocatoria 2002, 2004 y 2005, por los subsidios otorgados para recolectar, procesar y analizar las muestras del material que ha sido base de esta presentación. Los autores también quieren expresar su gratitud al Sr. Diego Fink por la configuración realizada de la lámina de fotos de cromosomas y FISH.

REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS

Almada, R. D.; Daviña, J. R. & Seijo, J. G. 2006. Karyotype analysis and chromosome evolution in southernmost South American species of Crotalaria (Leguminosae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 150: 329-341.
Benett, M. D. & Leitch, I. J. 2003. Plant DNA C-values database. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. www.rbgkew.org/cval/homepage.html
» www.rbgkew.org/cval/homepage.html
Bennett, M. D. 1995. The development and use of genomic in situ hibridization (GISH) as a new tool in plant biosystematics. In: Brandham, P. E. & Bennett, M. D. Kew Chromosome Conference IV. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Pp. 167-183.
Bennett, M. D. & Leitch, I. J. 2005. Genome size evolution in plants. In: Ryan Gregory, T. The evolution of genome. Elsevier Academic Press: 740.
Biondo, E.; Miotto, S. T. S. & Schifino-Wittmann, M. T. 2006. Cytogenetics of species of Chamaecrista (Leguminosae-Caesalpiniodeae) native from southern Brazil. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 150: 429-439.
Boff T. & Schifino-Wittman, M. T. 2003. Segmental allopolyploidy and paleopolyploidy in species of Leucaena Benth: evidence from meiotic behavior analysis. Hereditas 138(1): 27-35.
Bossi, F. S. & Daviña, J. R. 2000. Cromosomas de cuatro especies de Galactia Bonplandia 20: 175-179.
Castagnaro, A., Poggio, L. & Naranjo, C. A. 1990. Nuclear DNA content variation in Phaseolus (Fabaceae). Darwiniana 30: 195-200.
Coleman, J. R. & Demenezes, E. M. 1980. Chromosome numbers in Leguminosae from the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Rhodora 82: 475-481.
Coleman, J. R. & Smith, L. B. 1969. Chromosome numbers of some Brazilian angiosperms. Rhodora 71: 548-551.
Dopchiz, L.; Gomez Sosa, E. & Poggio, L. 1995. Karyotype and nuclear DNA content of six species of Astragalus Cytologia 60: 329-335.
Doyle, J. J. & Luckow, M. A. 2003. The rest of the iceberg. Legume diversity and evolution in a phylogenetic context. Plant Physiology 131: 900-910.
Fernández, A. 1977. Números cromosómicos en Angiospermas. Hickenia 1: 83-86.
Goldblatt, P. 1981. Cytology and the phylogeny of Leguminosae. In: Polhill, R. M. & Raven, P. H. Advances in legume systematics. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 2: 427-463.
Grant, V. 1985. The evolutionary process. W.H. Freeeman and Co., San Francisco. 499p.
Grehilhuber, J. & Ehrendorfer, F. 1988. Karyological approaches to plant taxonomy. ISI Atlas of Science. Vol. 1.
Hughes C. E.; Bailey, C. D. & Harris, S. A. 2002. Divergent and reticulate species relationships in Leucaena (Fabaceae) inferred from multiple data sources: insights into polyploid origins and nrDNA polymorphism. American Journal of Botany 89: 1057-1073.
Hunziker, J. H.; Poggio, L.; Naranjo, C. A.; Palacios, R. A. & Andrada, B. 1975. Cytogenetics of some species and natural hybrids in Prosopis (Leguminosae). Canadian Journal of Genetics and Cytology 17: 253-262.
Hunziker, J. H.; Saidman, B. O.; Naranjo, C. A.; Palacios, R. A.; Poggio, L. & Burghardt, A. D. 1986. Hybridization and genetic variation of Argentine species of Prosopis Forest Ecol. Management 16: 301-315.
Jackson, R. C. 1971. The karyotype in systematics. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematic 2: 327-368.
Kaas, E. & Wink, M. 1996. Molecular evolution of the Leguminosae: phylogeny of the three subfamilies based on rbc-L sequences. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 24: 365-378.
Klitgaard, B. B. & Lavin, M. 2005. Tribe Dalbergieae sens. lat In: Lewis, G. P.; Schrire, B. D.; Mackinder, B. & Lock, M. Legumes of the world. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Pp. 307-335.
Krapovickas, A. 1965. Recuentos cromosómicos de leguminosae. Kurtziana 2: 91-94.
Lavia, G. I. 1998. Karyotype of Arachis palustris and A. praecox (Section Arachis). Two species with basic number x=9. Cytologia 63: 177-181.
Lavin, M.; Pennington, R.; Klitgaard, B. B.; Sprent, J.; De Lima, H. & Gasson, P. 2001. The dalbergioid legumes (Fabaceae): delimitation of a pantropical monophyletic clade. American Journal of Botany 88: 503-533.
Leitch, I. J.; Chase, M. W. & Benett, M. D. 1998. Phylogenetic analysis of DNA Cvalues provides evidence for a small ancestral genome size in flowering plants. Annals of Botany 82: 85-94.
Lewis, G. P.; Schrire, B. D.; Mackinder, B. & Lock, M. (eds). 2005. Legumes of the world. Kew: 577p.
Luckow, M.; Fortunato, R.; Sede, S. & Livshultz, T. 2005. The phylogenetic affinities of two mysterious monotypic mimosoids from Southern South America. Systematic Botany 30: 585-602.
Mercado-Ruaro, P. & Delgado Salinas, A. 1998. Karyotypic studies on species of Phaseolus (Fabaceae: Phaseolinae). American Journal of Botany 85: 1-9.
______. 2000. Cytogenetic studies in Phaseolus L. (Fabaceae). Genetics and Molecular Biology 23(4): 985-987.
Moscone, E. A.; Klein, F.; Lambrou, M.; Fuchs, J. & Schweizer, D. 1999. Quantitative karyotyping and dual color FISH mapping of 5S and 18S 25S rDNA probes in the cultivated Phaseolus species (Leguminosae). Genome 42: 1224-1233.
Naganowska, B.; Wolko, B.; Liwska, E. & Kaczmarek, Z. 2003. Nuclear DNA content variation and species relationships in the genus Lupinus (Fabaceae). Annals of Botany 92: 349-355.
Naganowska, B. & Zielinska, A. 2002. Physical mapping of 18S-25S rDNA and 5S rDNA in Lupinus via fluorescent in situ hybridization. Cellular and Molecular Biology Letters 7: 665-670.
Naranjo, C. A.; Ferrari, M.; Palermo, A. & Poggio, L. 1998. Karyotype DNA content and meiotic behavior in five South American species of Vicia (Fabaceae). Annals of Botany 82: 757-764.
Naranjo, C. A.; Poggio, L. & Enus Zeiger, S. 1984. Chromatography of phenols, morphology and cytogenetics in three species and natural hybrids of Prosopis (P.affinis, P.alba and P. nigra) (Leguminosae, Mimosoidae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 144: 257-276.
Nixon, K. C. 2002. WinClada, 1.00.08. Ithaca, NY.
Poggio, L. & Naranjo, C. A. 2004. Citogenética. In: Echenique, V.; Rubinstein, C. & Mroginski, L. Biotecnología y mejoramiento vegetal. Editorial INTA. Pp. 69-79.
Ruijin, L.; Taylor, S. & Jenkins, G. 2001. Unravelling the phylogeny of tetraploid Vicia amoena (Fabaceae) and its diploid relatives using chromosomal landmarks. Hereditas 134: 219.
Sede, S.; Fortunato, R. & Poggio, L. 2006. Chromosome evaluation of southern South American species of Camptosema and allied genera (Diocleinae-Papilionoideae-Fabaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 152: 235-243.
Sede, S.; Greizerstein, E. J.; Dezi, R.; Fortunato, R. & Poggio, L. 2003. Chromosome studies in the Complex Galactia-Collaea-Camptosema (Fabaceae). Caryologia 56: 295-301.
Seijo, G. 2000. Números cromosómicos de especies de Mimosa (Leguminosae) de Paraguay. Bonplandia 10: 163-167.
Seijo, G. & Vanni, R. 1999. Números cromosómicos en Leguminosas de Paraguay. Boletin de la Sociedad Argentina de Botanica 34: 119-122.
Seijo, J. G. & Fernández, A. 2003. Karyotype analysis and chromosome evolution in South American species of Lathyrus (Leguminosae). American Journal of Botany 90: 980-987.
Seijo, J. G.; Lavia, G. I.; Fernández, A.; Krapovickas, A.; Ducasse, D. & Moscone, E. A. 2004. Physical mapping of the 5S and 18S-25S rRNA genes by FISH as evidence that Arachis duranensis and A. ipaensis are the wild diploid progenitors of A. hypogaea (Leguminosae). American Journal of Botany 91: 1294-1303.
Sharma, A. K. & Sharma, A. 2001. Chromosome painting. Principles, strategies and scope. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 179p.
Soltis, D. E.; Soltis, P. S.; Benett, M. D. & Leitch, I. J. 2003. Evolution of genome size en the angiosperms. American Journal of Botany 90: 1596-1603.
Stebbins, G. L. 1971. Chromosomal evolution in higher plants. Addison Wesley Publ., Reading, Massachusetts, 216p.
Turner, B. L. 1956. Chromosome numbers in the Leguminosae I. American Journal of Botany 43: 577-581.
Turner, B. L. & Irwin, H. S. 1961. Chromosome numbers of some brazilian Leguminosae. Rhodora 63: 16-19.
Wojciechowski, M. F. 2003. Reconstructing the phylogeny of legumes (Leguminosae): an early 21^st century perspective. In: Klitgaard, B. B. & Bruneau, A. Advances in legume systematics, part 10. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Pp. 5-35.
Wojciechowski, M. F.; Lavin, M. & Sanderson, M. 2004. A phylogeny of legumes (Leguminosae) based on analysis of the plastid matK gene resolves many wellsupported subclades within the family. American Journal of Botany 91: 1846-1862.
Zanin, L. A. & Cangiano, M. A. 2001. El cariotipo de Hofmannseggia glauca (Fabaceae). Darwiniana 39: 11-13.

Fechas de Publicación

Publicación en esta colección
Jul-Sep 2008

Histórico

Recibido
Set 2006
Acepto
Ene 2008

Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto (Open Access) bajo la licencia Creative Commons Attribution, que permite su uso, distribución y reproducción en cualquier medio, sin restricciones siempre que el trabajo original sea debidamente citado.

[1] Almada, R. D.; Daviña, J. R. & Seijo, J. G. 2006. Karyotype analysis and chromosome evolution in southernmost South American species of Crotalaria (Leguminosae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 150: 329-341.

[2] Benett, M. D. & Leitch, I. J. 2003. Plant DNA C-values database. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. www.rbgkew.org/cval/homepage.html
» www.rbgkew.org/cval/homepage.html

[3] Bennett, M. D. 1995. The development and use of genomic in situ hibridization (GISH) as a new tool in plant biosystematics. In: Brandham, P. E. & Bennett, M. D. Kew Chromosome Conference IV. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Pp. 167-183.

[4] Bennett, M. D. & Leitch, I. J. 2005. Genome size evolution in plants. In: Ryan Gregory, T. The evolution of genome. Elsevier Academic Press: 740.

[5] Biondo, E.; Miotto, S. T. S. & Schifino-Wittmann, M. T. 2006. Cytogenetics of species of Chamaecrista (Leguminosae-Caesalpiniodeae) native from southern Brazil. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 150: 429-439.

[6] Boff T. & Schifino-Wittman, M. T. 2003. Segmental allopolyploidy and paleopolyploidy in species of Leucaena Benth: evidence from meiotic behavior analysis. Hereditas 138(1): 27-35.

[7] Bossi, F. S. & Daviña, J. R. 2000. Cromosomas de cuatro especies de Galactia Bonplandia 20: 175-179.

[8] Castagnaro, A., Poggio, L. & Naranjo, C. A. 1990. Nuclear DNA content variation in Phaseolus (Fabaceae). Darwiniana 30: 195-200.

[9] Coleman, J. R. & Demenezes, E. M. 1980. Chromosome numbers in Leguminosae from the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Rhodora 82: 475-481.

[10] Coleman, J. R. & Smith, L. B. 1969. Chromosome numbers of some Brazilian angiosperms. Rhodora 71: 548-551.

[11] Dopchiz, L.; Gomez Sosa, E. & Poggio, L. 1995. Karyotype and nuclear DNA content of six species of Astragalus Cytologia 60: 329-335.

[12] Doyle, J. J. & Luckow, M. A. 2003. The rest of the iceberg. Legume diversity and evolution in a phylogenetic context. Plant Physiology 131: 900-910.

[13] Fernández, A. 1977. Números cromosómicos en Angiospermas. Hickenia 1: 83-86.

[14] Goldblatt, P. 1981. Cytology and the phylogeny of Leguminosae. In: Polhill, R. M. & Raven, P. H. Advances in legume systematics. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 2: 427-463.

[15] Grant, V. 1985. The evolutionary process. W.H. Freeeman and Co., San Francisco. 499p.

[16] Grehilhuber, J. & Ehrendorfer, F. 1988. Karyological approaches to plant taxonomy. ISI Atlas of Science. Vol. 1.

[17] Hughes C. E.; Bailey, C. D. & Harris, S. A. 2002. Divergent and reticulate species relationships in Leucaena (Fabaceae) inferred from multiple data sources: insights into polyploid origins and nrDNA polymorphism. American Journal of Botany 89: 1057-1073.

[18] Hunziker, J. H.; Poggio, L.; Naranjo, C. A.; Palacios, R. A. & Andrada, B. 1975. Cytogenetics of some species and natural hybrids in Prosopis (Leguminosae). Canadian Journal of Genetics and Cytology 17: 253-262.

[19] Hunziker, J. H.; Saidman, B. O.; Naranjo, C. A.; Palacios, R. A.; Poggio, L. & Burghardt, A. D. 1986. Hybridization and genetic variation of Argentine species of Prosopis Forest Ecol. Management 16: 301-315.

[20] Jackson, R. C. 1971. The karyotype in systematics. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematic 2: 327-368.

[21] Kaas, E. & Wink, M. 1996. Molecular evolution of the Leguminosae: phylogeny of the three subfamilies based on rbc-L sequences. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 24: 365-378.

[22] Klitgaard, B. B. & Lavin, M. 2005. Tribe Dalbergieae sens. lat In: Lewis, G. P.; Schrire, B. D.; Mackinder, B. & Lock, M. Legumes of the world. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Pp. 307-335.

[23] Krapovickas, A. 1965. Recuentos cromosómicos de leguminosae. Kurtziana 2: 91-94.

[24] Lavia, G. I. 1998. Karyotype of Arachis palustris and A. praecox (Section Arachis). Two species with basic number x=9. Cytologia 63: 177-181.

[25] Lavin, M.; Pennington, R.; Klitgaard, B. B.; Sprent, J.; De Lima, H. & Gasson, P. 2001. The dalbergioid legumes (Fabaceae): delimitation of a pantropical monophyletic clade. American Journal of Botany 88: 503-533.

[26] Leitch, I. J.; Chase, M. W. & Benett, M. D. 1998. Phylogenetic analysis of DNA Cvalues provides evidence for a small ancestral genome size in flowering plants. Annals of Botany 82: 85-94.

[27] Lewis, G. P.; Schrire, B. D.; Mackinder, B. & Lock, M. (eds). 2005. Legumes of the world. Kew: 577p.

[28] Luckow, M.; Fortunato, R.; Sede, S. & Livshultz, T. 2005. The phylogenetic affinities of two mysterious monotypic mimosoids from Southern South America. Systematic Botany 30: 585-602.

[29] Mercado-Ruaro, P. & Delgado Salinas, A. 1998. Karyotypic studies on species of Phaseolus (Fabaceae: Phaseolinae). American Journal of Botany 85: 1-9.

[30] ______. 2000. Cytogenetic studies in Phaseolus L. (Fabaceae). Genetics and Molecular Biology 23(4): 985-987.

[31] Moscone, E. A.; Klein, F.; Lambrou, M.; Fuchs, J. & Schweizer, D. 1999. Quantitative karyotyping and dual color FISH mapping of 5S and 18S 25S rDNA probes in the cultivated Phaseolus species (Leguminosae). Genome 42: 1224-1233.

[32] Naganowska, B.; Wolko, B.; Liwska, E. & Kaczmarek, Z. 2003. Nuclear DNA content variation and species relationships in the genus Lupinus (Fabaceae). Annals of Botany 92: 349-355.

[33] Naganowska, B. & Zielinska, A. 2002. Physical mapping of 18S-25S rDNA and 5S rDNA in Lupinus via fluorescent in situ hybridization. Cellular and Molecular Biology Letters 7: 665-670.

[34] Naranjo, C. A.; Ferrari, M.; Palermo, A. & Poggio, L. 1998. Karyotype DNA content and meiotic behavior in five South American species of Vicia (Fabaceae). Annals of Botany 82: 757-764.

[35] Naranjo, C. A.; Poggio, L. & Enus Zeiger, S. 1984. Chromatography of phenols, morphology and cytogenetics in three species and natural hybrids of Prosopis (P.affinis, P.alba and P. nigra) (Leguminosae, Mimosoidae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 144: 257-276.

[36] Nixon, K. C. 2002. WinClada, 1.00.08. Ithaca, NY.

[37] Poggio, L. & Naranjo, C. A. 2004. Citogenética. In: Echenique, V.; Rubinstein, C. & Mroginski, L. Biotecnología y mejoramiento vegetal. Editorial INTA. Pp. 69-79.

[38] Ruijin, L.; Taylor, S. & Jenkins, G. 2001. Unravelling the phylogeny of tetraploid Vicia amoena (Fabaceae) and its diploid relatives using chromosomal landmarks. Hereditas 134: 219.

[39] Sede, S.; Fortunato, R. & Poggio, L. 2006. Chromosome evaluation of southern South American species of Camptosema and allied genera (Diocleinae-Papilionoideae-Fabaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 152: 235-243.

[40] Sede, S.; Greizerstein, E. J.; Dezi, R.; Fortunato, R. & Poggio, L. 2003. Chromosome studies in the Complex Galactia-Collaea-Camptosema (Fabaceae). Caryologia 56: 295-301.

[41] Seijo, G. 2000. Números cromosómicos de especies de Mimosa (Leguminosae) de Paraguay. Bonplandia 10: 163-167.

[42] Seijo, G. & Vanni, R. 1999. Números cromosómicos en Leguminosas de Paraguay. Boletin de la Sociedad Argentina de Botanica 34: 119-122.

[43] Seijo, J. G. & Fernández, A. 2003. Karyotype analysis and chromosome evolution in South American species of Lathyrus (Leguminosae). American Journal of Botany 90: 980-987.

[44] Seijo, J. G.; Lavia, G. I.; Fernández, A.; Krapovickas, A.; Ducasse, D. & Moscone, E. A. 2004. Physical mapping of the 5S and 18S-25S rRNA genes by FISH as evidence that Arachis duranensis and A. ipaensis are the wild diploid progenitors of A. hypogaea (Leguminosae). American Journal of Botany 91: 1294-1303.

[45] Sharma, A. K. & Sharma, A. 2001. Chromosome painting. Principles, strategies and scope. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 179p.

[46] Soltis, D. E.; Soltis, P. S.; Benett, M. D. & Leitch, I. J. 2003. Evolution of genome size en the angiosperms. American Journal of Botany 90: 1596-1603.

[47] Stebbins, G. L. 1971. Chromosomal evolution in higher plants. Addison Wesley Publ., Reading, Massachusetts, 216p.

[48] Turner, B. L. 1956. Chromosome numbers in the Leguminosae I. American Journal of Botany 43: 577-581.

[49] Turner, B. L. & Irwin, H. S. 1961. Chromosome numbers of some brazilian Leguminosae. Rhodora 63: 16-19.

[50] Wojciechowski, M. F. 2003. Reconstructing the phylogeny of legumes (Leguminosae): an early 21^st century perspective. In: Klitgaard, B. B. & Bruneau, A. Advances in legume systematics, part 10. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Pp. 5-35.

[51] Wojciechowski, M. F.; Lavin, M. & Sanderson, M. 2004. A phylogeny of legumes (Leguminosae) based on analysis of the plastid matK gene resolves many wellsupported subclades within the family. American Journal of Botany 91: 1846-1862.

[52] Zanin, L. A. & Cangiano, M. A. 2001. El cariotipo de Hofmannseggia glauca (Fabaceae). Darwiniana 39: 11-13.

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