ADN - The new oxidizer around the corner for an environmentally friendly smokeless propellant

Nagamachi, Márcio Y.; Oliveira, José Irineu S.; Kawamoto, Aparecida M.; Dutra, Rita de Cássia L.

doi:10.5028/jatm.2009.0102153160

Abstract:

The search for a smokeless propellant has encouraged scientists and engineers to look for a chlorine-free oxidizer as a substitute for AP (ammonium perchlorate). Endeavors seemed to come to an end when ADN (ammonium dinitramide) appeared in the West in the early 1990s. Although some drawbacks soon became apparent by that time, the foremost obstacle for its use in rocket-motors came from the patent originally applied for in the United States in 1990. Furthermore, environmental concerns have also increased during these two decades. Ammonium perchlorate is believed to cause thyroid cancer by contaminating soil and water. In addition, AP produces hydrogen chloride during burning which can cause acid rain and ozone layer depletion. Unlike AP, ADN stands for both smokeless and green propellant. Since then, much progress has been made in its development in synthesis, re-shaping, microencapsulation and solid propellant. The high solubility of ADN in water has also allowed its application as liquid monopropellant. Tests have revealed Isp (specific impulse) superior to that normally observed with hydrazine, one of the most harmful and hazardous liquid propellants. With constraints of use, along with the patent near to expiry, scientists and engineers are rushing to complete developments and patents until then.

Keywords:
ADN; Ammonium dinitrate; Smokeless propellant; green propellant; oxidizer

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REFERENCES

Andreev, A. B., Anikin, O. V., Ivanov, A. P., Krylov, V. K., Pak, Z. P., 2000, "Stabilization of Ammonium Dinitramide in the Liquid Phase", Russian Chemical Bulletin, International Edition, Vol.49, Nº.12, December.
Anflo, K., Grönland, T. A., Bergman, G., Johansson, M., Nedar, R., 2002, "Towards Green Propulsion for Spacecraft with AND-Based Monopropellants", 38th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit, Indiana, USA.
Asthana, S. N., Mukundan, T., 2002, "Energetic Binder Systems for Advanced Propellants", Advances in Solid Propellant Technology, McGraw Hill, India, pp.61-86. March 20.
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Highsmith, T. K., Mcleod, C. S., Wardle, R. B., Hendrickson, R., 2000, "Thermally Stabilized Prilled Ammonium Dinitramide Particles and Process for Making the Same", US Patent 6136115 and WO Patent 99/01408.
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Keicher, T., Kuglstatter, W., Eisele, S ., Wetzel, T., Krause, H., 2008, "Isocyanate-Free Curing of Glycidyl-Azide-Polymer (GAP) With Bis-Propargyl-Succinate", Proceedings of 39th International Annual Conference of ICT, Karlshure, Germany.
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Sjöberg, Per, Skifs, H., 2009, "A Stable Liquid Mono-Propellant based on ADN", Proceedings of 40th International Annual Conference of ICT, Karlsruhe, Germany.
Tartakovsky, V.A., Lukyanov, O.A., 1994, "Synthesis of Dinitramide Salts", Proceedings 25th International Annual Conference of ICT, Karlsruhe, Germany.
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Teipel, U., Heintz, T., Krause, H., 2000, "Crystallization of Spherical Ammonium Dinitramide (ADN) Particles, Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, Vol.25, pp. 81-85.
Van Den Berg, R. P., Mul, J. M., Elands, P. J. M., 1999, "Monopropellants System", European Patent 0950648(A1).
Vörde, C., Skifs, H., 2005, "Method of Producing Salts of Dinitramidic Acid", WO/2005/070823, Sweden.
Wingborg, N., Larsson, A., Elfsberg, M., Appelgren, P., 2005, "Characterization and Ignition of ADN-based Liquid Monopropellants", Proceedings of 41st AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Prop. Conf. and Exhib. AIAA 2005-4468, Germany.
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Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
Jul-Dec 2009

History

Received
28 Sept 2009
Accepted
19 Oct 2009

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

[1] Andreev, A. B., Anikin, O. V., Ivanov, A. P., Krylov, V. K., Pak, Z. P., 2000, "Stabilization of Ammonium Dinitramide in the Liquid Phase", Russian Chemical Bulletin, International Edition, Vol.49, Nº.12, December.

[2] Anflo, K., Grönland, T. A., Bergman, G., Johansson, M., Nedar, R., 2002, "Towards Green Propulsion for Spacecraft with AND-Based Monopropellants", 38th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit, Indiana, USA.

[3] Asthana, S. N., Mukundan, T., 2002, "Energetic Binder Systems for Advanced Propellants", Advances in Solid Propellant Technology, McGraw Hill, India, pp.61-86. March 20.

[4] Bottaro, J. C., Schimitt, R. J., Penwell, P.E.; Ross, D.S., 1993, "U.S. Patent Nº 5198104", March, 20.

[5] Bottaro, J.C., Penwell, P.E., Schmitt, R.J., 1997, "1,1,3,3- etraoxo - 1,2,3-Triazapropene Anion, a New Oxy Anion of Nitrogen: The Dinitramide Anion and Its Salts", J. Am. Chem. Soc., Vol. 119, pp. 9405-9410.

[6] Gadiot, G. M. H. J. L., Mul, J. M., Meulenbrugge, J. J., Korting, P. A. O. G, Schnorkh, A. J., Schöyer, H. F. R., 1993, "New Solid Propellants based on Energetic Binders and HNF", Acta Astronautica, Vol. 29, Nº.10-11, pp. 771-779.

[7] Heintz, T., Fuhr, I., 2005, "Generation of Spherical Oxidizer Particles by Spray and Emulsion Crystallization, VDI-Berichte, Vol. 1901, pp. 471-476.

[8] Heintz, T., Pontius, H., Aniol, J., Birke, C., Leisinger, K., Reinhard, W., 2008, "ADN - Prilling, Coating and Characterization", Proceedings of 39th International Annual Conference of ICT, Karlsruhe, Germany.

[9] Heintz, T., Teipel, U., 2000, "Coating of Particulate Energetic Materials", Proceedings of 31th International Annual Conference of ICT, Karlsruhe, Germany.

[10] Highsmith, T. K., Mcleod, C. S., Wardle, R. B., Hendrickson, R., 2000, "Thermally Stabilized Prilled Ammonium Dinitramide Particles and Process for Making the Same", US Patent 6136115 and WO Patent 99/01408.

[11] Johansson, M., De Flon, J., Petterson, A., Wanhatalo, M., Wingborg, N., 2006, "Spray Prilling of ADN and Testing of ADN-Based Solid Propellants" Proceedings of 3rd Int. Conf. on Green Propellants for Space Propulsion, Poitiers, France.

[12] Keicher, T., Kuglstatter, W., Eisele, S ., Wetzel, T., Krause, H., 2008, "Isocyanate-Free Curing of Glycidyl-Azide-Polymer (GAP) With Bis-Propargyl-Succinate", Proceedings of 39th International Annual Conference of ICT, Karlshure, Germany.

[13] Langlet, A., Ostmark, H., Wingborg, N., 1997, "Method of Preparing Dinitramidic Acid and Salts Thereof", US Patent 5976483, FOI, Sweden.

[14] Lobbecke, S., Krause, H., Pfeil, A., 1997, "Thermal Decomposition and Stabilization of Ammonium Dinitramide (ADN)", Proceedings of 28th International Annual Conference of ICT, Karlsruhe, Germany.

[15] Morgan, O. M., Meinhardt, D. S., 1999, "Monopropellant Selection Criteria - Hydrazine and Other Options", Proceedings of 35th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit, California, USA.

[16] Nauflett, G. W., Farncomb, R. E., 2002, "Coating of PEP Ingredients Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide", Proceedings of 30th JANNAF Propulsion Dev. And Charac. Subcomm. Meeting, 13-19.

[17] Pak, Z., 1993, "Some Ways to Higher Environmental Safety of Solid Rocket Propellant Application", Proceeding AIAA/SAE/ASMEASEE, 29th Joint Prop. Conf. and Exhib., Monterey, CA, USA.

[18] Pontius H., Bohn, M. A., Aniol, J., 2008, "Stability and Compatibility of a New Curing Agent for Binders Applicable with ADN Evaluated by Heat Generation Rate Measurements", Proceedings of 39th International Annual Conference of ICT, Karlshure, Germany.

[19] Russel, T. P., Stern, A. G., Koppes, W. M., Benford, C. D., 1992, "Thermal Decomposition and Stabilization of Ammonium Dinitramide" Proceedings of 29th JANNAF Combustion Subcommittee Meeting, CPIA Publication, USA, 339-345.

[20] Santhosh, G., Ghee, A. H., 2008, "Synthesis and Kinetic Analysis of Isothermal and Non-Iso-Thermal Decomposition of Ammonium Dinitramide Prills" Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, Vol. 94, Nº. 1, pp.263-270.

[21] Schmidt, E. W., Gavin, D. F., 1996, "Catalytic Decomposition of Hydroxylammonium Nitrate-based Monopropellants", Olin Corporation, US Patent 5485722, USA.

[22] Shmitt, R.J., Bottaro, J. C., Penwell, P. E. et al., 1993, "Process for Forming Ammonium Dinitramide Salt by Reaction Between Ammonia and a Nitronium Containing Compound", US Patent 5316749, SRI International, USA.

[23] Sjöberg, Per, Skifs, H., 2009, "A Stable Liquid Mono-Propellant based on ADN", Proceedings of 40th International Annual Conference of ICT, Karlsruhe, Germany.

[24] Tartakovsky, V.A., Lukyanov, O.A., 1994, "Synthesis of Dinitramide Salts", Proceedings 25th International Annual Conference of ICT, Karlsruhe, Germany.

[25] Teipel, U., 2005, "Energetic Materials-Particle Processing and Characterization", Wiley-VCH, Germany, pp. 19.

[26] Teipel, U., Heintz, T., Krause, H., 2000, "Crystallization of Spherical Ammonium Dinitramide (ADN) Particles, Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, Vol.25, pp. 81-85.

[27] Van Den Berg, R. P., Mul, J. M., Elands, P. J. M., 1999, "Monopropellants System", European Patent 0950648(A1).

[28] Vörde, C., Skifs, H., 2005, "Method of Producing Salts of Dinitramidic Acid", WO/2005/070823, Sweden.

[29] Wingborg, N., Larsson, A., Elfsberg, M., Appelgren, P., 2005, "Characterization and Ignition of ADN-based Liquid Monopropellants", Proceedings of 41st AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Prop. Conf. and Exhib. AIAA 2005-4468, Germany.

[30] Yang, R., Thakre, P., Yang, V., 2005, "Thermal Decomposition and Combustion of Ammonium Dinitramide (Review), Combustion, Explosion and Shock Waves, Vol. 41, Nº. 6, pp. 657-679.

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