Processamento de compósitos termoestruturais de carbono reforçado com fibras de carbono

Pardini, Luiz Cláudio; Gonçalves, Adriano

doi:10.5028/jatm.2009.0102231241

Resumo:

O presente trabalho descreve os processos de obtenção de compósitos termoestruturais de carbono reforçado com fibras de carbono. O processamento desses materiais tem início pela definição de uma arquitetura do reforço de fibras de carbono, seja na forma de empilhamento simples do reforço, de tecidos ou na forma de reforço multidirecional. A incorporação de matriz carbonosa no reforço de fibras, pelo preenchimento de vazios e interstícios, promove a densificação do material, e o incremento de massa específica. Duas rotas de processamento são predominantes na obtenção desses materiais, o processo via impregnação líquida e o processo via impregnação em fase gasosa. Em ambos os casos, processos térmicos levam à formação de matriz de carbono com propriedades específicas, que derivam de seus materiais precursores. Os processos diferem entre si, também, pelo rendimento, enquanto os processos executados por impregnação líquida apresentam rendimento de, aproximadamente, 45%, os processos por impregnação em fase gasosa apresentam rendimento em torno 15%.

Palavras-chave:
Compósitos carbono/carbono; Processamento; Fibras de carbono; Pirólise; Gargantas de tubeira de foguete

Abstract:

The present work describes the processes used to obtain thermostructural Carbon/Carbon composites. The processing of these materials begins with the definition of the architecture of the carbon fiber reinforcement, in the form of stacked plies or in the form of fabrics or multidirectional reinforcement. Incorporating fiber reinforcement into the carbon matrix, by filling the voids and interstices, leads to the densification of the material and a continuous increase in density. There are two principal processing routes for obtaining these materials: liquid phase processing and gas phase processing. In both cases, thermal processes lead to the formation of a carbon matrix with specific properties related to their precursor. These processes also differ in terms of yield. With liquid phase impregnation the yield is around 45 per cent, while gas phase processing yields around 15 per cent.

Keywords:
Carbon-carbon composites; Processing; Carbon fibers; Pyrolysis; Rocket nozzle throat

Texto completo disponível apenas em PDF.

REFERÊNCIAS

Almeida, S. F M., Nogueira Neto, Z. S., 1994, "Effect of Void Content on the Strength of Composites Laminates", Composite Structures, Vol. 28, pp. 139-148.
Ancelotti Jr., A.C., 2006, "Effects of porosity on the Shear Strength and Dynamic Properties of Carbon Fiber/Epoxy Composites", MSc. Thesis, Technology Institute of Aeronautics, São José dos Campos, S.P.
Becker, A., Hüttinger, J., 1998, "Chemistry and Kinetics of Chemical Vapor Deposition of Pyrocarbon - III Pyrocarbon Deposition from Propylene and Benzene in the Low Temperature Regime, Carbon, Vol. 36, Nº.3, pp. 201-211.
Bento, M.S., 2004, "Estudo Cinético da Pirólise de Precursores de Materiais Carbonosos", Tese de Mestrado, Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica, São José dos Campos, SP, 213p.
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Buckley, J.L., Edie, D.D., 1993, "Carbon-Carbon Materials and Composites" - 1º edition, Noyes Publication.
Chen, J.X., Xiong, X., Huang, Q.Z., Yi, M.Z., Huang, G.B.Y., 2007, "Densification mechanism of chemical vapor infiltration technology for carbon-carbon composites", Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc-China, Vol. 17, pp. 519-522.
Costa, M.L., Rezende, M.C., Almeida, S.F.M., 2001, "The influence of porosity on the interlaminar shear strength of carbon/epoxy and carbon/bismaleimida fabric laminates", Composite Science and Technology, Vol. 61, pp. 2101-2108.
Daws, D.E., Rudolph, J.W., Zeigler, D., Bazshushtari, A., 2003, "Hardware Assembly for CVI/CVD Processes, US Patent 6,669,988.
Delhaès, P., 2002, "Chemical Vapor Deposition and Infiltration Processes of Carbon Materials ", Carbon, Vol. 40, pp. 641-657.
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Fitzer, E., 1987, "The Future of Carbon-Carbon Composites", Carbon, Vol. 25, Nº. 2, pp. 163-190.
Goma, J., Oberlin, A., 1986, "Carbon - Characterization of low temperature pyrocarbons obtained by densification of porous substrates, Carbon, Vol. 24, Nº. 2, pp.135-142.
Gonçalves, A., 2008, "Caracterização de Materiais Termoestruturais a base de Compósitos de Carbono Reforçados com Fibras de Carbono (CRFC) e Carbonos Modificados com Carbeto de Silício (SiC), Tese de Doutorado, Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica, São José dos Campos, SP, 226p.
Griffiths, J.A., Marsh, H., 1981, Proceedings of 15th Biennial Conf. on Carbon, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA, 22-26 June.
Hüttinger, K.J., 1990, "Theoretical and practical aspects of liquid-phase pyrolysis as basis of the carbon matrix of CFRC", Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Carbon Fibers and Filaments, INCONNU (1989), Vol. 177, pp.301-325.
Kotlensky, W.V., 1973, "Deposition of Pyrolytic Carbon in porous Solids", Chem Phys Carbon, 9, 173, CRC Press.
Kuznetsov, D.M., 2000, "Shrinkage Phenomena in Graphitization of Preforms in Castner Furnaces", Refractories and Industrial Ceramics, Vol. 41, Nº. 7 - 8.
Lachmann, W. L., Crawford, S. A., McAllister, L. E., 1978, "Multidiretionally Reinforced Carbon-Carbon Composites", Proceedings of Int Conf on Composite Materials, B. Noton, R. Signorelli, K. Street and L. Phillips, Ed. Metallurgical Soc of AIME, pp. 1302-1319.
Lamicq, P., Macé, J., Pérez, B., 1981, "4D Carbon/Carbon High Temperature Thermal Evaluation", Proceedings of 15th Biennial Conference on Carbon, Philadelphia, USA, pp. 528-529.
Levy, F. N., Pardini, L. C., 2006, "Structural Composites: Science and Technology" (in Portuguese), Ed. Edgard Blucher, São Paulo, 313p.
Li, H.J., Hou, X.H., Chen, Y.X., 2000, "Densification of Unidirectional Carbon-Carbon Composites by Isothermal Chemical Vapor Infiltration", Carbon, Vol. 38, pp. 423-427.
Li, J., Luo, R., 2008, "Kinetics of chemical vapor infiltration of carbon nanofiber-reinforced carbon/carbon composites", Materials Science and Engineering, A 480, pp. 253-258.
Mason, K.F., 2008, "Autoclave quality outside the autoclave?" High Performance Composites, Mar. 2006, Available in: http://www.compositesworld.com/articles/autoclave-quality-outside-the-autoclave.aspx Access on 10 Nov. 2008.
» http://www.compositesworld.com/articles/autoclave-quality-outside-the-autoclave.aspx
Oberlain, A., Bonnamy, S., 2001, "Carbonization and Graphitization", in Graphite and Precursors, Ch. 9, ed. by Pierre Delhaès, Gordon and Breach Science Publ.
Otani, S., 1996, "Study of the Influence of the characteristics of coal-tar pitches on the obtention of Carbon/Carbon Composites", Doctorate Thesis, University of São Paulo, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, São Paulo, S.P., 160p.
Pardini, L.C., 2000, "Preformas para Compósitos Estruturais", Polímeros Ciência e Tecnologia, Vol. 10, Nº2, pp. 100-109.
Prado, V. J. S., 2009, "Molding of Composites by the Resin Infusion Process: Property Correlation", MSc. Thesis, Technology Institute of Aeronautics, São José dos Campos, SP.
Pardini, L.C., Gregori, M.L., 2009, "Modeling Elastic and Thermal Properties of 2.5D Carbon Fiber C/SiC Hybrid Matrix Composites by Homogenization Method" Proceedings of 6th European Workshop on Thermal Protection Systems and Hot Structures, 1-3 April 2009, Stuttgart, Germany.
Rand, B., 1993, "Matrix Precursors for Carbon-Carbon Composites", in Essentials of Carbon-Carbon Composites, Chap.3, Royal Soc. Chemistry, London, UK.
Rellick, G., 1990, "Densification Efficiency of Carbon-Carbon Composites, Carbon, Vol. 28, Nº. 4, pp. 589-594.
Rovillain, D., Trinquecoste, M., Bruneton, E., Derre, A., David, P., Delhaes, P., 2001, "Film boiling chemical vapor infiltration: An experimental study on carbon/carbon composite materials", Carbon, Vol. 39 pp.1355-1365.
Savage, G., 1993, "Carbon-Carbon Composites", Chapman & Hall, London, UK.
Sohda, S., Shinagawa M., Ishii, M., 1999, "Effect of carbonization pressure on carbon yield in a unit volume", Composites: Part A, Vol. 30, pp. 503-506.
Schmidt , D. L. 1972, "Carbon/carbon composites", Sampe Journal, Nº. 8, pp. 9-19.
Zhang, W. G., Hüttinger, K. J., 2003, "Densification of a 2D carbon fiber preform by isothermal, isobaric CVI: Kinetics and carbon microstructure", Carbon, Vol. 4, Nº. 12, pp. 2325-2337.

Datas de Publicação

Publicação nesta coleção
Jul-Dec 2009

Histórico

Recebido
20 Ago 2009
Aceito
06 Out 2009

Este é um artigo publicado em acesso aberto (Open Access) sob a licença Creative Commons Attribution, que permite uso, distribuição e reprodução em qualquer meio, sem restrições desde que o trabalho original seja corretamente citado.

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[2] Ancelotti Jr., A.C., 2006, "Effects of porosity on the Shear Strength and Dynamic Properties of Carbon Fiber/Epoxy Composites", MSc. Thesis, Technology Institute of Aeronautics, São José dos Campos, S.P.

[3] Becker, A., Hüttinger, J., 1998, "Chemistry and Kinetics of Chemical Vapor Deposition of Pyrocarbon - III Pyrocarbon Deposition from Propylene and Benzene in the Low Temperature Regime, Carbon, Vol. 36, Nº.3, pp. 201-211.

[4] Bento, M.S., 2004, "Estudo Cinético da Pirólise de Precursores de Materiais Carbonosos", Tese de Mestrado, Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica, São José dos Campos, SP, 213p.

[5] Beaugrand, S., David, P., Bruneton, E., Bonnamy, S., 2001, "Rapid Densification of Carbon-Carbon Composites by Film-boiling Process, Carbon, 21.5.

[6] Buckley, J.L., Edie, D.D., 1993, "Carbon-Carbon Materials and Composites" - 1º edition, Noyes Publication.

[7] Chen, J.X., Xiong, X., Huang, Q.Z., Yi, M.Z., Huang, G.B.Y., 2007, "Densification mechanism of chemical vapor infiltration technology for carbon-carbon composites", Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc-China, Vol. 17, pp. 519-522.

[8] Costa, M.L., Rezende, M.C., Almeida, S.F.M., 2001, "The influence of porosity on the interlaminar shear strength of carbon/epoxy and carbon/bismaleimida fabric laminates", Composite Science and Technology, Vol. 61, pp. 2101-2108.

[9] Daws, D.E., Rudolph, J.W., Zeigler, D., Bazshushtari, A., 2003, "Hardware Assembly for CVI/CVD Processes, US Patent 6,669,988.

[10] Delhaès, P., 2002, "Chemical Vapor Deposition and Infiltration Processes of Carbon Materials ", Carbon, Vol. 40, pp. 641-657.

[11] Delhaès, P., Trinquecoste, M., Lines, J.F., Cosculluela, A., Goyhénèche, J.M., Couzi, M., 2005, "Chemical vapor infiltration of C/C composites: Fast densification processes and matrix characterizations", Carbon, Nº. 43, pp. 681-691.

[12] Farhan, S., Li, K.Z., Guo, L.J., 2007, "Novel thermal gradient chemical vapor infiltration process for carbon-carbon composites, New Carbon Materials, Vol. 22, Nº. 3, pp. 247-252.

[13] Fitzer, E., 1987, "The Future of Carbon-Carbon Composites", Carbon, Vol. 25, Nº. 2, pp. 163-190.

[14] Goma, J., Oberlin, A., 1986, "Carbon - Characterization of low temperature pyrocarbons obtained by densification of porous substrates, Carbon, Vol. 24, Nº. 2, pp.135-142.

[15] Gonçalves, A., 2008, "Caracterização de Materiais Termoestruturais a base de Compósitos de Carbono Reforçados com Fibras de Carbono (CRFC) e Carbonos Modificados com Carbeto de Silício (SiC), Tese de Doutorado, Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica, São José dos Campos, SP, 226p.

[16] Griffiths, J.A., Marsh, H., 1981, Proceedings of 15th Biennial Conf. on Carbon, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA, 22-26 June.

[17] Hüttinger, K.J., 1990, "Theoretical and practical aspects of liquid-phase pyrolysis as basis of the carbon matrix of CFRC", Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Carbon Fibers and Filaments, INCONNU (1989), Vol. 177, pp.301-325.

[18] Kotlensky, W.V., 1973, "Deposition of Pyrolytic Carbon in porous Solids", Chem Phys Carbon, 9, 173, CRC Press.

[19] Kuznetsov, D.M., 2000, "Shrinkage Phenomena in Graphitization of Preforms in Castner Furnaces", Refractories and Industrial Ceramics, Vol. 41, Nº. 7 - 8.

[20] Lachmann, W. L., Crawford, S. A., McAllister, L. E., 1978, "Multidiretionally Reinforced Carbon-Carbon Composites", Proceedings of Int Conf on Composite Materials, B. Noton, R. Signorelli, K. Street and L. Phillips, Ed. Metallurgical Soc of AIME, pp. 1302-1319.

[21] Lamicq, P., Macé, J., Pérez, B., 1981, "4D Carbon/Carbon High Temperature Thermal Evaluation", Proceedings of 15th Biennial Conference on Carbon, Philadelphia, USA, pp. 528-529.

[22] Levy, F. N., Pardini, L. C., 2006, "Structural Composites: Science and Technology" (in Portuguese), Ed. Edgard Blucher, São Paulo, 313p.

[23] Li, H.J., Hou, X.H., Chen, Y.X., 2000, "Densification of Unidirectional Carbon-Carbon Composites by Isothermal Chemical Vapor Infiltration", Carbon, Vol. 38, pp. 423-427.

[24] Li, J., Luo, R., 2008, "Kinetics of chemical vapor infiltration of carbon nanofiber-reinforced carbon/carbon composites", Materials Science and Engineering, A 480, pp. 253-258.

[25] Mason, K.F., 2008, "Autoclave quality outside the autoclave?" High Performance Composites, Mar. 2006, Available in: http://www.compositesworld.com/articles/autoclave-quality-outside-the-autoclave.aspx Access on 10 Nov. 2008.
» http://www.compositesworld.com/articles/autoclave-quality-outside-the-autoclave.aspx

[26] Oberlain, A., Bonnamy, S., 2001, "Carbonization and Graphitization", in Graphite and Precursors, Ch. 9, ed. by Pierre Delhaès, Gordon and Breach Science Publ.

[27] Otani, S., 1996, "Study of the Influence of the characteristics of coal-tar pitches on the obtention of Carbon/Carbon Composites", Doctorate Thesis, University of São Paulo, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, São Paulo, S.P., 160p.

[28] Pardini, L.C., 2000, "Preformas para Compósitos Estruturais", Polímeros Ciência e Tecnologia, Vol. 10, Nº2, pp. 100-109.

[29] Prado, V. J. S., 2009, "Molding of Composites by the Resin Infusion Process: Property Correlation", MSc. Thesis, Technology Institute of Aeronautics, São José dos Campos, SP.

[30] Pardini, L.C., Gregori, M.L., 2009, "Modeling Elastic and Thermal Properties of 2.5D Carbon Fiber C/SiC Hybrid Matrix Composites by Homogenization Method" Proceedings of 6th European Workshop on Thermal Protection Systems and Hot Structures, 1-3 April 2009, Stuttgart, Germany.

[31] Rand, B., 1993, "Matrix Precursors for Carbon-Carbon Composites", in Essentials of Carbon-Carbon Composites, Chap.3, Royal Soc. Chemistry, London, UK.

[32] Rellick, G., 1990, "Densification Efficiency of Carbon-Carbon Composites, Carbon, Vol. 28, Nº. 4, pp. 589-594.

[33] Rovillain, D., Trinquecoste, M., Bruneton, E., Derre, A., David, P., Delhaes, P., 2001, "Film boiling chemical vapor infiltration: An experimental study on carbon/carbon composite materials", Carbon, Vol. 39 pp.1355-1365.

[34] Savage, G., 1993, "Carbon-Carbon Composites", Chapman & Hall, London, UK.

[35] Sohda, S., Shinagawa M., Ishii, M., 1999, "Effect of carbonization pressure on carbon yield in a unit volume", Composites: Part A, Vol. 30, pp. 503-506.

[36] Schmidt , D. L. 1972, "Carbon/carbon composites", Sampe Journal, Nº. 8, pp. 9-19.

[37] Zhang, W. G., Hüttinger, K. J., 2003, "Densification of a 2D carbon fiber preform by isothermal, isobaric CVI: Kinetics and carbon microstructure", Carbon, Vol. 4, Nº. 12, pp. 2325-2337.

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