Assessment of the synthesis routes conditions for obtaining ammonium dinitramide by the FT-IR

Oliveira, José Irineu Sampaio de; Nagamachi, Márcio Yuji; Diniz, Milton Faria; Mattos, Elizabeth da Costa; Dutra, Rita de Cássia Lazzarini

doi:10.5028/jatm.2011.03033311

Abstract

Over the last two decades, many routes have been proposed to synthesize ammonium dinitramide (ADN). However, most of them lie in routes in which reactants are too expensive for large-scale production. In this sense, the use of ordinary reactants is of paramount importance in this case. The aim in this synthesis consists on nitrating a starting reactant in a reaction known as nitration. Both the nitrating agent and the starting reactant should preferably be ordinary, narrowing the possibility of having realistic options for them. The most ordinary nitrating agent consists of a mixture of sulfuric and fuming nitric acids. Therefore, the breakthrough must come from the suitable choice of the starting reactant. However, so far, the only viable reaction relies on the use of sulfamate salts. Even though the process with this kind of salt has been largely commercially developed, only few information are available in the literature to properly address issues emerged from it. In this study, an attempt is made to enlighten some effects on the product caused by modifications in the route conditions. Characterization of the resulting products was confirmed by FT-IR in the region of MIR and NIR. The characteristic bands employed to identify ADN in the region of middle infrared were: 3129 and 1384 cm^-1 (NH₄⁺); 1537, 1344, 1209, and 1177 cm^-1 (NO₂); 1032, 954 cm ^-1 (N₃); 828, 762 and 732 cm^-1(NO₂). The near infrared analysis pointed out few bands at 5185 and 4672 cm^-1 in NH combination bands region. The resulting middle infrared spectrum was compared to the reference found in the literature for this product. The results show excellent agreement with the expected product.

Keywords:
propellant; oxidizer; energetic material; ADN synthesis; ammonium dinitramide; FT-IR; MIR; NIR

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REFERENCES

Christe, K. O. et al, 1996, "The Dinitramide Anion, N(NO₂)₂^-", Phillips Laboratory, Propulsion Directorate, Edwards Air Force Base, California.
Goddu, R., 1960, "Near-Infrared Spectrophotometry", Advances Analytical Chemistry and Instrumentation, Vol. 1, p. 347-425.
Langlet, A., Ostmark, H., Wingborg, N., 1997, "Method of preparing dinitramidic acid and salts thereof", US Patent 5976483, FOI, Sweden.
Nagamachi, M. Y., Oliveira, J. I. S., Kawamoto, A. M., Dutra, R. C. L., 2009, "ADN - The new oxidizer around the corner for an environmentally friendly smokeless propellant", Journal of Aerospace Technology and Management, São Paulo, Vol. 01, No. 2, p. 153-160.
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SciFinder®, American Chemical Society, 2011. Copyright© Bio-Rad Laboratories, Infrared spectral data from the Bio-Rad/Sadtler IR Data Collection, Bio-Rad Laboratories, Philadelphia, PA (US). Spectrum nº BR087064.
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Urbanski, J. et al, 1977, "Handbook of Analysis of Synthetic Polymers and Plastics", John Wiley & Sons, New York.
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Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
Sep-Dec 2011

History

Received
02 July 2011
Accepted
03 Sept 2011

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

[1] Christe, K. O. et al, 1996, "The Dinitramide Anion, N(NO₂)₂^-", Phillips Laboratory, Propulsion Directorate, Edwards Air Force Base, California.

[2] Goddu, R., 1960, "Near-Infrared Spectrophotometry", Advances Analytical Chemistry and Instrumentation, Vol. 1, p. 347-425.

[3] Langlet, A., Ostmark, H., Wingborg, N., 1997, "Method of preparing dinitramidic acid and salts thereof", US Patent 5976483, FOI, Sweden.

[4] Nagamachi, M. Y., Oliveira, J. I. S., Kawamoto, A. M., Dutra, R. C. L., 2009, "ADN - The new oxidizer around the corner for an environmentally friendly smokeless propellant", Journal of Aerospace Technology and Management, São Paulo, Vol. 01, No. 2, p. 153-160.

[5] Santhosh, G. et. al, 2002, "Adsorption of ammonium dinitramide (ADN) from aqueous solutions: 1. Adsorption on powdered activated charcoal", Journal of Hazardous Materials, India, p. 117-126.

[6] SciFinder®, American Chemical Society, 2011. Copyright© Bio-Rad Laboratories, Infrared spectral data from the Bio-Rad/Sadtler IR Data Collection, Bio-Rad Laboratories, Philadelphia, PA (US). Spectrum nº BR087064.

[7] Shaw, R. W., 1993, "Overviews of Recent Research on Energetic Materials - Advanced Series in Physical Chemistry", Singapore: World Scientific Publishung Co.

[8] Silverstein, R. M., Webster, F.X., 2000, "Identificação Espectrométrica de Compostos Orgânicos", Rio de Janeiro: Livros Técnicos e Científicos S.A.

[9] Smith, A.L., 1979, "Applied infrared spectroscopy", New York, John Wiley & Sons.

[10] Teipel, U., 2005, "Energetic Materials. Particle Processing and Characterization", WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co., Weinheim.

[11] Urbanski, J. et al, 1977, "Handbook of Analysis of Synthetic Polymers and Plastics", John Wiley & Sons, New York.

[12] Vörde, C., Skifs, H., 2005, "Method of producing salts of dinitramidic acid", WO/2005/070823, Sweden.

[13] Wingborg, Niklas, et al, 2005, "Characterization and Ignition of ADN-Based Liquid Monopropellants", Proceedings AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion, 41th Conference, Arizona.

[14] Wingborg, N., et al, 2010, "Development of ADN-based Minimum Smoke Propellants", Proceedings AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion, 46th Conference, Nashville.

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