Acessibilidade / Reportar erro

ESTRATÉGIAS PARA MINIMIZAR OS RISCOS ERGONÔMICOS EM TRABALHADORES DE LIMPEZA: REVISÃO INTEGRATIVA

ESTRATEGIAS PARA MINIMIZAR LOS RIESGOS ERGONÓMICOS EN TRABAJADORES DE LIMPIEZA: REVISIÓN INTEGRADORA

RESUMO

Objetivo:

identificar estratégias para minimização dos riscos ergonômicos em trabalhadores de limpeza.

Método:

revisão integrativa, realizada nas bases LILACS, Scopus e MEDLINE/PUBMED, entre agosto e setembro de 2019. Os descritores “ergonomia”, “serviço de limpeza” e seus sinônimos foram combinados por operadores booleanos.

Resultados:

dos 21 artigos analisados, prevaleceram estudos de intervenção e classificados com nível de evidência 2 (52%); realizados em 2012 (33,3%), na Suécia (38%), com trabalhadores de limpeza hospitalar (47,6%). Evidenciou-se a utilização de estratégias de educação ergonômica, modificações nas ferramentas de trabalho, exercício aeróbico, método para avaliação de risco, protocolo de vigilância, diário de tarefas, contextualização com os fatores organizacionais e psicossociais do trabalho.

Conclusão:

as estratégias evidenciadas mostraram-se eficazes e poderão contribuir, para o campo da saúde, na promoção e recuperação de acometimentos físicos dos trabalhadores de limpeza.

DESCRITORES:
Saúde do Trabalhador; Ergonomia; Serviço de Limpeza; Promoção da Saúde; Revisão

RESUMEN:

Objetivo:

identificar estrategias para la minimización de los riesgos ergonómicos en trabajadores de limpieza.

Método:

revisión integradora, realizada en las bases de datos LILACS, Scopus y MEDLINE/PUBMED, entre agosto y septiembre de 2019. Los descriptores “ergonomía”, “servicio de limpieza” y sus sinónimos fueron combinados por operadores booleanos.

Resultados:

entre los 21 artículos analizados, prevalecieron los estudios de intervención clasificados con nivel de evidencia 2 (52%); realizados en 2012 (33,3%), en Suecia (38%), con trabajadores de limpieza hospitalaria (47,6%). Se evidenció la utilización de estrategias de educación ergonómica, modificaciones en las herramientas de trabajo, ejercicio aeróbico, método para la evaluación del riesgo, protocolo de vigilancia, diario de tareas, contextualización con los factores organizacionales y psicosociales del trabajo.

Conclusión:

las estrategias evidenciadas se mostraron eficaces y podrán contribuir, en el campo de la salud, en la promoción de la salud y recuperación de las afecciones físicas que padecen los trabajadores de limpieza.

DESCRIPTORES:
Saúde do Trabalhador; Ergonomia; Serviço de Limpeza; Promoção da Saúde; Revisão

ABSTRACT

Objective:

to identify strategies to minimize ergonomic risks in the cleaning staff.

Method:

an integrative review, carried out on LILACS, Scopus, and MEDLINE/PUBMED databases, between August and September of 2019. The descriptors “ergonomics”, “cleaning service”, and their synonyms were combined using Boolean operators.

Results:

from the 21 articles analyzed, intervention studies prevailed and were classified with a level of evidence 2 (52%); carried out in the year 2012 (33.3%), in Sweden (38%), with hospital cleaning staff (47.6%). The use of ergonomic education strategies, changes in work tools, aerobic exercise, a method for risk assessment, surveillance protocol, task diary, updating with organizational and psychosocial factors at work were evidenced.

Conclusion:

the evidenced strategies proved to be effective and may contribute, for the health area, in the promotion and recovery of the physical condition of the cleaning staff.

DESCRIPTORS:
Worker's health; Ergonomics; Housekeeping; Health promotion; Review

INTRODUÇÃO

Os trabalhadores de limpeza pertencem a uma categoria por vezes esquecida no contexto laboral(1)1. Silva LG da, Haddad M do CL, Domansky R de C, Vituri DW. Capacidade para o trabalho entre trabalhadores de higiene e limpeza de um hospital universitário público. Rev. Eletr. Enf. [Internet]. 2010 [accessed 12 nov 2019]; 12(1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.5216/ree.v12i1.5788.
https://doi.org/10.5216/ree.v12i1.5788...
. No cenário atual, são considerados como corresponsáveis pela manutenção do ambiente seguro(2)2. Chaves LDP, Camelo SHH, Silva MR, Silva NM, Pereira A P. Hospital governance, hygiene and cleaning: nurse management space. Texto contexto-enferm. [Internet]. 2015 [accessed 21 set 2019]; 24(4). Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0104-0707201500004010014.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0104-070720150...
, por meio da remoção de sujeiras, detritos indesejáveis e micro-organismos presentes no ambiente, contribuindo na redução dos índices de infecções(2)2. Chaves LDP, Camelo SHH, Silva MR, Silva NM, Pereira A P. Hospital governance, hygiene and cleaning: nurse management space. Texto contexto-enferm. [Internet]. 2015 [accessed 21 set 2019]; 24(4). Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0104-0707201500004010014.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0104-070720150...
e de acidentes de trabalho(1)1. Silva LG da, Haddad M do CL, Domansky R de C, Vituri DW. Capacidade para o trabalho entre trabalhadores de higiene e limpeza de um hospital universitário público. Rev. Eletr. Enf. [Internet]. 2010 [accessed 12 nov 2019]; 12(1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.5216/ree.v12i1.5788.
https://doi.org/10.5216/ree.v12i1.5788...
.

A atividade de limpezatêm sido associadas a múltiplos riscos ergonômicos, que propiciam alteração postural e lesões ocupacionais, como os distúrbios musculoesqueléticos(33. Dahlqvist C, Nordander C, Forsman M, Enquist H. Self-recordings of upper arm elevation during cleaning – comparison between analyses using a simplified reference posture and a standard reference posture. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. [Internet]. 2018 [accessed 14 ago 2019]; 19(402). Available from: http://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-018-2328-8.
http://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-018-2328-8...
, 44. Landstad BJ, Gelin G, Malmquist C, Vinberg S. A statistical human resources costing and accounting model for analysing the economic effects of an intervention at a workplace. Ergonomics. [Internet]. 2002 [accessed 21 ago 2019]; 45(11). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/00140130210136053.
https://doi.org/10.1080/0014013021013605...
, 55. Korshoj M, Jorgensen MB, Lidegaard M, Mortensen OS, Krustrup P, Holtermann A, et al. Decrease in musculoskeletal pain after 4 and 12 months of an aerobic exercise intervention: a worksite RCT among cleaners. Scand J Public Health [Internet]. 2017 [accessed 22 ago 2019]; 46(1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494817717833.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494817717833...
, 66. Lofqvist L, Osvalder AL, Bligård LO, Pinzke S. An analytical ergonomic risk evaluation of body postures during daily cleaning tasks in horse stables. Work. [Internet]. 2015 [accessed 23 set 2019]; 51(4). Available from: https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-152022.
https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-152022...
, 77. Jonker D, Gustafsson E, Rolander B, Arvidsson I, Nordander C. Health surveillance under adverse ergonomics conditions – validity of a screening method adapted for the occupational health service. Ergonomics [Internet]. 2015 [accessed 23 set 2019]; 58(9). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2015.1019575.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2015.10...
, 88. Habib MM, Rahman SU. Musculoskeletal symptoms (MSS) and their associations with ergonomic physical risk factors of the women engaging in regular rural household activities: A picture from a rural village in Bangladesh. Work [Internet]. 2015 [accessed 23 set 2019]; 50(3). Available from: https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-151990.
https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-151990...
, 99. Samani A, Holtermann A, Søgaard K, Holtermann A, Madeleine P. Following ergonomics guidelines decreases physical and cardiovascular workload during cleaning tasks. Ergonomics [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 25 set 2019]; 55(3). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2011.640945.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2011.64...
, 1010. Missar VJ, Metcalfe D, Gilmore G. Transforming a hospital safety and ergonomics Program: a four year journey of change. Work [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 25 set 2019]; 41(suppl1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0988-5912.
https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0988-59...
, 1111. Silva-Junior JS, Correa LRC, Morrone LC. Evaluation of lumbar overload in hotel maids. Work [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 29 set 2019]; 41(supl1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0488-2496.
https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0488-24...
, 1212. Madeleine P, Søgaard K, Holtermann A, Samani A. Level of self-reported neck/shoulder pain and biomechanical workload in cleaners. Work [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 28 set 2019]; 41(supl1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0195-447.
https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0195-44...
, 1313. Bell AF, Steele JR. Risk of musculoskeletal injury among cleaners during vacuuming. Ergonomics [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 28 set 2019]; 55(2). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2011.592605.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2011.59...
, 1414. Mathiassen SE, Nordander C, Svendsen SW, Wellman HM, Dempsey PG. Task-based estimation of mechanical job exposure in occupational groups. Scand J Work Environ Health [Internet]. 2005 [accessed 29 set 2019]; 31(2). Available from: https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.861.
https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.861...
, 1515. Unge J, Hansson GA, Ohlsson K, Nordander C, Axmon A, Winkel J, et al. Validity of self-assessed reports of occurrence and duration of occupational tasks. Ergonomics [Internet]. 2005 [accessed 29 set 2019]; 48(1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/00140130412331293364.
https://doi.org/10.1080/0014013041233129...
, 1616. Joseph B, Naveen R, Suguna A, Surekha A. Prevalence, Pattern and Factors Associated with Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders (WRMD) among Housekeeping Workers in a Private Tertiary Care Hospital in Bangalore. J Health Manag [Internet]. 2016 [accessed 01 out 2019]; 18(4). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/0972063416666151.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0972063416666151...
, 1717. Siqueira CE, Roche AG. Occupational health profile of Brazilian immigrant housecleaners in Massachusetts. New Solutions [Internet]. 2014 [accessed 01 set 2019]; 23(3). Available from: https://doi.org/10.2190/NS.23.3.e.
https://doi.org/10.2190/NS.23.3.e....
, 1818. Unge J, Ohlsson K, Nordander C, Hansson GA, Skerving S, Balogh l. Differences in physical workload, psychosocial factors and musculoskeletal disorders between two groups of female hospital cleaners with two diverse organizational models. Int Arch Occup Environ Health [Internet]. 2007 [accessed 21 set 2019]; 81. Available from: http://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-007-0208-x.
http://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-007-0208-x...
). Entende-se por risco ergonômico qualquer fator que possa interferir nas características psicofisiológicas do trabalhador, causando desconforto ou afetando sua saúde, dentre eles: esforço físico, levantamento de peso, ritmo excessivo de trabalho, repetitividade de movimentos e postura inadequada de trabalho(19)19. Ministério do Trabalho (BR). Normas Regulamentadoras: Segurança e Medicina do Trabalho. São Paulo: Atlas; 2013..

A exposição dos trabalhadores de limpeza aos riscos ergonômicos está associada ao processo de trabalho, caracterizado pelo dinamismo e rapidez nas atividades, uso de força física e levantamento manual de peso(1111. Silva-Junior JS, Correa LRC, Morrone LC. Evaluation of lumbar overload in hotel maids. Work [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 29 set 2019]; 41(supl1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0488-2496.
https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0488-24...
, 1717. Siqueira CE, Roche AG. Occupational health profile of Brazilian immigrant housecleaners in Massachusetts. New Solutions [Internet]. 2014 [accessed 01 set 2019]; 23(3). Available from: https://doi.org/10.2190/NS.23.3.e.
https://doi.org/10.2190/NS.23.3.e....
). No entanto, as tarefas frequentes, apesar de terem ferramentas e técnicas padronizadas, não são adaptadas às necessidades psicofisiológicas dos trabalhadores, expondo-os a acidentes de trabalho, diminuição da capacidade funcional e desenvolvimento de doenças ocupacionais(20)20. Souza R de S, Cortez EA, Carmo TG do, Santana R F. Occupational diseases of workers cleaning service in hospital environment: educational proposal to minimize exposure. Enferm. glob. [Internet]. 2016 [accessed 06 nov 2019]; 15(42). Available from: http://scielo.isciii.es/pdf/eg/v15n42/en_revision5.pdf.
http://scielo.isciii.es/pdf/eg/v15n42/en...
.

Os benefícios da utilização da ergonomia incluem melhoria na qualidade de vida e saúde do trabalhador(2)2. Chaves LDP, Camelo SHH, Silva MR, Silva NM, Pereira A P. Hospital governance, hygiene and cleaning: nurse management space. Texto contexto-enferm. [Internet]. 2015 [accessed 21 set 2019]; 24(4). Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0104-0707201500004010014.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0104-070720150...
, aumento da produtividade e da qualidade do serviço prestado(20)20. Souza R de S, Cortez EA, Carmo TG do, Santana R F. Occupational diseases of workers cleaning service in hospital environment: educational proposal to minimize exposure. Enferm. glob. [Internet]. 2016 [accessed 06 nov 2019]; 15(42). Available from: http://scielo.isciii.es/pdf/eg/v15n42/en_revision5.pdf.
http://scielo.isciii.es/pdf/eg/v15n42/en...
. Frente ao exposto, objetiva-se identificar na literatura as estratégias para minimização dos riscos ergonômicos em trabalhadores de limpeza.

MÉTODO

Revisão integrativa da literatura, realizada em seis etapas: identificação da temática e formulação da pergunta de pesquisa; estabelecimento de critérios de inclusão e exclusão; definição das informações a serem extraídas; avaliação; interpretação e síntese do conhecimento evidenciado(21)21. Mendes KDS, Silveira RC de CP, Galvão CM. Revisão integrativa: método de pesquisa para a incorporação de evidências na saúde e na enfermagem. Texto contexto-enferm. [Internet]. 2008 [accessed 12 nov 2019]; 17(4). Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104-07072008000400018.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104-07072008...
.

Utilizou-se a estrutura PICO(22)22. Santos CM da C, Pimenta CA de M, Nobre MRC. The PICO strategy for the research question construction and evidence search. Rev Latino-Am Enfermagem. [Internet]. 2007 [accessed 02 set 2019]; 15(3). Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104-11692007000300023.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104-11692007...
para a formulação da pergunta de pesquisa. Adotouse como “P” (população) os trabalhadores de limpeza; “I” (intervenção ou indicador) as estratégias e “O” (desfecho) a minimização dos riscos ergonômicos. O critério “C” (comparação) não foi aplicado. Assim, delineou-se a questão de revisão: “Quais estratégias são recomendadas para minimização dos riscos ergonômicos em trabalhadores de limpeza?”.

Os artigos foram selecionados entre agosto e setembro de 2019, com busca avançada nas bases: Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS), Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE) (via US National Library of Medicine - PuBMed) e SciVerse Scopus (SCOPUS). Os descritores e seus respectivos sinônimos foram selecionados pelo DeCS e MeSH (Descritores em Ciências da Saúde e Medical Subject Headings, respectivamente) e combinados por meio dos operadores booleanos (OR/AND), com o propósito de ampliar a possibilidade de localização de estudos que respondessem à questão de revisão (Quadro 1).

Quadro 1
Estratégias de busca nas bases de dados LILACS, MEDLINE (via PubMed) e SCOPUS. Santa Maria, RS, Brasil, 2019

Incluíram-se artigos originais, em português, inglês ou espanhol, disponíveis online e que respondessem à questão de revisão. Considerou-se população do estudo: trabalhadores de limpeza hospitalar, doméstica, faxineiros e de empresas (escritórios, transportes, hotéis). Não foi utilizado recorte temporal e artigos duplicados foram considerados somente uma vez.

Como controle de qualidade, realizou-se seleção duplo-independente das produções, com posterior checagem das inconsistências e consenso entre as partes. Quando em situação de divergência, um terceiro revisor foi consultado. As produções foram exportadas para o Excel®, organizadas e sumarizadas em um quadro sinóptico contendo: código, objetivo, país de origem, delineamento metodológico, nível de evidência(23)23. Melnyk BM, Fineout-Overholt E. Making the case for evidence-based practice and cultivating a spirit of inquiry. In: Melnyk BM, Fineout-Overholt. Evidence-based practice in nursing & healthcare. A guide to best practice. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2011. p.3-24., risco ergonômico, estratégia para minimização, análise ergonômica do trabalho, e avaliação e/ou resultados.

Considerou-se estratégia positiva quando proveniente de estudos experimentais e com significância estatística para a minimização dos riscos ergonômicos (p<0,05) ou coeficiente kappa de Cohen (k) com concordância excelente (0,4-0,75)(7)7. Jonker D, Gustafsson E, Rolander B, Arvidsson I, Nordander C. Health surveillance under adverse ergonomics conditions – validity of a screening method adapted for the occupational health service. Ergonomics [Internet]. 2015 [accessed 23 set 2019]; 58(9). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2015.1019575.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2015.10...
. A estratégia foi considerada recomendada quando proveniente de estudos observacionais, visto que não possibilitam inferir causalidade.

A classificação dos níveis de evidência foi realizada conforme o tipo de questão clínica, de acordo com quatro classificações: tratamento/intervenção (avaliação de uma intervenção clínica); diagnóstico/teste (verificação de determinado fenômeno ou exposição); prognóstico, predição ou etiologia (inferir a etiologia ou a probabilidade dos resultados); e, significado (compreensão de experiências ou sentimentos em torno da doença)(23)23. Melnyk BM, Fineout-Overholt E. Making the case for evidence-based practice and cultivating a spirit of inquiry. In: Melnyk BM, Fineout-Overholt. Evidence-based practice in nursing & healthcare. A guide to best practice. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2011. p.3-24.. Os resultados estão apresentados por meio de análise descritiva. Foram respeitados os aspectos éticos, com citação fidedigna das ideias, conceitos e definições dos autores.

RESULTADOS

A partir da busca primária, foram localizadas 227 produções e, após a aplicação do filtro idioma, obteve-se 213 estudos. Estes foram submetidos à leitura dos títulos e resumos, com a exclusão de 186 e resultando em 27 estudos. Posteriormente, foi realizada a leitura das produções na íntegra e o corpus da pesquisa foi constituído por 21 artigos. A exclusão de artigos por indisponibilidade de maneira gratuita foi realizada depois de esgotadas as possibilidades de obtenção nos diferentes sítios eletrônicos de acesso aberto à internet (Figura 1).

Figura 1
Fluxograma das etapas de seleção duplo-independente das produções para compor o corpus final (n=21). Santa Maria, RS, Brasil, 2019

O corpus de análise foi composto por 21 artigos, publicados entre 1998 e 2018, com destaque para 2012 (sete, 33,3%). A Suécia teve maior número de publicações (oito, 38%). Quanto à população, sobressaíram-se estudos com trabalhadores de limpeza hospitalar (n=10; 47,6%) e de empresas (sete; 33,3%). As estratégias recomendadas estão descritas no Quadro 2 e Quadro 3.

Quadro 2
Caracterização do corpus de análise da revisão integrativa, segundo objetivo, país de origem, delineamento e nível de evidência. Santa Maria, RS, Brasil, 2019 (continua)
Quadro 3
Caracterização do corpus de análise da revisão integrativa, segundo risco ergonômico, estratégia, análise ergonômica do trabalho e avaliação e resultados. Santa Maria, RS, Brasil, 2019 (continua)

Os riscos ergonômicos prevalentes foram relacionados ao esforço físico(88. Habib MM, Rahman SU. Musculoskeletal symptoms (MSS) and their associations with ergonomic physical risk factors of the women engaging in regular rural household activities: A picture from a rural village in Bangladesh. Work [Internet]. 2015 [accessed 23 set 2019]; 50(3). Available from: https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-151990.
https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-151990...
,99. Samani A, Holtermann A, Søgaard K, Holtermann A, Madeleine P. Following ergonomics guidelines decreases physical and cardiovascular workload during cleaning tasks. Ergonomics [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 25 set 2019]; 55(3). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2011.640945.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2011.64...
,1111. Silva-Junior JS, Correa LRC, Morrone LC. Evaluation of lumbar overload in hotel maids. Work [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 29 set 2019]; 41(supl1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0488-2496.
https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0488-24...
,1313. Bell AF, Steele JR. Risk of musculoskeletal injury among cleaners during vacuuming. Ergonomics [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 28 set 2019]; 55(2). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2011.592605.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2011.59...
,1818. Unge J, Ohlsson K, Nordander C, Hansson GA, Skerving S, Balogh l. Differences in physical workload, psychosocial factors and musculoskeletal disorders between two groups of female hospital cleaners with two diverse organizational models. Int Arch Occup Environ Health [Internet]. 2007 [accessed 21 set 2019]; 81. Available from: http://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-007-0208-x.
http://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-007-0208-x...
,2424. Öhrling T, Kumar R, Abrahamsson L. Assessment of the development and implementation of tools in contract cleaning. Appl Ergon [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 24 set 2019]; 43(4). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2011.11.006.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2011.11...
,2525. Lidegaard M, Sogaard K, Krustrup P, Holtermann A, Korshoj M. Effects of 12 months aerobic exercise intervention on work ability, need for recovery, productivity and rating of exertion among cleaners: a worksite RCT. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. [Internet]. 2018 [accessed 29 set 2019]; 91(2). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-017-1274-3.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-017-1274-...
,2626. Wallius MA, Rissanen SM, Bragge T, Vartiainen P, Karjalainen PA, Räsänen K, et al. Effects of mop handle height on shoulder muscle activity and perceived exertion during floor mopping using a figure eight method. Industrial Health [Internet]. 2016 [accessed 29 set 2019]; 54(1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.2015-0108.
https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.2015-0...
) (oito; 43%) e sintomas musculoesqueléticos (dor osteomuscular relacionada ao trabalho/ DORT, dor musculoesquelética/DME)(33. Dahlqvist C, Nordander C, Forsman M, Enquist H. Self-recordings of upper arm elevation during cleaning – comparison between analyses using a simplified reference posture and a standard reference posture. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. [Internet]. 2018 [accessed 14 ago 2019]; 19(402). Available from: http://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-018-2328-8.
http://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-018-2328-8...
, 44. Landstad BJ, Gelin G, Malmquist C, Vinberg S. A statistical human resources costing and accounting model for analysing the economic effects of an intervention at a workplace. Ergonomics. [Internet]. 2002 [accessed 21 ago 2019]; 45(11). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/00140130210136053.
https://doi.org/10.1080/0014013021013605...
, 55. Korshoj M, Jorgensen MB, Lidegaard M, Mortensen OS, Krustrup P, Holtermann A, et al. Decrease in musculoskeletal pain after 4 and 12 months of an aerobic exercise intervention: a worksite RCT among cleaners. Scand J Public Health [Internet]. 2017 [accessed 22 ago 2019]; 46(1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494817717833.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494817717833...
, 66. Lofqvist L, Osvalder AL, Bligård LO, Pinzke S. An analytical ergonomic risk evaluation of body postures during daily cleaning tasks in horse stables. Work. [Internet]. 2015 [accessed 23 set 2019]; 51(4). Available from: https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-152022.
https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-152022...
, 77. Jonker D, Gustafsson E, Rolander B, Arvidsson I, Nordander C. Health surveillance under adverse ergonomics conditions – validity of a screening method adapted for the occupational health service. Ergonomics [Internet]. 2015 [accessed 23 set 2019]; 58(9). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2015.1019575.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2015.10...
, 88. Habib MM, Rahman SU. Musculoskeletal symptoms (MSS) and their associations with ergonomic physical risk factors of the women engaging in regular rural household activities: A picture from a rural village in Bangladesh. Work [Internet]. 2015 [accessed 23 set 2019]; 50(3). Available from: https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-151990.
https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-151990...
,1010. Missar VJ, Metcalfe D, Gilmore G. Transforming a hospital safety and ergonomics Program: a four year journey of change. Work [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 25 set 2019]; 41(suppl1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0988-5912.
https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0988-59...
, 1111. Silva-Junior JS, Correa LRC, Morrone LC. Evaluation of lumbar overload in hotel maids. Work [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 29 set 2019]; 41(supl1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0488-2496.
https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0488-24...
, 1212. Madeleine P, Søgaard K, Holtermann A, Samani A. Level of self-reported neck/shoulder pain and biomechanical workload in cleaners. Work [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 28 set 2019]; 41(supl1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0195-447.
https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0195-44...
, 1313. Bell AF, Steele JR. Risk of musculoskeletal injury among cleaners during vacuuming. Ergonomics [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 28 set 2019]; 55(2). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2011.592605.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2011.59...
, 1414. Mathiassen SE, Nordander C, Svendsen SW, Wellman HM, Dempsey PG. Task-based estimation of mechanical job exposure in occupational groups. Scand J Work Environ Health [Internet]. 2005 [accessed 29 set 2019]; 31(2). Available from: https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.861.
https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.861...
, 1515. Unge J, Hansson GA, Ohlsson K, Nordander C, Axmon A, Winkel J, et al. Validity of self-assessed reports of occurrence and duration of occupational tasks. Ergonomics [Internet]. 2005 [accessed 29 set 2019]; 48(1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/00140130412331293364.
https://doi.org/10.1080/0014013041233129...
, 1616. Joseph B, Naveen R, Suguna A, Surekha A. Prevalence, Pattern and Factors Associated with Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders (WRMD) among Housekeeping Workers in a Private Tertiary Care Hospital in Bangalore. J Health Manag [Internet]. 2016 [accessed 01 out 2019]; 18(4). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/0972063416666151.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0972063416666151...
, 1717. Siqueira CE, Roche AG. Occupational health profile of Brazilian immigrant housecleaners in Massachusetts. New Solutions [Internet]. 2014 [accessed 01 set 2019]; 23(3). Available from: https://doi.org/10.2190/NS.23.3.e.
https://doi.org/10.2190/NS.23.3.e....
, 1818. Unge J, Ohlsson K, Nordander C, Hansson GA, Skerving S, Balogh l. Differences in physical workload, psychosocial factors and musculoskeletal disorders between two groups of female hospital cleaners with two diverse organizational models. Int Arch Occup Environ Health [Internet]. 2007 [accessed 21 set 2019]; 81. Available from: http://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-007-0208-x.
http://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-007-0208-x...
,2626. Wallius MA, Rissanen SM, Bragge T, Vartiainen P, Karjalainen PA, Räsänen K, et al. Effects of mop handle height on shoulder muscle activity and perceived exertion during floor mopping using a figure eight method. Industrial Health [Internet]. 2016 [accessed 29 set 2019]; 54(1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.2015-0108.
https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.2015-0...
) (n=15; 71,4%).

Nos ensaios clínicos(33. Dahlqvist C, Nordander C, Forsman M, Enquist H. Self-recordings of upper arm elevation during cleaning – comparison between analyses using a simplified reference posture and a standard reference posture. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. [Internet]. 2018 [accessed 14 ago 2019]; 19(402). Available from: http://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-018-2328-8.
http://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-018-2328-8...
,55. Korshoj M, Jorgensen MB, Lidegaard M, Mortensen OS, Krustrup P, Holtermann A, et al. Decrease in musculoskeletal pain after 4 and 12 months of an aerobic exercise intervention: a worksite RCT among cleaners. Scand J Public Health [Internet]. 2017 [accessed 22 ago 2019]; 46(1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494817717833.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494817717833...
,66. Lofqvist L, Osvalder AL, Bligård LO, Pinzke S. An analytical ergonomic risk evaluation of body postures during daily cleaning tasks in horse stables. Work. [Internet]. 2015 [accessed 23 set 2019]; 51(4). Available from: https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-152022.
https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-152022...
,77. Jonker D, Gustafsson E, Rolander B, Arvidsson I, Nordander C. Health surveillance under adverse ergonomics conditions – validity of a screening method adapted for the occupational health service. Ergonomics [Internet]. 2015 [accessed 23 set 2019]; 58(9). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2015.1019575.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2015.10...
,99. Samani A, Holtermann A, Søgaard K, Holtermann A, Madeleine P. Following ergonomics guidelines decreases physical and cardiovascular workload during cleaning tasks. Ergonomics [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 25 set 2019]; 55(3). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2011.640945.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2011.64...
,1212. Madeleine P, Søgaard K, Holtermann A, Samani A. Level of self-reported neck/shoulder pain and biomechanical workload in cleaners. Work [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 28 set 2019]; 41(supl1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0195-447.
https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0195-44...
,1414. Mathiassen SE, Nordander C, Svendsen SW, Wellman HM, Dempsey PG. Task-based estimation of mechanical job exposure in occupational groups. Scand J Work Environ Health [Internet]. 2005 [accessed 29 set 2019]; 31(2). Available from: https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.861.
https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.861...
,1818. Unge J, Ohlsson K, Nordander C, Hansson GA, Skerving S, Balogh l. Differences in physical workload, psychosocial factors and musculoskeletal disorders between two groups of female hospital cleaners with two diverse organizational models. Int Arch Occup Environ Health [Internet]. 2007 [accessed 21 set 2019]; 81. Available from: http://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-007-0208-x.
http://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-007-0208-x...
,2424. Öhrling T, Kumar R, Abrahamsson L. Assessment of the development and implementation of tools in contract cleaning. Appl Ergon [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 24 set 2019]; 43(4). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2011.11.006.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2011.11...
,2525. Lidegaard M, Sogaard K, Krustrup P, Holtermann A, Korshoj M. Effects of 12 months aerobic exercise intervention on work ability, need for recovery, productivity and rating of exertion among cleaners: a worksite RCT. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. [Internet]. 2018 [accessed 29 set 2019]; 91(2). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-017-1274-3.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-017-1274-...
,2626. Wallius MA, Rissanen SM, Bragge T, Vartiainen P, Karjalainen PA, Räsänen K, et al. Effects of mop handle height on shoulder muscle activity and perceived exertion during floor mopping using a figure eight method. Industrial Health [Internet]. 2016 [accessed 29 set 2019]; 54(1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.2015-0108.
https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.2015-0...
) e no estudo quase experimental(4)4. Landstad BJ, Gelin G, Malmquist C, Vinberg S. A statistical human resources costing and accounting model for analysing the economic effects of an intervention at a workplace. Ergonomics. [Internet]. 2002 [accessed 21 ago 2019]; 45(11). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/00140130210136053.
https://doi.org/10.1080/0014013021013605...
, identificouse a eficácia das estratégias para minimização dos riscos ergonômicos. Dentre essas, prevaleceram e foram eficazes: a educação ergonômica(44. Landstad BJ, Gelin G, Malmquist C, Vinberg S. A statistical human resources costing and accounting model for analysing the economic effects of an intervention at a workplace. Ergonomics. [Internet]. 2002 [accessed 21 ago 2019]; 45(11). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/00140130210136053.
https://doi.org/10.1080/0014013021013605...
,99. Samani A, Holtermann A, Søgaard K, Holtermann A, Madeleine P. Following ergonomics guidelines decreases physical and cardiovascular workload during cleaning tasks. Ergonomics [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 25 set 2019]; 55(3). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2011.640945.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2011.64...
,1010. Missar VJ, Metcalfe D, Gilmore G. Transforming a hospital safety and ergonomics Program: a four year journey of change. Work [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 25 set 2019]; 41(suppl1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0988-5912.
https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0988-59...
,1212. Madeleine P, Søgaard K, Holtermann A, Samani A. Level of self-reported neck/shoulder pain and biomechanical workload in cleaners. Work [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 28 set 2019]; 41(supl1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0195-447.
https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0195-44...
,1616. Joseph B, Naveen R, Suguna A, Surekha A. Prevalence, Pattern and Factors Associated with Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders (WRMD) among Housekeeping Workers in a Private Tertiary Care Hospital in Bangalore. J Health Manag [Internet]. 2016 [accessed 01 out 2019]; 18(4). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/0972063416666151.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0972063416666151...
) (cinco; 23,8%); as modificações de ferramentas de trabalho(66. Lofqvist L, Osvalder AL, Bligård LO, Pinzke S. An analytical ergonomic risk evaluation of body postures during daily cleaning tasks in horse stables. Work. [Internet]. 2015 [accessed 23 set 2019]; 51(4). Available from: https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-152022.
https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-152022...
,1111. Silva-Junior JS, Correa LRC, Morrone LC. Evaluation of lumbar overload in hotel maids. Work [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 29 set 2019]; 41(supl1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0488-2496.
https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0488-24...
,1313. Bell AF, Steele JR. Risk of musculoskeletal injury among cleaners during vacuuming. Ergonomics [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 28 set 2019]; 55(2). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2011.592605.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2011.59...
,1717. Siqueira CE, Roche AG. Occupational health profile of Brazilian immigrant housecleaners in Massachusetts. New Solutions [Internet]. 2014 [accessed 01 set 2019]; 23(3). Available from: https://doi.org/10.2190/NS.23.3.e.
https://doi.org/10.2190/NS.23.3.e....
,2424. Öhrling T, Kumar R, Abrahamsson L. Assessment of the development and implementation of tools in contract cleaning. Appl Ergon [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 24 set 2019]; 43(4). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2011.11.006.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2011.11...
,2626. Wallius MA, Rissanen SM, Bragge T, Vartiainen P, Karjalainen PA, Räsänen K, et al. Effects of mop handle height on shoulder muscle activity and perceived exertion during floor mopping using a figure eight method. Industrial Health [Internet]. 2016 [accessed 29 set 2019]; 54(1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.2015-0108.
https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.2015-0...
) (seis; 28,5%) e a realização de exercício aeróbico(55. Korshoj M, Jorgensen MB, Lidegaard M, Mortensen OS, Krustrup P, Holtermann A, et al. Decrease in musculoskeletal pain after 4 and 12 months of an aerobic exercise intervention: a worksite RCT among cleaners. Scand J Public Health [Internet]. 2017 [accessed 22 ago 2019]; 46(1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494817717833.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494817717833...
,2525. Lidegaard M, Sogaard K, Krustrup P, Holtermann A, Korshoj M. Effects of 12 months aerobic exercise intervention on work ability, need for recovery, productivity and rating of exertion among cleaners: a worksite RCT. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. [Internet]. 2018 [accessed 29 set 2019]; 91(2). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-017-1274-3.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-017-1274-...
) (dois; 9,5%).

Nos estudos transversais(88. Habib MM, Rahman SU. Musculoskeletal symptoms (MSS) and their associations with ergonomic physical risk factors of the women engaging in regular rural household activities: A picture from a rural village in Bangladesh. Work [Internet]. 2015 [accessed 23 set 2019]; 50(3). Available from: https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-151990.
https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-151990...
,99. Samani A, Holtermann A, Søgaard K, Holtermann A, Madeleine P. Following ergonomics guidelines decreases physical and cardiovascular workload during cleaning tasks. Ergonomics [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 25 set 2019]; 55(3). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2011.640945.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2011.64...
,1111. Silva-Junior JS, Correa LRC, Morrone LC. Evaluation of lumbar overload in hotel maids. Work [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 29 set 2019]; 41(supl1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0488-2496.
https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0488-24...
,1313. Bell AF, Steele JR. Risk of musculoskeletal injury among cleaners during vacuuming. Ergonomics [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 28 set 2019]; 55(2). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2011.592605.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2011.59...
,1616. Joseph B, Naveen R, Suguna A, Surekha A. Prevalence, Pattern and Factors Associated with Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders (WRMD) among Housekeeping Workers in a Private Tertiary Care Hospital in Bangalore. J Health Manag [Internet]. 2016 [accessed 01 out 2019]; 18(4). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/0972063416666151.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0972063416666151...
,1717. Siqueira CE, Roche AG. Occupational health profile of Brazilian immigrant housecleaners in Massachusetts. New Solutions [Internet]. 2014 [accessed 01 set 2019]; 23(3). Available from: https://doi.org/10.2190/NS.23.3.e.
https://doi.org/10.2190/NS.23.3.e....
) e prospectivo(10)10. Missar VJ, Metcalfe D, Gilmore G. Transforming a hospital safety and ergonomics Program: a four year journey of change. Work [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 25 set 2019]; 41(suppl1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0988-5912.
https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0988-59...
, foi identificada a associação entre medidas de prevenção (diagnóstico e atenção ergonômica), de promoção (educação ergonômica)(88. Habib MM, Rahman SU. Musculoskeletal symptoms (MSS) and their associations with ergonomic physical risk factors of the women engaging in regular rural household activities: A picture from a rural village in Bangladesh. Work [Internet]. 2015 [accessed 23 set 2019]; 50(3). Available from: https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-151990.
https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-151990...
,99. Samani A, Holtermann A, Søgaard K, Holtermann A, Madeleine P. Following ergonomics guidelines decreases physical and cardiovascular workload during cleaning tasks. Ergonomics [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 25 set 2019]; 55(3). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2011.640945.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2011.64...
,1616. Joseph B, Naveen R, Suguna A, Surekha A. Prevalence, Pattern and Factors Associated with Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders (WRMD) among Housekeeping Workers in a Private Tertiary Care Hospital in Bangalore. J Health Manag [Internet]. 2016 [accessed 01 out 2019]; 18(4). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/0972063416666151.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0972063416666151...
), modificações na organização do trabalho(1111. Silva-Junior JS, Correa LRC, Morrone LC. Evaluation of lumbar overload in hotel maids. Work [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 29 set 2019]; 41(supl1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0488-2496.
https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0488-24...
,1313. Bell AF, Steele JR. Risk of musculoskeletal injury among cleaners during vacuuming. Ergonomics [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 28 set 2019]; 55(2). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2011.592605.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2011.59...
,1717. Siqueira CE, Roche AG. Occupational health profile of Brazilian immigrant housecleaners in Massachusetts. New Solutions [Internet]. 2014 [accessed 01 set 2019]; 23(3). Available from: https://doi.org/10.2190/NS.23.3.e.
https://doi.org/10.2190/NS.23.3.e....
) e minimização dos riscos ergonômicos (p<0,005). Nos de métodos mistos(1515. Unge J, Hansson GA, Ohlsson K, Nordander C, Axmon A, Winkel J, et al. Validity of self-assessed reports of occurrence and duration of occupational tasks. Ergonomics [Internet]. 2005 [accessed 29 set 2019]; 48(1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/00140130412331293364.
https://doi.org/10.1080/0014013041233129...
,2727. Messing K, Chatigny C, Courville J. “Light” and “heavy” work in the housekeeping service of a hospital. Appl Ergon [Internet]. 1998 [accessed 29 set 2019]; 29(6). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-6870(98)00013-1.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-6870(98)00...
,2828. Lefrançois M, Saint-Charles J, Riel J. Work/Family balancing and 24/7 work schedules: network analysis of strategies in a transport company cleaning service. New Solutions: a J Envir Occup Health Policy [Internet]. 2017 [accessed 28 set 2019]; 27(3). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1048291117725718.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1048291117725718...
), evidenciaram-se a identificação da organização e dos determinantes da atividade de trabalho(28), do diário de tarefas(1515. Unge J, Hansson GA, Ohlsson K, Nordander C, Axmon A, Winkel J, et al. Validity of self-assessed reports of occurrence and duration of occupational tasks. Ergonomics [Internet]. 2005 [accessed 29 set 2019]; 48(1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/00140130412331293364.
https://doi.org/10.1080/0014013041233129...
,2828. Lefrançois M, Saint-Charles J, Riel J. Work/Family balancing and 24/7 work schedules: network analysis of strategies in a transport company cleaning service. New Solutions: a J Envir Occup Health Policy [Internet]. 2017 [accessed 28 set 2019]; 27(3). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1048291117725718.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1048291117725718...
) e da divisão do trabalho em leve e pesado(27)27. Messing K, Chatigny C, Courville J. “Light” and “heavy” work in the housekeeping service of a hospital. Appl Ergon [Internet]. 1998 [accessed 29 set 2019]; 29(6). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-6870(98)00013-1.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-6870(98)00...
como estratégias promissoras para a minimização dos riscos ergonômicos.

Quanto à força de evidência(23)23. Melnyk BM, Fineout-Overholt E. Making the case for evidence-based practice and cultivating a spirit of inquiry. In: Melnyk BM, Fineout-Overholt. Evidence-based practice in nursing & healthcare. A guide to best practice. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2011. p.3-24., predominaram estudos de intervenção com evidências de nível 2 (n=11; 52%)(33. Dahlqvist C, Nordander C, Forsman M, Enquist H. Self-recordings of upper arm elevation during cleaning – comparison between analyses using a simplified reference posture and a standard reference posture. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. [Internet]. 2018 [accessed 14 ago 2019]; 19(402). Available from: http://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-018-2328-8.
http://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-018-2328-8...
,55. Korshoj M, Jorgensen MB, Lidegaard M, Mortensen OS, Krustrup P, Holtermann A, et al. Decrease in musculoskeletal pain after 4 and 12 months of an aerobic exercise intervention: a worksite RCT among cleaners. Scand J Public Health [Internet]. 2017 [accessed 22 ago 2019]; 46(1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494817717833.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494817717833...
,66. Lofqvist L, Osvalder AL, Bligård LO, Pinzke S. An analytical ergonomic risk evaluation of body postures during daily cleaning tasks in horse stables. Work. [Internet]. 2015 [accessed 23 set 2019]; 51(4). Available from: https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-152022.
https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-152022...
,77. Jonker D, Gustafsson E, Rolander B, Arvidsson I, Nordander C. Health surveillance under adverse ergonomics conditions – validity of a screening method adapted for the occupational health service. Ergonomics [Internet]. 2015 [accessed 23 set 2019]; 58(9). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2015.1019575.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2015.10...
,99. Samani A, Holtermann A, Søgaard K, Holtermann A, Madeleine P. Following ergonomics guidelines decreases physical and cardiovascular workload during cleaning tasks. Ergonomics [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 25 set 2019]; 55(3). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2011.640945.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2011.64...
,1212. Madeleine P, Søgaard K, Holtermann A, Samani A. Level of self-reported neck/shoulder pain and biomechanical workload in cleaners. Work [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 28 set 2019]; 41(supl1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0195-447.
https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0195-44...
,1414. Mathiassen SE, Nordander C, Svendsen SW, Wellman HM, Dempsey PG. Task-based estimation of mechanical job exposure in occupational groups. Scand J Work Environ Health [Internet]. 2005 [accessed 29 set 2019]; 31(2). Available from: https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.861.
https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.861...
,1818. Unge J, Ohlsson K, Nordander C, Hansson GA, Skerving S, Balogh l. Differences in physical workload, psychosocial factors and musculoskeletal disorders between two groups of female hospital cleaners with two diverse organizational models. Int Arch Occup Environ Health [Internet]. 2007 [accessed 21 set 2019]; 81. Available from: http://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-007-0208-x.
http://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-007-0208-x...
,2424. Öhrling T, Kumar R, Abrahamsson L. Assessment of the development and implementation of tools in contract cleaning. Appl Ergon [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 24 set 2019]; 43(4). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2011.11.006.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2011.11...
,2525. Lidegaard M, Sogaard K, Krustrup P, Holtermann A, Korshoj M. Effects of 12 months aerobic exercise intervention on work ability, need for recovery, productivity and rating of exertion among cleaners: a worksite RCT. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. [Internet]. 2018 [accessed 29 set 2019]; 91(2). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-017-1274-3.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-017-1274-...
,2626. Wallius MA, Rissanen SM, Bragge T, Vartiainen P, Karjalainen PA, Räsänen K, et al. Effects of mop handle height on shoulder muscle activity and perceived exertion during floor mopping using a figure eight method. Industrial Health [Internet]. 2016 [accessed 29 set 2019]; 54(1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.2015-0108.
https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.2015-0...
) e nível 3 (um; 5%)(4)4. Landstad BJ, Gelin G, Malmquist C, Vinberg S. A statistical human resources costing and accounting model for analysing the economic effects of an intervention at a workplace. Ergonomics. [Internet]. 2002 [accessed 21 ago 2019]; 45(11). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/00140130210136053.
https://doi.org/10.1080/0014013021013605...
. Sequencialmente, estudos diagnósticos (nível 6)(88. Habib MM, Rahman SU. Musculoskeletal symptoms (MSS) and their associations with ergonomic physical risk factors of the women engaging in regular rural household activities: A picture from a rural village in Bangladesh. Work [Internet]. 2015 [accessed 23 set 2019]; 50(3). Available from: https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-151990.
https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-151990...
,1010. Missar VJ, Metcalfe D, Gilmore G. Transforming a hospital safety and ergonomics Program: a four year journey of change. Work [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 25 set 2019]; 41(suppl1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0988-5912.
https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0988-59...
,1111. Silva-Junior JS, Correa LRC, Morrone LC. Evaluation of lumbar overload in hotel maids. Work [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 29 set 2019]; 41(supl1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0488-2496.
https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0488-24...
,1313. Bell AF, Steele JR. Risk of musculoskeletal injury among cleaners during vacuuming. Ergonomics [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 28 set 2019]; 55(2). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2011.592605.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2011.59...
,1515. Unge J, Hansson GA, Ohlsson K, Nordander C, Axmon A, Winkel J, et al. Validity of self-assessed reports of occurrence and duration of occupational tasks. Ergonomics [Internet]. 2005 [accessed 29 set 2019]; 48(1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/00140130412331293364.
https://doi.org/10.1080/0014013041233129...
,1616. Joseph B, Naveen R, Suguna A, Surekha A. Prevalence, Pattern and Factors Associated with Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders (WRMD) among Housekeeping Workers in a Private Tertiary Care Hospital in Bangalore. J Health Manag [Internet]. 2016 [accessed 01 out 2019]; 18(4). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/0972063416666151.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0972063416666151...
,1717. Siqueira CE, Roche AG. Occupational health profile of Brazilian immigrant housecleaners in Massachusetts. New Solutions [Internet]. 2014 [accessed 01 set 2019]; 23(3). Available from: https://doi.org/10.2190/NS.23.3.e.
https://doi.org/10.2190/NS.23.3.e....
,2727. Messing K, Chatigny C, Courville J. “Light” and “heavy” work in the housekeeping service of a hospital. Appl Ergon [Internet]. 1998 [accessed 29 set 2019]; 29(6). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-6870(98)00013-1.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-6870(98)00...
,2828. Lefrançois M, Saint-Charles J, Riel J. Work/Family balancing and 24/7 work schedules: network analysis of strategies in a transport company cleaning service. New Solutions: a J Envir Occup Health Policy [Internet]. 2017 [accessed 28 set 2019]; 27(3). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1048291117725718.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1048291117725718...
) (nove; 43%) e prognósticos (nível 4)(88. Habib MM, Rahman SU. Musculoskeletal symptoms (MSS) and their associations with ergonomic physical risk factors of the women engaging in regular rural household activities: A picture from a rural village in Bangladesh. Work [Internet]. 2015 [accessed 23 set 2019]; 50(3). Available from: https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-151990.
https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-151990...
,1010. Missar VJ, Metcalfe D, Gilmore G. Transforming a hospital safety and ergonomics Program: a four year journey of change. Work [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 25 set 2019]; 41(suppl1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0988-5912.
https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0988-59...
) (dois; 9,5%).

DISCUSSÃO

Caracterização dos riscos ergonômicos em trabalhadores de limpeza

As pesquisas sobre os riscos ergonômicos constituem uma tendência dos últimos seis anos (2012 a 2018)(22. Chaves LDP, Camelo SHH, Silva MR, Silva NM, Pereira A P. Hospital governance, hygiene and cleaning: nurse management space. Texto contexto-enferm. [Internet]. 2015 [accessed 21 set 2019]; 24(4). Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0104-0707201500004010014.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0104-070720150...
,33. Dahlqvist C, Nordander C, Forsman M, Enquist H. Self-recordings of upper arm elevation during cleaning – comparison between analyses using a simplified reference posture and a standard reference posture. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. [Internet]. 2018 [accessed 14 ago 2019]; 19(402). Available from: http://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-018-2328-8.
http://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-018-2328-8...
,55. Korshoj M, Jorgensen MB, Lidegaard M, Mortensen OS, Krustrup P, Holtermann A, et al. Decrease in musculoskeletal pain after 4 and 12 months of an aerobic exercise intervention: a worksite RCT among cleaners. Scand J Public Health [Internet]. 2017 [accessed 22 ago 2019]; 46(1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494817717833.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494817717833...
,66. Lofqvist L, Osvalder AL, Bligård LO, Pinzke S. An analytical ergonomic risk evaluation of body postures during daily cleaning tasks in horse stables. Work. [Internet]. 2015 [accessed 23 set 2019]; 51(4). Available from: https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-152022.
https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-152022...
,77. Jonker D, Gustafsson E, Rolander B, Arvidsson I, Nordander C. Health surveillance under adverse ergonomics conditions – validity of a screening method adapted for the occupational health service. Ergonomics [Internet]. 2015 [accessed 23 set 2019]; 58(9). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2015.1019575.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2015.10...
,88. Habib MM, Rahman SU. Musculoskeletal symptoms (MSS) and their associations with ergonomic physical risk factors of the women engaging in regular rural household activities: A picture from a rural village in Bangladesh. Work [Internet]. 2015 [accessed 23 set 2019]; 50(3). Available from: https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-151990.
https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-151990...
,99. Samani A, Holtermann A, Søgaard K, Holtermann A, Madeleine P. Following ergonomics guidelines decreases physical and cardiovascular workload during cleaning tasks. Ergonomics [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 25 set 2019]; 55(3). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2011.640945.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2011.64...
,1010. Missar VJ, Metcalfe D, Gilmore G. Transforming a hospital safety and ergonomics Program: a four year journey of change. Work [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 25 set 2019]; 41(suppl1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0988-5912.
https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0988-59...
,1111. Silva-Junior JS, Correa LRC, Morrone LC. Evaluation of lumbar overload in hotel maids. Work [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 29 set 2019]; 41(supl1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0488-2496.
https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0488-24...
,1212. Madeleine P, Søgaard K, Holtermann A, Samani A. Level of self-reported neck/shoulder pain and biomechanical workload in cleaners. Work [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 28 set 2019]; 41(supl1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0195-447.
https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0195-44...
,1313. Bell AF, Steele JR. Risk of musculoskeletal injury among cleaners during vacuuming. Ergonomics [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 28 set 2019]; 55(2). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2011.592605.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2011.59...
,1616. Joseph B, Naveen R, Suguna A, Surekha A. Prevalence, Pattern and Factors Associated with Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders (WRMD) among Housekeeping Workers in a Private Tertiary Care Hospital in Bangalore. J Health Manag [Internet]. 2016 [accessed 01 out 2019]; 18(4). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/0972063416666151.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0972063416666151...
,1717. Siqueira CE, Roche AG. Occupational health profile of Brazilian immigrant housecleaners in Massachusetts. New Solutions [Internet]. 2014 [accessed 01 set 2019]; 23(3). Available from: https://doi.org/10.2190/NS.23.3.e.
https://doi.org/10.2190/NS.23.3.e....
,2020. Souza R de S, Cortez EA, Carmo TG do, Santana R F. Occupational diseases of workers cleaning service in hospital environment: educational proposal to minimize exposure. Enferm. glob. [Internet]. 2016 [accessed 06 nov 2019]; 15(42). Available from: http://scielo.isciii.es/pdf/eg/v15n42/en_revision5.pdf.
http://scielo.isciii.es/pdf/eg/v15n42/en...
,2424. Öhrling T, Kumar R, Abrahamsson L. Assessment of the development and implementation of tools in contract cleaning. Appl Ergon [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 24 set 2019]; 43(4). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2011.11.006.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2011.11...
,2525. Lidegaard M, Sogaard K, Krustrup P, Holtermann A, Korshoj M. Effects of 12 months aerobic exercise intervention on work ability, need for recovery, productivity and rating of exertion among cleaners: a worksite RCT. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. [Internet]. 2018 [accessed 29 set 2019]; 91(2). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-017-1274-3.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-017-1274-...
,2626. Wallius MA, Rissanen SM, Bragge T, Vartiainen P, Karjalainen PA, Räsänen K, et al. Effects of mop handle height on shoulder muscle activity and perceived exertion during floor mopping using a figure eight method. Industrial Health [Internet]. 2016 [accessed 29 set 2019]; 54(1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.2015-0108.
https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.2015-0...
,2828. Lefrançois M, Saint-Charles J, Riel J. Work/Family balancing and 24/7 work schedules: network analysis of strategies in a transport company cleaning service. New Solutions: a J Envir Occup Health Policy [Internet]. 2017 [accessed 28 set 2019]; 27(3). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1048291117725718.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1048291117725718...
,2929. Luz EMF da, Magnago TSB de S, Greco PBT, Ongaro JD, Lanes TC, Lemos JC. Prevalence and factors associated with musculoskeletal pain in hospital cleaning workers. Texto contexto-enferm. [Internet]. 2017 [accessed 05 dez 2019]; 26(2). Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0104-07072017000870016.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0104-070720170...
,3030. Fernandes C, Pereira A. Exposure to psychosocial risk factors in the context of work: a systematic review. Rev Saude Publica. [Internet]. 2016 [accessed 12 dez 2019]; 50. Available from: http://dx.doi. org/10.1590/S1518-8787.2016050006129.
http://dx.doi. org/10.1590/S1518-8787.20...
,3131. Lanza KL, Ribeiro BG de A, Martins JT, Okubo CVC, Galdino MJQ, Robazzi ML do CC. Feelings of workers of the cleaning staff of a teaching hospital. Cogitare enferm. [Internet]. 2019 [accessed 12 dez 2019]; 24. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.5380/ce.v24i0.62467.
https://dx.doi.org/10.5380/ce.v24i0.6246...
). Contudo, no Brasil, observam-se poucos estudos com trabalhadores de limpeza(11. Silva LG da, Haddad M do CL, Domansky R de C, Vituri DW. Capacidade para o trabalho entre trabalhadores de higiene e limpeza de um hospital universitário público. Rev. Eletr. Enf. [Internet]. 2010 [accessed 12 nov 2019]; 12(1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.5216/ree.v12i1.5788.
https://doi.org/10.5216/ree.v12i1.5788...
,22. Chaves LDP, Camelo SHH, Silva MR, Silva NM, Pereira A P. Hospital governance, hygiene and cleaning: nurse management space. Texto contexto-enferm. [Internet]. 2015 [accessed 21 set 2019]; 24(4). Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0104-0707201500004010014.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0104-070720150...
,1111. Silva-Junior JS, Correa LRC, Morrone LC. Evaluation of lumbar overload in hotel maids. Work [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 29 set 2019]; 41(supl1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0488-2496.
https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0488-24...
,2020. Souza R de S, Cortez EA, Carmo TG do, Santana R F. Occupational diseases of workers cleaning service in hospital environment: educational proposal to minimize exposure. Enferm. glob. [Internet]. 2016 [accessed 06 nov 2019]; 15(42). Available from: http://scielo.isciii.es/pdf/eg/v15n42/en_revision5.pdf.
http://scielo.isciii.es/pdf/eg/v15n42/en...
,2929. Luz EMF da, Magnago TSB de S, Greco PBT, Ongaro JD, Lanes TC, Lemos JC. Prevalence and factors associated with musculoskeletal pain in hospital cleaning workers. Texto contexto-enferm. [Internet]. 2017 [accessed 05 dez 2019]; 26(2). Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0104-07072017000870016.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0104-070720170...
,3131. Lanza KL, Ribeiro BG de A, Martins JT, Okubo CVC, Galdino MJQ, Robazzi ML do CC. Feelings of workers of the cleaning staff of a teaching hospital. Cogitare enferm. [Internet]. 2019 [accessed 12 dez 2019]; 24. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.5380/ce.v24i0.62467.
https://dx.doi.org/10.5380/ce.v24i0.6246...
), refletindo um déficit de reconhecimento e valorização(2424. Öhrling T, Kumar R, Abrahamsson L. Assessment of the development and implementation of tools in contract cleaning. Appl Ergon [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 24 set 2019]; 43(4). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2011.11.006.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2011.11...
,3131. Lanza KL, Ribeiro BG de A, Martins JT, Okubo CVC, Galdino MJQ, Robazzi ML do CC. Feelings of workers of the cleaning staff of a teaching hospital. Cogitare enferm. [Internet]. 2019 [accessed 12 dez 2019]; 24. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.5380/ce.v24i0.62467.
https://dx.doi.org/10.5380/ce.v24i0.6246...
) e a sua invisibilidade no contexto hospitalar(55. Korshoj M, Jorgensen MB, Lidegaard M, Mortensen OS, Krustrup P, Holtermann A, et al. Decrease in musculoskeletal pain after 4 and 12 months of an aerobic exercise intervention: a worksite RCT among cleaners. Scand J Public Health [Internet]. 2017 [accessed 22 ago 2019]; 46(1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494817717833.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494817717833...
,3131. Lanza KL, Ribeiro BG de A, Martins JT, Okubo CVC, Galdino MJQ, Robazzi ML do CC. Feelings of workers of the cleaning staff of a teaching hospital. Cogitare enferm. [Internet]. 2019 [accessed 12 dez 2019]; 24. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.5380/ce.v24i0.62467.
https://dx.doi.org/10.5380/ce.v24i0.6246...
) e institucional(2424. Öhrling T, Kumar R, Abrahamsson L. Assessment of the development and implementation of tools in contract cleaning. Appl Ergon [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 24 set 2019]; 43(4). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2011.11.006.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2011.11...
).

Predominaram estudos com os trabalhadores de limpeza hospitalar(55. Korshoj M, Jorgensen MB, Lidegaard M, Mortensen OS, Krustrup P, Holtermann A, et al. Decrease in musculoskeletal pain after 4 and 12 months of an aerobic exercise intervention: a worksite RCT among cleaners. Scand J Public Health [Internet]. 2017 [accessed 22 ago 2019]; 46(1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494817717833.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494817717833...
,77. Jonker D, Gustafsson E, Rolander B, Arvidsson I, Nordander C. Health surveillance under adverse ergonomics conditions – validity of a screening method adapted for the occupational health service. Ergonomics [Internet]. 2015 [accessed 23 set 2019]; 58(9). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2015.1019575.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2015.10...
,1010. Missar VJ, Metcalfe D, Gilmore G. Transforming a hospital safety and ergonomics Program: a four year journey of change. Work [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 25 set 2019]; 41(suppl1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0988-5912.
https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0988-59...
,1313. Bell AF, Steele JR. Risk of musculoskeletal injury among cleaners during vacuuming. Ergonomics [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 28 set 2019]; 55(2). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2011.592605.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2011.59...
,1414. Mathiassen SE, Nordander C, Svendsen SW, Wellman HM, Dempsey PG. Task-based estimation of mechanical job exposure in occupational groups. Scand J Work Environ Health [Internet]. 2005 [accessed 29 set 2019]; 31(2). Available from: https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.861.
https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.861...
,1515. Unge J, Hansson GA, Ohlsson K, Nordander C, Axmon A, Winkel J, et al. Validity of self-assessed reports of occurrence and duration of occupational tasks. Ergonomics [Internet]. 2005 [accessed 29 set 2019]; 48(1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/00140130412331293364.
https://doi.org/10.1080/0014013041233129...
,1616. Joseph B, Naveen R, Suguna A, Surekha A. Prevalence, Pattern and Factors Associated with Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders (WRMD) among Housekeeping Workers in a Private Tertiary Care Hospital in Bangalore. J Health Manag [Internet]. 2016 [accessed 01 out 2019]; 18(4). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/0972063416666151.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0972063416666151...
,2424. Öhrling T, Kumar R, Abrahamsson L. Assessment of the development and implementation of tools in contract cleaning. Appl Ergon [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 24 set 2019]; 43(4). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2011.11.006.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2011.11...
,2626. Wallius MA, Rissanen SM, Bragge T, Vartiainen P, Karjalainen PA, Räsänen K, et al. Effects of mop handle height on shoulder muscle activity and perceived exertion during floor mopping using a figure eight method. Industrial Health [Internet]. 2016 [accessed 29 set 2019]; 54(1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.2015-0108.
https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.2015-0...
,2727. Messing K, Chatigny C, Courville J. “Light” and “heavy” work in the housekeeping service of a hospital. Appl Ergon [Internet]. 1998 [accessed 29 set 2019]; 29(6). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-6870(98)00013-1.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-6870(98)00...
), evidenciando uma elevada exposição aos riscos ergonômicos, altas demandas físicas, movimentos repetitivos, altas cargas estáticas musculares e posturas inadequadas(17)17. Siqueira CE, Roche AG. Occupational health profile of Brazilian immigrant housecleaners in Massachusetts. New Solutions [Internet]. 2014 [accessed 01 set 2019]; 23(3). Available from: https://doi.org/10.2190/NS.23.3.e.
https://doi.org/10.2190/NS.23.3.e....
. As consequências incluem a elevada prevalência de distúrbios osteomusculares e carga de trabalho(18)18. Unge J, Ohlsson K, Nordander C, Hansson GA, Skerving S, Balogh l. Differences in physical workload, psychosocial factors and musculoskeletal disorders between two groups of female hospital cleaners with two diverse organizational models. Int Arch Occup Environ Health [Internet]. 2007 [accessed 21 set 2019]; 81. Available from: http://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-007-0208-x.
http://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-007-0208-x...
, com impacto negativo na qualidade de vida. Para as instituições, incluem custos significativos(1)1. Silva LG da, Haddad M do CL, Domansky R de C, Vituri DW. Capacidade para o trabalho entre trabalhadores de higiene e limpeza de um hospital universitário público. Rev. Eletr. Enf. [Internet]. 2010 [accessed 12 nov 2019]; 12(1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.5216/ree.v12i1.5788.
https://doi.org/10.5216/ree.v12i1.5788...
e queda na qualidade dos serviços realizados (faltas, licenças médicas e afastamentos)(15)15. Unge J, Hansson GA, Ohlsson K, Nordander C, Axmon A, Winkel J, et al. Validity of self-assessed reports of occurrence and duration of occupational tasks. Ergonomics [Internet]. 2005 [accessed 29 set 2019]; 48(1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/00140130412331293364.
https://doi.org/10.1080/0014013041233129...
.

Os cenários de atuação dos trabalhadores de limpeza hospitalar são enfermarias, corredores e demais setores intra-hospitalares, realizando atividades leves e pesadas(27)27. Messing K, Chatigny C, Courville J. “Light” and “heavy” work in the housekeeping service of a hospital. Appl Ergon [Internet]. 1998 [accessed 29 set 2019]; 29(6). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-6870(98)00013-1.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-6870(98)00...
. A primeira é caracterizada por posturas neutras, andar, movimentos repetitivos das articulações dos membros superiores empurrando um esfregão de um a seis kg (úmido ou seco). A segunda caracteriza-se por posturas flexionadas, movimentos repetitivos rápidos, envolvendo as articulações dos membros superiores e pesos leves (pó) ou pesos de um a três kg (esvaziamento de cestos de lixo)(27)27. Messing K, Chatigny C, Courville J. “Light” and “heavy” work in the housekeeping service of a hospital. Appl Ergon [Internet]. 1998 [accessed 29 set 2019]; 29(6). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-6870(98)00013-1.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-6870(98)00...
.

O panorama dos riscos ergonômicos no trabalho de limpeza evidenciou que aspectos ergonômicos negativos estão associados ao desenvolvimento ou agravamento de sintomas musculoesqueléticos(33. Dahlqvist C, Nordander C, Forsman M, Enquist H. Self-recordings of upper arm elevation during cleaning – comparison between analyses using a simplified reference posture and a standard reference posture. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. [Internet]. 2018 [accessed 14 ago 2019]; 19(402). Available from: http://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-018-2328-8.
http://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-018-2328-8...
,44. Landstad BJ, Gelin G, Malmquist C, Vinberg S. A statistical human resources costing and accounting model for analysing the economic effects of an intervention at a workplace. Ergonomics. [Internet]. 2002 [accessed 21 ago 2019]; 45(11). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/00140130210136053.
https://doi.org/10.1080/0014013021013605...
,55. Korshoj M, Jorgensen MB, Lidegaard M, Mortensen OS, Krustrup P, Holtermann A, et al. Decrease in musculoskeletal pain after 4 and 12 months of an aerobic exercise intervention: a worksite RCT among cleaners. Scand J Public Health [Internet]. 2017 [accessed 22 ago 2019]; 46(1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494817717833.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494817717833...
,66. Lofqvist L, Osvalder AL, Bligård LO, Pinzke S. An analytical ergonomic risk evaluation of body postures during daily cleaning tasks in horse stables. Work. [Internet]. 2015 [accessed 23 set 2019]; 51(4). Available from: https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-152022.
https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-152022...
,77. Jonker D, Gustafsson E, Rolander B, Arvidsson I, Nordander C. Health surveillance under adverse ergonomics conditions – validity of a screening method adapted for the occupational health service. Ergonomics [Internet]. 2015 [accessed 23 set 2019]; 58(9). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2015.1019575.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2015.10...
,88. Habib MM, Rahman SU. Musculoskeletal symptoms (MSS) and their associations with ergonomic physical risk factors of the women engaging in regular rural household activities: A picture from a rural village in Bangladesh. Work [Internet]. 2015 [accessed 23 set 2019]; 50(3). Available from: https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-151990.
https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-151990...
,1010. Missar VJ, Metcalfe D, Gilmore G. Transforming a hospital safety and ergonomics Program: a four year journey of change. Work [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 25 set 2019]; 41(suppl1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0988-5912.
https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0988-59...
,1111. Silva-Junior JS, Correa LRC, Morrone LC. Evaluation of lumbar overload in hotel maids. Work [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 29 set 2019]; 41(supl1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0488-2496.
https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0488-24...
,1212. Madeleine P, Søgaard K, Holtermann A, Samani A. Level of self-reported neck/shoulder pain and biomechanical workload in cleaners. Work [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 28 set 2019]; 41(supl1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0195-447.
https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0195-44...
,1313. Bell AF, Steele JR. Risk of musculoskeletal injury among cleaners during vacuuming. Ergonomics [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 28 set 2019]; 55(2). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2011.592605.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2011.59...
,1414. Mathiassen SE, Nordander C, Svendsen SW, Wellman HM, Dempsey PG. Task-based estimation of mechanical job exposure in occupational groups. Scand J Work Environ Health [Internet]. 2005 [accessed 29 set 2019]; 31(2). Available from: https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.861.
https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.861...
,1515. Unge J, Hansson GA, Ohlsson K, Nordander C, Axmon A, Winkel J, et al. Validity of self-assessed reports of occurrence and duration of occupational tasks. Ergonomics [Internet]. 2005 [accessed 29 set 2019]; 48(1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/00140130412331293364.
https://doi.org/10.1080/0014013041233129...
,1616. Joseph B, Naveen R, Suguna A, Surekha A. Prevalence, Pattern and Factors Associated with Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders (WRMD) among Housekeeping Workers in a Private Tertiary Care Hospital in Bangalore. J Health Manag [Internet]. 2016 [accessed 01 out 2019]; 18(4). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/0972063416666151.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0972063416666151...
,1717. Siqueira CE, Roche AG. Occupational health profile of Brazilian immigrant housecleaners in Massachusetts. New Solutions [Internet]. 2014 [accessed 01 set 2019]; 23(3). Available from: https://doi.org/10.2190/NS.23.3.e.
https://doi.org/10.2190/NS.23.3.e....
,1818. Unge J, Ohlsson K, Nordander C, Hansson GA, Skerving S, Balogh l. Differences in physical workload, psychosocial factors and musculoskeletal disorders between two groups of female hospital cleaners with two diverse organizational models. Int Arch Occup Environ Health [Internet]. 2007 [accessed 21 set 2019]; 81. Available from: http://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-007-0208-x.
http://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-007-0208-x...
,2626. Wallius MA, Rissanen SM, Bragge T, Vartiainen P, Karjalainen PA, Räsänen K, et al. Effects of mop handle height on shoulder muscle activity and perceived exertion during floor mopping using a figure eight method. Industrial Health [Internet]. 2016 [accessed 29 set 2019]; 54(1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.2015-0108.
https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.2015-0...
). Essa associação acontece porque as atividades de higienização e limpeza são executadas manualmente, dotadas de esforços repetitivos, com uso de força física e de equipamentos não adaptados às necessidades psicofisiológicas do trabalhador, somando-se ao descanso insuficiente, turnos e carga de trabalho mal distribuídos(88. Habib MM, Rahman SU. Musculoskeletal symptoms (MSS) and their associations with ergonomic physical risk factors of the women engaging in regular rural household activities: A picture from a rural village in Bangladesh. Work [Internet]. 2015 [accessed 23 set 2019]; 50(3). Available from: https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-151990.
https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-151990...
,1212. Madeleine P, Søgaard K, Holtermann A, Samani A. Level of self-reported neck/shoulder pain and biomechanical workload in cleaners. Work [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 28 set 2019]; 41(supl1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0195-447.
https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0195-44...
). Como resultado, tem-se acidentes de trabalho, diminuição da capacidade funcional, implicações na qualidade de vida e DORT(33. Dahlqvist C, Nordander C, Forsman M, Enquist H. Self-recordings of upper arm elevation during cleaning – comparison between analyses using a simplified reference posture and a standard reference posture. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. [Internet]. 2018 [accessed 14 ago 2019]; 19(402). Available from: http://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-018-2328-8.
http://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-018-2328-8...
,44. Landstad BJ, Gelin G, Malmquist C, Vinberg S. A statistical human resources costing and accounting model for analysing the economic effects of an intervention at a workplace. Ergonomics. [Internet]. 2002 [accessed 21 ago 2019]; 45(11). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/00140130210136053.
https://doi.org/10.1080/0014013021013605...
,55. Korshoj M, Jorgensen MB, Lidegaard M, Mortensen OS, Krustrup P, Holtermann A, et al. Decrease in musculoskeletal pain after 4 and 12 months of an aerobic exercise intervention: a worksite RCT among cleaners. Scand J Public Health [Internet]. 2017 [accessed 22 ago 2019]; 46(1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494817717833.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494817717833...
,66. Lofqvist L, Osvalder AL, Bligård LO, Pinzke S. An analytical ergonomic risk evaluation of body postures during daily cleaning tasks in horse stables. Work. [Internet]. 2015 [accessed 23 set 2019]; 51(4). Available from: https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-152022.
https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-152022...
,77. Jonker D, Gustafsson E, Rolander B, Arvidsson I, Nordander C. Health surveillance under adverse ergonomics conditions – validity of a screening method adapted for the occupational health service. Ergonomics [Internet]. 2015 [accessed 23 set 2019]; 58(9). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2015.1019575.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2015.10...
,88. Habib MM, Rahman SU. Musculoskeletal symptoms (MSS) and their associations with ergonomic physical risk factors of the women engaging in regular rural household activities: A picture from a rural village in Bangladesh. Work [Internet]. 2015 [accessed 23 set 2019]; 50(3). Available from: https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-151990.
https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-151990...
,1010. Missar VJ, Metcalfe D, Gilmore G. Transforming a hospital safety and ergonomics Program: a four year journey of change. Work [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 25 set 2019]; 41(suppl1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0988-5912.
https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0988-59...
,1111. Silva-Junior JS, Correa LRC, Morrone LC. Evaluation of lumbar overload in hotel maids. Work [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 29 set 2019]; 41(supl1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0488-2496.
https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0488-24...
,1212. Madeleine P, Søgaard K, Holtermann A, Samani A. Level of self-reported neck/shoulder pain and biomechanical workload in cleaners. Work [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 28 set 2019]; 41(supl1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0195-447.
https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0195-44...
,1313. Bell AF, Steele JR. Risk of musculoskeletal injury among cleaners during vacuuming. Ergonomics [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 28 set 2019]; 55(2). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2011.592605.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2011.59...
,1414. Mathiassen SE, Nordander C, Svendsen SW, Wellman HM, Dempsey PG. Task-based estimation of mechanical job exposure in occupational groups. Scand J Work Environ Health [Internet]. 2005 [accessed 29 set 2019]; 31(2). Available from: https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.861.
https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.861...
,1515. Unge J, Hansson GA, Ohlsson K, Nordander C, Axmon A, Winkel J, et al. Validity of self-assessed reports of occurrence and duration of occupational tasks. Ergonomics [Internet]. 2005 [accessed 29 set 2019]; 48(1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/00140130412331293364.
https://doi.org/10.1080/0014013041233129...
,1616. Joseph B, Naveen R, Suguna A, Surekha A. Prevalence, Pattern and Factors Associated with Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders (WRMD) among Housekeeping Workers in a Private Tertiary Care Hospital in Bangalore. J Health Manag [Internet]. 2016 [accessed 01 out 2019]; 18(4). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/0972063416666151.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0972063416666151...
,1717. Siqueira CE, Roche AG. Occupational health profile of Brazilian immigrant housecleaners in Massachusetts. New Solutions [Internet]. 2014 [accessed 01 set 2019]; 23(3). Available from: https://doi.org/10.2190/NS.23.3.e.
https://doi.org/10.2190/NS.23.3.e....
,1818. Unge J, Ohlsson K, Nordander C, Hansson GA, Skerving S, Balogh l. Differences in physical workload, psychosocial factors and musculoskeletal disorders between two groups of female hospital cleaners with two diverse organizational models. Int Arch Occup Environ Health [Internet]. 2007 [accessed 21 set 2019]; 81. Available from: http://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-007-0208-x.
http://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-007-0208-x...
,2626. Wallius MA, Rissanen SM, Bragge T, Vartiainen P, Karjalainen PA, Räsänen K, et al. Effects of mop handle height on shoulder muscle activity and perceived exertion during floor mopping using a figure eight method. Industrial Health [Internet]. 2016 [accessed 29 set 2019]; 54(1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.2015-0108.
https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.2015-0...
).

Em estudo, a prevalência de DME em trabalhadores de limpeza hospitalar, nos últimos sete dias, foi de 70,1%(29)29. Luz EMF da, Magnago TSB de S, Greco PBT, Ongaro JD, Lanes TC, Lemos JC. Prevalence and factors associated with musculoskeletal pain in hospital cleaning workers. Texto contexto-enferm. [Internet]. 2017 [accessed 05 dez 2019]; 26(2). Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0104-07072017000870016.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0104-070720170...
. Destes, 25,5% relataram intensidade forte a insuportável. Também constatou-se que aqueles com maior prevalência de DME possuíam menores escores nas dimensões da qualidade de vida(29)29. Luz EMF da, Magnago TSB de S, Greco PBT, Ongaro JD, Lanes TC, Lemos JC. Prevalence and factors associated with musculoskeletal pain in hospital cleaning workers. Texto contexto-enferm. [Internet]. 2017 [accessed 05 dez 2019]; 26(2). Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0104-07072017000870016.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0104-070720170...
.

Ademais, os movimentos repetitivos, o esforço físico(88. Habib MM, Rahman SU. Musculoskeletal symptoms (MSS) and their associations with ergonomic physical risk factors of the women engaging in regular rural household activities: A picture from a rural village in Bangladesh. Work [Internet]. 2015 [accessed 23 set 2019]; 50(3). Available from: https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-151990.
https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-151990...
,99. Samani A, Holtermann A, Søgaard K, Holtermann A, Madeleine P. Following ergonomics guidelines decreases physical and cardiovascular workload during cleaning tasks. Ergonomics [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 25 set 2019]; 55(3). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2011.640945.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2011.64...
,1111. Silva-Junior JS, Correa LRC, Morrone LC. Evaluation of lumbar overload in hotel maids. Work [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 29 set 2019]; 41(supl1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0488-2496.
https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0488-24...
,1313. Bell AF, Steele JR. Risk of musculoskeletal injury among cleaners during vacuuming. Ergonomics [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 28 set 2019]; 55(2). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2011.592605.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2011.59...
,1818. Unge J, Ohlsson K, Nordander C, Hansson GA, Skerving S, Balogh l. Differences in physical workload, psychosocial factors and musculoskeletal disorders between two groups of female hospital cleaners with two diverse organizational models. Int Arch Occup Environ Health [Internet]. 2007 [accessed 21 set 2019]; 81. Available from: http://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-007-0208-x.
http://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-007-0208-x...
,2424. Öhrling T, Kumar R, Abrahamsson L. Assessment of the development and implementation of tools in contract cleaning. Appl Ergon [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 24 set 2019]; 43(4). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2011.11.006.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2011.11...
,2525. Lidegaard M, Sogaard K, Krustrup P, Holtermann A, Korshoj M. Effects of 12 months aerobic exercise intervention on work ability, need for recovery, productivity and rating of exertion among cleaners: a worksite RCT. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. [Internet]. 2018 [accessed 29 set 2019]; 91(2). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-017-1274-3.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-017-1274-...
,2626. Wallius MA, Rissanen SM, Bragge T, Vartiainen P, Karjalainen PA, Räsänen K, et al. Effects of mop handle height on shoulder muscle activity and perceived exertion during floor mopping using a figure eight method. Industrial Health [Internet]. 2016 [accessed 29 set 2019]; 54(1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.2015-0108.
https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.2015-0...
) e a carga física/ postural de trabalho(1212. Madeleine P, Søgaard K, Holtermann A, Samani A. Level of self-reported neck/shoulder pain and biomechanical workload in cleaners. Work [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 28 set 2019]; 41(supl1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0195-447.
https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0195-44...
,1515. Unge J, Hansson GA, Ohlsson K, Nordander C, Axmon A, Winkel J, et al. Validity of self-assessed reports of occurrence and duration of occupational tasks. Ergonomics [Internet]. 2005 [accessed 29 set 2019]; 48(1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/00140130412331293364.
https://doi.org/10.1080/0014013041233129...
,1717. Siqueira CE, Roche AG. Occupational health profile of Brazilian immigrant housecleaners in Massachusetts. New Solutions [Internet]. 2014 [accessed 01 set 2019]; 23(3). Available from: https://doi.org/10.2190/NS.23.3.e.
https://doi.org/10.2190/NS.23.3.e....
,2727. Messing K, Chatigny C, Courville J. “Light” and “heavy” work in the housekeeping service of a hospital. Appl Ergon [Internet]. 1998 [accessed 29 set 2019]; 29(6). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-6870(98)00013-1.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-6870(98)00...
) constituem riscos ergonômicos presentes nas atividades de impeza de ambientes, cômodos e banheiros. Estes resultam da postura inadequada na inclinação para limpar, exigindo flexão lombar; do transporte manual de cargas e do uso de força física nos membros superiores. O esforço físico esteve associado à subestimação da duração das pausas no trabalho, sendo mais elevada entre os trabalhadores de limpeza do que nos de escritório(16)16. Joseph B, Naveen R, Suguna A, Surekha A. Prevalence, Pattern and Factors Associated with Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders (WRMD) among Housekeeping Workers in a Private Tertiary Care Hospital in Bangalore. J Health Manag [Internet]. 2016 [accessed 01 out 2019]; 18(4). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/0972063416666151.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0972063416666151...
.

Evidenciou-se fatores adicionais na exposição aos riscos ergonômicos, dentre eles: organizacionais(1717. Siqueira CE, Roche AG. Occupational health profile of Brazilian immigrant housecleaners in Massachusetts. New Solutions [Internet]. 2014 [accessed 01 set 2019]; 23(3). Available from: https://doi.org/10.2190/NS.23.3.e.
https://doi.org/10.2190/NS.23.3.e....
,1818. Unge J, Ohlsson K, Nordander C, Hansson GA, Skerving S, Balogh l. Differences in physical workload, psychosocial factors and musculoskeletal disorders between two groups of female hospital cleaners with two diverse organizational models. Int Arch Occup Environ Health [Internet]. 2007 [accessed 21 set 2019]; 81. Available from: http://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-007-0208-x.
http://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-007-0208-x...
,2424. Öhrling T, Kumar R, Abrahamsson L. Assessment of the development and implementation of tools in contract cleaning. Appl Ergon [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 24 set 2019]; 43(4). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2011.11.006.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2011.11...
,2727. Messing K, Chatigny C, Courville J. “Light” and “heavy” work in the housekeeping service of a hospital. Appl Ergon [Internet]. 1998 [accessed 29 set 2019]; 29(6). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-6870(98)00013-1.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-6870(98)00...
), clima de trabalho(24)24. Öhrling T, Kumar R, Abrahamsson L. Assessment of the development and implementation of tools in contract cleaning. Appl Ergon [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 24 set 2019]; 43(4). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2011.11.006.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2011.11...
e psicossociais(1818. Unge J, Ohlsson K, Nordander C, Hansson GA, Skerving S, Balogh l. Differences in physical workload, psychosocial factors and musculoskeletal disorders between two groups of female hospital cleaners with two diverse organizational models. Int Arch Occup Environ Health [Internet]. 2007 [accessed 21 set 2019]; 81. Available from: http://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-007-0208-x.
http://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-007-0208-x...
,2828. Lefrançois M, Saint-Charles J, Riel J. Work/Family balancing and 24/7 work schedules: network analysis of strategies in a transport company cleaning service. New Solutions: a J Envir Occup Health Policy [Internet]. 2017 [accessed 28 set 2019]; 27(3). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1048291117725718.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1048291117725718...
). Para tanto, as modificações na organização do trabalho devem ser ampliadas, priorizando o desenvolvimento de competências(4)4. Landstad BJ, Gelin G, Malmquist C, Vinberg S. A statistical human resources costing and accounting model for analysing the economic effects of an intervention at a workplace. Ergonomics. [Internet]. 2002 [accessed 21 ago 2019]; 45(11). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/00140130210136053.
https://doi.org/10.1080/0014013021013605...
, dimensionamento(24)24. Öhrling T, Kumar R, Abrahamsson L. Assessment of the development and implementation of tools in contract cleaning. Appl Ergon [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 24 set 2019]; 43(4). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2011.11.006.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2011.11...
, rotação de tarefas(24)24. Öhrling T, Kumar R, Abrahamsson L. Assessment of the development and implementation of tools in contract cleaning. Appl Ergon [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 24 set 2019]; 43(4). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2011.11.006.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2011.11...
, redesenho da atribuição de tarefas por sexo(27)27. Messing K, Chatigny C, Courville J. “Light” and “heavy” work in the housekeeping service of a hospital. Appl Ergon [Internet]. 1998 [accessed 29 set 2019]; 29(6). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-6870(98)00013-1.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-6870(98)00...
; planejamento e execução de pausas de trabalho(1313. Bell AF, Steele JR. Risk of musculoskeletal injury among cleaners during vacuuming. Ergonomics [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 28 set 2019]; 55(2). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2011.592605.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2011.59...
,1414. Mathiassen SE, Nordander C, Svendsen SW, Wellman HM, Dempsey PG. Task-based estimation of mechanical job exposure in occupational groups. Scand J Work Environ Health [Internet]. 2005 [accessed 29 set 2019]; 31(2). Available from: https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.861.
https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.861...
,1515. Unge J, Hansson GA, Ohlsson K, Nordander C, Axmon A, Winkel J, et al. Validity of self-assessed reports of occurrence and duration of occupational tasks. Ergonomics [Internet]. 2005 [accessed 29 set 2019]; 48(1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/00140130412331293364.
https://doi.org/10.1080/0014013041233129...
,1616. Joseph B, Naveen R, Suguna A, Surekha A. Prevalence, Pattern and Factors Associated with Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders (WRMD) among Housekeeping Workers in a Private Tertiary Care Hospital in Bangalore. J Health Manag [Internet]. 2016 [accessed 01 out 2019]; 18(4). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/0972063416666151.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0972063416666151...
,1717. Siqueira CE, Roche AG. Occupational health profile of Brazilian immigrant housecleaners in Massachusetts. New Solutions [Internet]. 2014 [accessed 01 set 2019]; 23(3). Available from: https://doi.org/10.2190/NS.23.3.e.
https://doi.org/10.2190/NS.23.3.e....
,2424. Öhrling T, Kumar R, Abrahamsson L. Assessment of the development and implementation of tools in contract cleaning. Appl Ergon [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 24 set 2019]; 43(4). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2011.11.006.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2011.11...
) e manutenção de áreas de reposição de materiais em cada andar(11)11. Silva-Junior JS, Correa LRC, Morrone LC. Evaluation of lumbar overload in hotel maids. Work [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 29 set 2019]; 41(supl1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0488-2496.
https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0488-24...
. Assim, possibilita-se a redução da carga física de trabalho e o alívio de DME(1111. Silva-Junior JS, Correa LRC, Morrone LC. Evaluation of lumbar overload in hotel maids. Work [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 29 set 2019]; 41(supl1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0488-2496.
https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0488-24...
,2424. Öhrling T, Kumar R, Abrahamsson L. Assessment of the development and implementation of tools in contract cleaning. Appl Ergon [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 24 set 2019]; 43(4). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2011.11.006.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2011.11...
).

Quanto aos fatores psicossociais do trabalho(1818. Unge J, Ohlsson K, Nordander C, Hansson GA, Skerving S, Balogh l. Differences in physical workload, psychosocial factors and musculoskeletal disorders between two groups of female hospital cleaners with two diverse organizational models. Int Arch Occup Environ Health [Internet]. 2007 [accessed 21 set 2019]; 81. Available from: http://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-007-0208-x.
http://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-007-0208-x...
,2828. Lefrançois M, Saint-Charles J, Riel J. Work/Family balancing and 24/7 work schedules: network analysis of strategies in a transport company cleaning service. New Solutions: a J Envir Occup Health Policy [Internet]. 2017 [accessed 28 set 2019]; 27(3). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1048291117725718.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1048291117725718...
), eles são definidos como a interação entre o conteúdo do trabalho, condições organizacionais e ambientais, as competências e necessidades individuais e do trabalhador(30)30. Fernandes C, Pereira A. Exposure to psychosocial risk factors in the context of work: a systematic review. Rev Saude Publica. [Internet]. 2016 [accessed 12 dez 2019]; 50. Available from: http://dx.doi. org/10.1590/S1518-8787.2016050006129.
http://dx.doi. org/10.1590/S1518-8787.20...
. Estas interações podem propiciar estresse(24)24. Öhrling T, Kumar R, Abrahamsson L. Assessment of the development and implementation of tools in contract cleaning. Appl Ergon [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 24 set 2019]; 43(4). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2011.11.006.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2011.11...
, falta de reconhecimento(24)24. Öhrling T, Kumar R, Abrahamsson L. Assessment of the development and implementation of tools in contract cleaning. Appl Ergon [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 24 set 2019]; 43(4). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2011.11.006.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2011.11...
, desvalorização(24)24. Öhrling T, Kumar R, Abrahamsson L. Assessment of the development and implementation of tools in contract cleaning. Appl Ergon [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 24 set 2019]; 43(4). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2011.11.006.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2011.11...
, desigualdade de gênero(28)28. Lefrançois M, Saint-Charles J, Riel J. Work/Family balancing and 24/7 work schedules: network analysis of strategies in a transport company cleaning service. New Solutions: a J Envir Occup Health Policy [Internet]. 2017 [accessed 28 set 2019]; 27(3). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1048291117725718.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1048291117725718...
, déficit de suporte social(18)18. Unge J, Ohlsson K, Nordander C, Hansson GA, Skerving S, Balogh l. Differences in physical workload, psychosocial factors and musculoskeletal disorders between two groups of female hospital cleaners with two diverse organizational models. Int Arch Occup Environ Health [Internet]. 2007 [accessed 21 set 2019]; 81. Available from: http://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-007-0208-x.
http://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-007-0208-x...
, a depender da forma como os trabalhadores de limpeza as experienciam.

Estratégias para minimização dos riscos ergonômicos em trabalhadores de limpeza

Esta síntese de evidências recomenda a utilização da educação ergonômica como uma estratégia efetiva, principalmente relacionada aos sintomas musculoesqueléticos(33. Dahlqvist C, Nordander C, Forsman M, Enquist H. Self-recordings of upper arm elevation during cleaning – comparison between analyses using a simplified reference posture and a standard reference posture. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. [Internet]. 2018 [accessed 14 ago 2019]; 19(402). Available from: http://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-018-2328-8.
http://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-018-2328-8...
,44. Landstad BJ, Gelin G, Malmquist C, Vinberg S. A statistical human resources costing and accounting model for analysing the economic effects of an intervention at a workplace. Ergonomics. [Internet]. 2002 [accessed 21 ago 2019]; 45(11). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/00140130210136053.
https://doi.org/10.1080/0014013021013605...
,55. Korshoj M, Jorgensen MB, Lidegaard M, Mortensen OS, Krustrup P, Holtermann A, et al. Decrease in musculoskeletal pain after 4 and 12 months of an aerobic exercise intervention: a worksite RCT among cleaners. Scand J Public Health [Internet]. 2017 [accessed 22 ago 2019]; 46(1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494817717833.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494817717833...
,66. Lofqvist L, Osvalder AL, Bligård LO, Pinzke S. An analytical ergonomic risk evaluation of body postures during daily cleaning tasks in horse stables. Work. [Internet]. 2015 [accessed 23 set 2019]; 51(4). Available from: https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-152022.
https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-152022...
,77. Jonker D, Gustafsson E, Rolander B, Arvidsson I, Nordander C. Health surveillance under adverse ergonomics conditions – validity of a screening method adapted for the occupational health service. Ergonomics [Internet]. 2015 [accessed 23 set 2019]; 58(9). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2015.1019575.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2015.10...
,88. Habib MM, Rahman SU. Musculoskeletal symptoms (MSS) and their associations with ergonomic physical risk factors of the women engaging in regular rural household activities: A picture from a rural village in Bangladesh. Work [Internet]. 2015 [accessed 23 set 2019]; 50(3). Available from: https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-151990.
https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-151990...
,1010. Missar VJ, Metcalfe D, Gilmore G. Transforming a hospital safety and ergonomics Program: a four year journey of change. Work [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 25 set 2019]; 41(suppl1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0988-5912.
https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0988-59...
,1111. Silva-Junior JS, Correa LRC, Morrone LC. Evaluation of lumbar overload in hotel maids. Work [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 29 set 2019]; 41(supl1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0488-2496.
https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0488-24...
,1212. Madeleine P, Søgaard K, Holtermann A, Samani A. Level of self-reported neck/shoulder pain and biomechanical workload in cleaners. Work [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 28 set 2019]; 41(supl1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0195-447.
https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0195-44...
,1313. Bell AF, Steele JR. Risk of musculoskeletal injury among cleaners during vacuuming. Ergonomics [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 28 set 2019]; 55(2). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2011.592605.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2011.59...
,1414. Mathiassen SE, Nordander C, Svendsen SW, Wellman HM, Dempsey PG. Task-based estimation of mechanical job exposure in occupational groups. Scand J Work Environ Health [Internet]. 2005 [accessed 29 set 2019]; 31(2). Available from: https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.861.
https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.861...
,1515. Unge J, Hansson GA, Ohlsson K, Nordander C, Axmon A, Winkel J, et al. Validity of self-assessed reports of occurrence and duration of occupational tasks. Ergonomics [Internet]. 2005 [accessed 29 set 2019]; 48(1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/00140130412331293364.
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,1616. Joseph B, Naveen R, Suguna A, Surekha A. Prevalence, Pattern and Factors Associated with Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders (WRMD) among Housekeeping Workers in a Private Tertiary Care Hospital in Bangalore. J Health Manag [Internet]. 2016 [accessed 01 out 2019]; 18(4). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/0972063416666151.
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,1717. Siqueira CE, Roche AG. Occupational health profile of Brazilian immigrant housecleaners in Massachusetts. New Solutions [Internet]. 2014 [accessed 01 set 2019]; 23(3). Available from: https://doi.org/10.2190/NS.23.3.e.
https://doi.org/10.2190/NS.23.3.e....
,1818. Unge J, Ohlsson K, Nordander C, Hansson GA, Skerving S, Balogh l. Differences in physical workload, psychosocial factors and musculoskeletal disorders between two groups of female hospital cleaners with two diverse organizational models. Int Arch Occup Environ Health [Internet]. 2007 [accessed 21 set 2019]; 81. Available from: http://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-007-0208-x.
http://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-007-0208-x...
,2424. Öhrling T, Kumar R, Abrahamsson L. Assessment of the development and implementation of tools in contract cleaning. Appl Ergon [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 24 set 2019]; 43(4). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2011.11.006.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2011.11...
). Esta estratégia mostrou-se eficaz na redução do absenteísmo relacionado à ocorrência de DORT(4)4. Landstad BJ, Gelin G, Malmquist C, Vinberg S. A statistical human resources costing and accounting model for analysing the economic effects of an intervention at a workplace. Ergonomics. [Internet]. 2002 [accessed 21 ago 2019]; 45(11). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/00140130210136053.
https://doi.org/10.1080/0014013021013605...
; no menor nível de atividade muscular do trapézio de ambos os lados (p=0,03), na menor amplitude de movimento e velocidade angular do tronco e menor carga cardiovascular (p=0,02)(8)8. Habib MM, Rahman SU. Musculoskeletal symptoms (MSS) and their associations with ergonomic physical risk factors of the women engaging in regular rural household activities: A picture from a rural village in Bangladesh. Work [Internet]. 2015 [accessed 23 set 2019]; 50(3). Available from: https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-151990.
https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-151990...
; na eliminação de perigos do processo de trabalho(10)10. Missar VJ, Metcalfe D, Gilmore G. Transforming a hospital safety and ergonomics Program: a four year journey of change. Work [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 25 set 2019]; 41(suppl1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0988-5912.
https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0988-59...
e na redução de DORT(16)16. Joseph B, Naveen R, Suguna A, Surekha A. Prevalence, Pattern and Factors Associated with Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders (WRMD) among Housekeeping Workers in a Private Tertiary Care Hospital in Bangalore. J Health Manag [Internet]. 2016 [accessed 01 out 2019]; 18(4). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/0972063416666151.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0972063416666151...
.

Evidenciou-se que a educação ergonômica facilita a mudança de comportamento dos trabalhadores, mediante ações de autocuidado(28)28. Lefrançois M, Saint-Charles J, Riel J. Work/Family balancing and 24/7 work schedules: network analysis of strategies in a transport company cleaning service. New Solutions: a J Envir Occup Health Policy [Internet]. 2017 [accessed 28 set 2019]; 27(3). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1048291117725718.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1048291117725718...
. Ela pode ser realizada por meio de instruções verbais e visuais sobre ergonomia(10)10. Missar VJ, Metcalfe D, Gilmore G. Transforming a hospital safety and ergonomics Program: a four year journey of change. Work [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 25 set 2019]; 41(suppl1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0988-5912.
https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0988-59...
; educação em saúde sobre posturas corporais adequadas e manuseio de equipamentos(17)17. Siqueira CE, Roche AG. Occupational health profile of Brazilian immigrant housecleaners in Massachusetts. New Solutions [Internet]. 2014 [accessed 01 set 2019]; 23(3). Available from: https://doi.org/10.2190/NS.23.3.e.
https://doi.org/10.2190/NS.23.3.e....
; massagens; atividades fitness, entre outras(10)10. Missar VJ, Metcalfe D, Gilmore G. Transforming a hospital safety and ergonomics Program: a four year journey of change. Work [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 25 set 2019]; 41(suppl1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0988-5912.
https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0988-59...
.

Quanto aos efeitos das orientações sobre ergonomia(99. Samani A, Holtermann A, Søgaard K, Holtermann A, Madeleine P. Following ergonomics guidelines decreases physical and cardiovascular workload during cleaning tasks. Ergonomics [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 25 set 2019]; 55(3). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2011.640945.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2011.64...
,1010. Missar VJ, Metcalfe D, Gilmore G. Transforming a hospital safety and ergonomics Program: a four year journey of change. Work [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 25 set 2019]; 41(suppl1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0988-5912.
https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0988-59...
,1717. Siqueira CE, Roche AG. Occupational health profile of Brazilian immigrant housecleaners in Massachusetts. New Solutions [Internet]. 2014 [accessed 01 set 2019]; 23(3). Available from: https://doi.org/10.2190/NS.23.3.e.
https://doi.org/10.2190/NS.23.3.e....
), a respeito da rotina diária de limpeza (varrimento, mudança de lixeiras e limpeza de superfícies), observaram-se múltiplos benefícios musculoesqueléticos e cardiovasculares(9)9. Samani A, Holtermann A, Søgaard K, Holtermann A, Madeleine P. Following ergonomics guidelines decreases physical and cardiovascular workload during cleaning tasks. Ergonomics [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 25 set 2019]; 55(3). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2011.640945.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2011.64...
. Destacam-se: redução da carga geral de trabalho, indução a um padrão mais complexo de atividade muscular, menor amplitude de movimento e velocidade angular do tronco, menor carga cardiovascular(9)9. Samani A, Holtermann A, Søgaard K, Holtermann A, Madeleine P. Following ergonomics guidelines decreases physical and cardiovascular workload during cleaning tasks. Ergonomics [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 25 set 2019]; 55(3). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2011.640945.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2011.64...
e aumento da conscientização sobre cuidados individuais(10)10. Missar VJ, Metcalfe D, Gilmore G. Transforming a hospital safety and ergonomics Program: a four year journey of change. Work [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 25 set 2019]; 41(suppl1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0988-5912.
https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0988-59...
.

Quanto aos equipamentos (máquinas lavadoras e extratoras, aspiradores, rodos, baldes, panos, espremedores, polidoras, discos abrasivos e carros para transporte de resíduos)(32)32. Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (BR). Segurança do paciente em serviços de saúde: limpeza e desinfecção de superfícies. Brasília: Anvisa; 2012., a Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA) não especifica quais ações preventivas, no contexto da ergonomia, podem ser adotadas na utilização desses equipamentos(32)32. Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (BR). Segurança do paciente em serviços de saúde: limpeza e desinfecção de superfícies. Brasília: Anvisa; 2012.. Esta síntese recomenda modificações com a utilização de equipamentos com melhor design ergonômico e layout interfuncional(66. Lofqvist L, Osvalder AL, Bligård LO, Pinzke S. An analytical ergonomic risk evaluation of body postures during daily cleaning tasks in horse stables. Work. [Internet]. 2015 [accessed 23 set 2019]; 51(4). Available from: https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-152022.
https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-152022...
,1111. Silva-Junior JS, Correa LRC, Morrone LC. Evaluation of lumbar overload in hotel maids. Work [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 29 set 2019]; 41(supl1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0488-2496.
https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0488-24...
,1313. Bell AF, Steele JR. Risk of musculoskeletal injury among cleaners during vacuuming. Ergonomics [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 28 set 2019]; 55(2). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2011.592605.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2011.59...
,1717. Siqueira CE, Roche AG. Occupational health profile of Brazilian immigrant housecleaners in Massachusetts. New Solutions [Internet]. 2014 [accessed 01 set 2019]; 23(3). Available from: https://doi.org/10.2190/NS.23.3.e.
https://doi.org/10.2190/NS.23.3.e....
,2424. Öhrling T, Kumar R, Abrahamsson L. Assessment of the development and implementation of tools in contract cleaning. Appl Ergon [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 24 set 2019]; 43(4). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2011.11.006.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2011.11...
,2626. Wallius MA, Rissanen SM, Bragge T, Vartiainen P, Karjalainen PA, Räsänen K, et al. Effects of mop handle height on shoulder muscle activity and perceived exertion during floor mopping using a figure eight method. Industrial Health [Internet]. 2016 [accessed 29 set 2019]; 54(1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.2015-0108.
https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.2015-0...
). Incluem: cabos de eixo longo ou carrinho de mão (p<0,001)(6)6. Lofqvist L, Osvalder AL, Bligård LO, Pinzke S. An analytical ergonomic risk evaluation of body postures during daily cleaning tasks in horse stables. Work. [Internet]. 2015 [accessed 23 set 2019]; 51(4). Available from: https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-152022.
https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-152022...
; utilização do aspirador em máquina do tipo caixa (p=0,011) comparado à máquina tipo mochila (p=0,016)(13)13. Bell AF, Steele JR. Risk of musculoskeletal injury among cleaners during vacuuming. Ergonomics [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 28 set 2019]; 55(2). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2011.592605.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2011.59...
, diminuição do peso dos carros funcionais e de transportes de resíduos(11)11. Silva-Junior JS, Correa LRC, Morrone LC. Evaluation of lumbar overload in hotel maids. Work [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 29 set 2019]; 41(supl1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0488-2496.
https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0488-24...
e esfregão com a altura do cabo ajustável(2424. Öhrling T, Kumar R, Abrahamsson L. Assessment of the development and implementation of tools in contract cleaning. Appl Ergon [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 24 set 2019]; 43(4). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2011.11.006.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2011.11...
,2626. Wallius MA, Rissanen SM, Bragge T, Vartiainen P, Karjalainen PA, Räsänen K, et al. Effects of mop handle height on shoulder muscle activity and perceived exertion during floor mopping using a figure eight method. Industrial Health [Internet]. 2016 [accessed 29 set 2019]; 54(1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.2015-0108.
https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.2015-0...
).

As evidências indicam o mop (esfregão) como o equipamento de trabalho prevalente na limpeza(99. Samani A, Holtermann A, Søgaard K, Holtermann A, Madeleine P. Following ergonomics guidelines decreases physical and cardiovascular workload during cleaning tasks. Ergonomics [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 25 set 2019]; 55(3). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2011.640945.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2011.64...
,1111. Silva-Junior JS, Correa LRC, Morrone LC. Evaluation of lumbar overload in hotel maids. Work [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 29 set 2019]; 41(supl1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0488-2496.
https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0488-24...
,2424. Öhrling T, Kumar R, Abrahamsson L. Assessment of the development and implementation of tools in contract cleaning. Appl Ergon [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 24 set 2019]; 43(4). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2011.11.006.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2011.11...
,2626. Wallius MA, Rissanen SM, Bragge T, Vartiainen P, Karjalainen PA, Räsänen K, et al. Effects of mop handle height on shoulder muscle activity and perceived exertion during floor mopping using a figure eight method. Industrial Health [Internet]. 2016 [accessed 29 set 2019]; 54(1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.2015-0108.
https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.2015-0...
). Recomenda-se a otimização do uso e um cabo facilmente ajustável(26)26. Wallius MA, Rissanen SM, Bragge T, Vartiainen P, Karjalainen PA, Räsänen K, et al. Effects of mop handle height on shoulder muscle activity and perceived exertion during floor mopping using a figure eight method. Industrial Health [Internet]. 2016 [accessed 29 set 2019]; 54(1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.2015-0108.
https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.2015-0...
. Tal medida pode ser efetiva na redução da demanda muscular, decorrente do uso excessivo dos músculos do ombro ou do queixo, em comparação com o nível dos olhos (p<0,001)(26)26. Wallius MA, Rissanen SM, Bragge T, Vartiainen P, Karjalainen PA, Räsänen K, et al. Effects of mop handle height on shoulder muscle activity and perceived exertion during floor mopping using a figure eight method. Industrial Health [Internet]. 2016 [accessed 29 set 2019]; 54(1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.2015-0108.
https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.2015-0...
e em comparação com o esfregão não ajustável para o músculo deltoide direito (p=0,003); músculo trapézio direito (p=0,000) e extensores de punho esquerdo (p=0,004), obtendo-se um nível médio de conforto de 4,93 e de menor esforço(24)24. Öhrling T, Kumar R, Abrahamsson L. Assessment of the development and implementation of tools in contract cleaning. Appl Ergon [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 24 set 2019]; 43(4). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2011.11.006.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2011.11...
. Nesse sentido, uma abordagem holística é necessária para melhorar os benefícios das ferramentas e técnicas no trabalho de limpeza, visto que a implementação e contextualização do esfregão são importantes(11)11. Silva-Junior JS, Correa LRC, Morrone LC. Evaluation of lumbar overload in hotel maids. Work [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 29 set 2019]; 41(supl1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0488-2496.
https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0488-24...
.

A estratégia de realização de exercício aeróbico(55. Korshoj M, Jorgensen MB, Lidegaard M, Mortensen OS, Krustrup P, Holtermann A, et al. Decrease in musculoskeletal pain after 4 and 12 months of an aerobic exercise intervention: a worksite RCT among cleaners. Scand J Public Health [Internet]. 2017 [accessed 22 ago 2019]; 46(1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494817717833.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494817717833...
,2525. Lidegaard M, Sogaard K, Krustrup P, Holtermann A, Korshoj M. Effects of 12 months aerobic exercise intervention on work ability, need for recovery, productivity and rating of exertion among cleaners: a worksite RCT. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. [Internet]. 2018 [accessed 29 set 2019]; 91(2). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-017-1274-3.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-017-1274-...
) foi realizada em quatro(5)5. Korshoj M, Jorgensen MB, Lidegaard M, Mortensen OS, Krustrup P, Holtermann A, et al. Decrease in musculoskeletal pain after 4 and 12 months of an aerobic exercise intervention: a worksite RCT among cleaners. Scand J Public Health [Internet]. 2017 [accessed 22 ago 2019]; 46(1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494817717833.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494817717833...
e 12 meses(55. Korshoj M, Jorgensen MB, Lidegaard M, Mortensen OS, Krustrup P, Holtermann A, et al. Decrease in musculoskeletal pain after 4 and 12 months of an aerobic exercise intervention: a worksite RCT among cleaners. Scand J Public Health [Internet]. 2017 [accessed 22 ago 2019]; 46(1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494817717833.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494817717833...
,2525. Lidegaard M, Sogaard K, Krustrup P, Holtermann A, Korshoj M. Effects of 12 months aerobic exercise intervention on work ability, need for recovery, productivity and rating of exertion among cleaners: a worksite RCT. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. [Internet]. 2018 [accessed 29 set 2019]; 91(2). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-017-1274-3.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-017-1274-...
), mostrando-se eficaz para: aumento na capacidade para o trabalho de 0,59±0,27 pontos (IC 95%; 0,05-1,13, p=0,03)(25)25. Lidegaard M, Sogaard K, Krustrup P, Holtermann A, Korshoj M. Effects of 12 months aerobic exercise intervention on work ability, need for recovery, productivity and rating of exertion among cleaners: a worksite RCT. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. [Internet]. 2018 [accessed 29 set 2019]; 91(2). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-017-1274-3.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-017-1274-...
, diminuição da necessidade de recuperação(25)25. Lidegaard M, Sogaard K, Krustrup P, Holtermann A, Korshoj M. Effects of 12 months aerobic exercise intervention on work ability, need for recovery, productivity and rating of exertion among cleaners: a worksite RCT. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. [Internet]. 2018 [accessed 29 set 2019]; 91(2). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-017-1274-3.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-017-1274-...
, produtividade, identificação da organização e determinantes da atividade de trabalho(5)5. Korshoj M, Jorgensen MB, Lidegaard M, Mortensen OS, Krustrup P, Holtermann A, et al. Decrease in musculoskeletal pain after 4 and 12 months of an aerobic exercise intervention: a worksite RCT among cleaners. Scand J Public Health [Internet]. 2017 [accessed 22 ago 2019]; 46(1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494817717833.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494817717833...
. Quando realizado em quatro meses, o exercício aeróbico foi efetivo para reduzir significativamente (>30%), no grupo exercício, a intensidade da DME no pescoço, ombros, braços/punhos(5)5. Korshoj M, Jorgensen MB, Lidegaard M, Mortensen OS, Krustrup P, Holtermann A, et al. Decrease in musculoskeletal pain after 4 and 12 months of an aerobic exercise intervention: a worksite RCT among cleaners. Scand J Public Health [Internet]. 2017 [accessed 22 ago 2019]; 46(1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494817717833.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494817717833...
. Essa tendência foi mantida nos 12 meses seguintes (p=0,04).

No entanto, como um efeito não intencional, o exercício físico proporcionou o aumento de intensidade da dor nas extremidades inferiores(5)5. Korshoj M, Jorgensen MB, Lidegaard M, Mortensen OS, Krustrup P, Holtermann A, et al. Decrease in musculoskeletal pain after 4 and 12 months of an aerobic exercise intervention: a worksite RCT among cleaners. Scand J Public Health [Internet]. 2017 [accessed 22 ago 2019]; 46(1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494817717833.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494817717833...
e não obteve efeito na percepção do esforço percebido e na produtividade, com tendência para maior efeito do exercício aeróbico entre os trabalhadores mais jovens(25)25. Lidegaard M, Sogaard K, Krustrup P, Holtermann A, Korshoj M. Effects of 12 months aerobic exercise intervention on work ability, need for recovery, productivity and rating of exertion among cleaners: a worksite RCT. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. [Internet]. 2018 [accessed 29 set 2019]; 91(2). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-017-1274-3.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-017-1274-...
. Por isso, recomenda-se que os exercícios aeróbicos sejam realizados como parte integrante da jornada de trabalho(25)25. Lidegaard M, Sogaard K, Krustrup P, Holtermann A, Korshoj M. Effects of 12 months aerobic exercise intervention on work ability, need for recovery, productivity and rating of exertion among cleaners: a worksite RCT. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. [Internet]. 2018 [accessed 29 set 2019]; 91(2). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-017-1274-3.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-017-1274-...
, com adaptação do exercício, de forma a manter apenas o efeito positivo sobre a DME(5)5. Korshoj M, Jorgensen MB, Lidegaard M, Mortensen OS, Krustrup P, Holtermann A, et al. Decrease in musculoskeletal pain after 4 and 12 months of an aerobic exercise intervention: a worksite RCT among cleaners. Scand J Public Health [Internet]. 2017 [accessed 22 ago 2019]; 46(1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494817717833.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494817717833...
.

Como limitação desta revisão, elenca-se a dificuldade em comparar os resultados relacionados aos riscos ergonômicos, antes e após a realização das estratégias, visto a heterogeneidade em relação à apresentação dos resultados; bem como, de parâmetros e escalas.

CONCLUSÃO

Esta síntese de evidências recomenda a utilização de estratégias de educação ergonômica, modificações nas ferramentas de trabalho, realização de exercício aeróbico, método para avaliação de risco, protocolo de vigilância em ergonomia, diário de tarefas; bem como a contextualização com os fatores organizacionais e psicossociais do trabalho.

As estratégias evidenciadas mostraram-se eficazes e poderão contribuir para o campo da saúde na promoção e recuperação de acometimentos físicos dos trabalhadores de limpeza.

AGRADECIMENTOS

Ao Programa de Bolsas de Iniciação Científica (PROBIC/FAPERGS - Edital 034/2019) e à Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) -Código de Financiamento 001.

  • *
    Artigo extraído da tese de doutorado “Riscos ergonômicos no Serviço Hospitalar de Limpeza: estudo convergente assistencial para a prevenção de dor musculoesquelética”. Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2019.
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Datas de Publicação

  • Publicação nesta coleção
    29 Out 2021
  • Data do Fascículo
    2021

Histórico

  • Recebido
    06 Jan 2020
  • Aceito
    09 Set 2020
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