CLINICAL-EPIDEMIOLOGICAL PROFILE OF DENGUE IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF ANÁPOLIS - GOIÁS FROM 2016 TO 2020

ABSTRACT

Objective:

to describe the clinical epidemiological profile of dengue in Anápolis, Goiás - BR between the years 2016 to 2020.

Methods:

descriptive study of a quantitative nature. Data from the dengue notification form registered in the Epidemiological Surveillance Department were used. Chi-square test was used with significance level five (5%) (p<0.05).

Results:

27,544 cases were notified with the peak in 2019, being 54.2% female, age group 25 to 44 years 36.7% and brown color 70.3%. Of the cases that occurred, 97.7% were not hospitalized, classic dengue predominated in 98% and cure was obtained in 99.9% of cases. There was a significant difference regarding age group and dengue classification, hospitalization, and clinical evolution (p= 0.001).

Conclusion:

It is evident that dengue is prevalent in Anápolis, and strategies of prevention and control of the vector are necessary, especially during seasonal periods.

DESCRIPTORS:
Dengue; Epidemiology; Serologic Tests; Aedes; Arboviruses.

RESUMO

Objetivo:

descrever o perfil clínico epidemiológico da dengue em Anápolis, Goiás - BR entre os anos 2016 a 2020.

Métodos:

estudo descritivo de natureza quantitativa. Foram utilizados dados da ficha de notificação de dengue cadastrada no Departamento de Vigilância Epidemiológica. Utilizado o teste qui-quadrado com nível de significância cinco (5%) (p<0,05).

Resultados:

foram notificados 27.544 casos com o pico em 2019, sendo 54,2% do sexo feminino, faixa etária de 25 a 44 anos 36,7% e cor parda 70,3%. Dos casos ocorridos, 97,7% não foram hospitalizados, predominaram a dengue clássica em 98% e obteve-se cura em 99,9% dos casos. Houve diferença significativa em relação à faixa etária e à classificação da dengue, hospitalização e evolução clínica (p= 0,001).

Conclusão:

evidencia-se que a dengue é prevalente em Anápolis, sendo necessárias estratégias de prevenção e controle do vetor, principalmente, nos períodos de sazonalidade.

DESCRITORES:
Dengue; Epidemiologia; Testes Sorológicos; Aedes; Arbovírus.

RESUMEN

Objetivo:

describir el perfil clínico epidemiológico del dengue en Anápolis, Goiás - BR entre los años 2016 a 2020.

Métodos:

estudio descriptivo de carácter cuantitativo. Se utilizaron datos de la ficha de notificación de dengue registrada en el Departamento de Vigilancia Epidemiológica. Se utilizó la prueba de chi-cuadrado con un nivel de significación del cinco (5%) (p<0,05).

Resultados:

Se notificaron 27.544 casos con el pico en 2019, siendo el 54,2% mujeres, el grupo de edad de 25 a 44 años el 36,7% y el color marrón el 70,3%. De los casos ocurridos, el 97,7% no fueron hospitalizados, el dengue clásico predominó en el 98% y se obtuvo la curación en el 99,9% de los casos. Hubo una diferencia significativa con respecto al grupo de edad y la clasificación del dengue, la hospitalización y la evolución clínica (p= 0,001).

Conclusión:

se evidencia que el dengue es prevalente en Anápolis, siendo necesarias estrategias de prevención y control del vector, principalmente, en los periodos de sazonalidad.

DESCRIPTORES:
Dengue; Epidemiología; Pruebas Serológicas; Aedes; Arbovirus.

INTRODUCTION

Dengue is a non-contagious, systemic, infectious viral disease transmitted by the Aedes aegypti mosquito, which may progress to remission of symptoms or worsen, requiring constant reevaluation and observation¹. It is caused by an arbovirus of the genus flavivirus, family Flaviviridae, and is the most prevalent arthropod-borne urban arboviruses in the world, with the dengue virus (DENV) as the etiologic agent, with four distinct serotypes, called DENV-1 to DENV-4². Infection with any of the four serotypes can result in various clinical outcomes, such as febrile illness; febrile dengue fever; hemorrhagic fever; and dengue shock syndrome (DSS)³.

In the Americas, Brazil is the leader in reported cases with about 40% of total infections. In 2020, until the Epidemiological Week (SE), 557,750 probable cases were reported in the country, and the region with the highest incidence is the Midwest with 632.7 cases/100,000 inhabitants4. According to Epidemiological Bulletin No. 2 of 2016, which shows the monitoring of cases in 2015, Goiás stood out as the state with the highest number of cases in the region with 2,466,4 cases/100,000 inhabitants⁵. In the 2020 Epidemiological Bulletin, Goiás showed an incidence of 405.7 cases per 100,000 inhabitants⁴.

Dengue is a global concern, and due to the increase in the number and severity of cases not only in Brazil but also worldwide there is a need to conduct investigations to identify patterns of occurrence in cities⁶-⁷. It is a compulsorily notifiable disease in Brazil, and data are reported in the Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN)⁸. Dengue is a serious public health problem, being responsible for deaths and hospitalizations annually worldwide, which stimulates the need to develop an effective vaccine to prevent infection by all serotypes. Some countries are already engaged in developing a low-cost tetravalent vaccine⁹.

Through vaccination, it is possible to effectively combat the disease. There are several vaccines against dengue in experimental stages; Sanofi’s Dengvaxia vaccine was the first to prove effective and to reach the market in several countries, including Brazil⁹. The vaccine, however, is expensive and there is little knowledge regarding its large-scale use. Moreover, according to the parameters established by the Ministry of Health’s National Immunization Program (PNI), the efficacy of this vaccine is considered low.

Therefore, the implementation of this vaccine in the country’s national vaccination schedule is currently unfeasible¹⁰.

Dengue virus infection can occur in an asymptomatic or symptomatic form. In the presence of symptoms, it can evolve to a systemic disease with a broad clinical spectrum of non-severe to severe clinical manifestations¹¹. The clinical presentation can range from mild fever to classic dengue with hemorrhage and/or shock, and there are three identifiable phases: febrile, critical, and recovery. The febrile phase is described as high fever of rapid onset, lasting about two to seven days, and is characterized by myalgia, headache, retroorbital eye pain, and skin erythema with facial flushing¹². In cases in which the patient enters the critical phase, besides fever and thrombocytopenia, mucosal hemorrhage, hematemesis, and may evolve to a clinically relevant picture of capillary extravasation and hypotension are observed¹¹.

Severe cases are characterized by bleeding, organ dysfunction, or severe plasma extravasation. Shock occurs when a critical volume of plasma is lost and is usually preceded by the alarm signs, such as intense and continuous abdominal pain, persistent vomiting, postural hypotension and/or lipothymia, progressive increase in hematocrit, among others⁸. After patients pass through the critical period of 24-48 hours, recovery from the disease can be observed. The reabsorption of extravascular fluids occurs and, along with this, an improvement in the general clinical picture¹²-¹³.

The present research is justified by the need to provide updated results through this study to the current social and economic scenario regarding public health, since dengue is considered the fastest growing vector-borne disease in the world. In Brazil, the disease has become endemic, interspersed with periods of epidemics associated with the introduction of new serotypes¹⁴.

Given the impact of dengue on health and the increase in the number of cases, it is important to know the clinical and epidemiological reality of the disease so that prevention and control actions can be adopted. Given this issue, the present study aimed to describe the clinical epidemiological profile of dengue in Anápolis, Goiás - BR between the years 2016 to 2020.

METHOD

This is an epidemiological, descriptive, cross-sectional, retrospective study. Information provided by the Department of Epidemiological Surveillance of the Municipal Health Secretariat on dengue, recorded in the database of the Information System for Notifiable Diseases (Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificações- SINAN) in the period from January 2016 to December 2020, was analyzed. The study was conducted in the municipality of Anápolis - GO, which is located 53 km from the capital Goiânia and 139 km from the federal capital. Together, these two cities make the axis Goiânia-AnápolisBrasília, the most developed region of the Midwest.

According to the last census conducted in Anápolis by the (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística IBGE) Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) of 2010, the population consists of 334,613 inhabitants. The study population includes all people enrolled in SINAN, linked to the Department of Epidemiology of the Municipal Health Department of Anápolis in the period from January 2016 to December 2020.

The inclusion criteria are patients diagnosed with dengue, of both genders, who were notified in SINAN in the city of Anápolis-Goiás in the period from 2016 to 2020, and the exclusion criteria are data from duplicate notification forms.

The sociodemographic characteristics evaluated were gender, age group, and ethnicity. The clinical and epidemiological variables were hospitalization, classification into classic dengue, dengue with alarm signs, and severe dengue. And, the groups were analyzed considering the evolution (death by grievance, other causes, put under investigation and by the groups that had cure as prognosis) described in SINAN, this variable being considered as the outcome of the disease.

The results were described as frequencies and percentages and represented by tables. To verify the association between categorical variables, Pearson’s chi-square test was used, with p<0.05 as the significance criterion in all analyses; data were analyzed using the StatisticalPackage for the Social Science (SPSS) version 16.0 software.

The present study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee- UniEVANGÉLICA opinion number 4.666.940 following Resolution 466/2012 of the National Health Council (CNS) which provides for research with human beings.

RESULTS

According to the data obtained from the dengue notification forms of the Department of Epidemiological Surveillance of the Municipal Health Department of Anapolis, in the period from January 2016 to December 2020, assistance was offered to 27,544 cases. In the year 2016, 8,256 cases were notified, in 2017 there were 1,110 cases, followed by 2,162 cases in the year 2018, beginning a rise in cases in 2019 with 11,291 occurrences, and in 2020 a decrease with 4,725 new cases (Figure 1).

Figure 1
Number of cases with dengue in relation to the years 2016 to 2020 in the municipality of Anápolis. Anápolis-GO, Brazil, 2020

Of the total subjects analyzed in this series, 14,939 (54.2%) were female and 12,605 (45.8%) were male, a female to male ratio of 1.18:1. Regarding the age range, the most prevalent was from 25 to 44 years with 10,101 (36.7%) of the cases, followed by the age range from 11 to 24 years with 7,269 (26.4%). As for ethnicity, 19,352 (70.3%) are brown, followed by 6,933 (25.2%) are white (Table 1).

Table 1
Distribution of reported cases of dengue according to sex and age group in the years 2016 to 2020 in Anápolis. Anápolis-GO, Brazil, 2021

VARIABLES		n	(%)
GENDER
Male		12,605	45.8
Female		14,939	54.2
AGE GROUP
0 - 10		1,886	6.8
11 - 24		7,269	26.4
25 - 44		10,101	36.7
45 - 59		5,357	19.4
Over 60		2,931	10.7
ETHNICITY
White	6,933		25.2
Black	556		2
Yellow	154		0.5
Brown	19,352		70.3
Indigenous	15		0.1
Not Informed	534		1.9

et al

Regarding hospitalization, it can be observed that 26,924 (97.7%) were not hospitalized, having statistical relevance among the years studied (p= 0.001). Of the values found, regarding final classification, 27,009 (98%) had classical dengue between the years referred in the studies (p= 0.01). Regarding evolution, 27,519 (99.9%) of the cases achieved cure (p= 0.693) as shown in Table 2.

Table 2
Distribution of dengue cases according to hospitalization, classification and clinical evolution between the years 2016 to 2020, in Anápolis.Anápolis GO, Brazil, 2021

VARIABLES	N	%	p
HOSPITALIZATION
No	26,924	97.7
Yes	600	2.2	0.001
Ignored	20	0.1
CLASSIFICATION
Classic Dengue	27,009	98
Dengue with alarm signs	513	1.9	0.01
Severe dengue	22	0.1
EVOLUTION
Cure	27,519	99.9
Death from the grievance	16	0.06	0.693
Death by other causes	2	0.09
Unknown	7	0.03

et al

Regarding the final classification of cases in relation to age group, it was evident that 9,930(36.7%) of the cases developed classic dengue fever among the age group of 25 to 44 years; as for dengue with alarm signs, 15 (30.6%) cases were among the age group of 25 to 44 years; and dengue with severe signs, 6 (27.3%) cases were above 60 years, showing significant difference among cases (p=0.001) (Table 3).

Table 3
Notified dengue cases according to age group classification from 2016 to 2020 in Anápolis. Anápolis-GO, Brazil, 2021

		CLASSIFICATION	p
Age Group	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)
	Classic Dengue	Dengue with alarm signs	Dengue with severe alarms 4 (18.2)	0.001
0 - 10	1,866 (6.9)	16 (3.1)
11 - 24	7,179 (26.6)	88 (17.1)	2 (9.1)
25 - 44	9,939 (36.7)	157 (30.6)	5 (22.7)
45 - 59	5,227(19.4)	125 (24.4)	5 (22.7)
Over 60	2,798 (10.4)	127 (24.8)	6 (27.3)

et al

As for hospitalization, 175 (29.2%) of the cases in the 25 to 44 age group required hospitalization, 9,918 (36.8%) did not require hospitalization, and eight (40%) cases were ignored. In contrast to these results, in the 11 to 24 age group, 107 (17.8%) cases required hospitalization, 7,157 (26.6%) cases did not require hospitalization, and 5(25%) cases were ignored, showing a significant difference between cases (p=0.001) (Table 4).

Table 4
Notified dengue cases according to hospitalization in relation to age group from 2016 to 2020 in Anápolis.Anápolis GO, Brazil, 2021

		HOSPITALIZATION			p
Age Group	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)
	Yes	No	Ignored	0.001
0 - 10	27 (4.5)	1856 (6.9)	3 (15)
11 - 24	107 (17.8)	7157 (26.6)	5 (25)
25 - 44	175 (29.2)	9918 (36.8)	8 (40)
45 -59	150 (25.0)	5204 (19.3)	3 (15)
Over 60	141 (23.5)	2789 (10.4)	1 (5)

et al

In relation to cure and age group, it was evident that 10,094 (36.7%) were in the 25 to 44 age group, and, in relation to death by disease, the group above 60 years old was the one with the highest number, seven (43.8%) cases. Regarding the criterion of death by other causes, the age groups 45 to 59 years and over 60 years presented 1 (50%) case each. Ignored cases from 25 to 44 years of age had 5 (71.4%), showing a significant difference between cases (p=0.001) (Table 5).

Tabela 5
Casos notificados de dengue de acordo com a evolução clínica em relação à faixa etária de 2016 a 2020 em Anápolis. Anápolis-GO, Brasil, 2021

		EVOLUTION		p
Age Group	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)
	Cure	Death by grievance	Death from other causes	Ignored
0 to 10	1,884 (6.8)	1 (6.2)	0 (0)
11 to24	7,268 (26.4)	1 (6.2)	0 (0)
25 to 44	10,094 (36.7)	2 (12.5)	0 (0)	<img/> 0.001
45 to 59	5,351 (19.5)	5 (31.3)	1 (50.0)
Over 60	2,922 (10.6)	7 (43.8)	1 (50.0)	1 (14.3)

et al.

DISCUSSION

The temporal pattern of the numbers of dengue cases in the municipality of AnápolisGO during the period studied was like the national pattern with an increase in the number of cases in 2016, followed by a decrease in notifications in 2017. The slight increase in 2018 proved discrepant, because on a national scale there was a decrease in records, but the Midwest region had the highest incidence rate¹⁵.

In 2019, a worrying increase was obtained in the country and in the municipality, where the national increase was six times more in the municipality of Anápolis- GO - BR that recorded an increase of more than four times compared to the same period of the previous year. That year, the state of Goiás ranked second among the states with the highest number of notifications⁸.

This significant increase in the number of dengue cases can be explained by the re-emergence of serotype two in the country. Serotype one was predominant in the country; however, the population became less and less susceptible, reducing the number of reported cases. Serotype two then re-emerged, causing a new increase in dengue cases. This phenomenon occurs worldwide; one serotype ends up being replaced by another for epidemiological reasons, when there are not enough susceptible people to maintain its circulation¹⁶. Another important point that can justify this difference is that increases occur cyclically in diseases such as dengue due to the likely decrease in vector control actions and population education¹⁷.

The progressive increase in cases that began in 2017 was interrupted by a decrease in the year 2020. This may be attributed to the context of the pandemic of the new coronavirus, causing COVID-19, since the population takes more care aiming to contain the spread of the virus and has therefore the control of vectors¹⁸. Another hypothesis is that due to the pandemic, dengue was underreported¹⁹. This is due to the intensified efforts in combating COVID-19, resulting in an underreporting of the actual number of dengue cases this year.

One of the variables analyzed in this study was the relationship between the number of cases and gender, resulting in a higher number of women reported with dengue. The greater involvement of women may be related to the influence of the home environment²⁰, since it is a place where the transmission of this disease occurs significantly, making them more susceptible to infection. Another aspect that justifies the higher number of reported cases in females is due to the greater demand for medical care by women, resulting in higher number of diagnoses and notifications²¹.

On the other hand, the lower number of cases in males may also be due to not seeking medical care²², which results in a decrease in reported cases in men. Women, in their majority, have access to health policies that encourage them to seek medical care to the detriment of men²³, which can cause a bias in the comparisons between the rates found²¹.

Regarding age, the high incidence of dengue in the years analyzed brings an important negative impact to society, because it affected mainly the age group component of the population economically²¹. Among the notifications, 10,101 of the dengue cases are in the age group 25 to 44 years, which impacts productivity and generates economic burden for the health system and for families.

As for the characteristics of race/ethnicity, it was found in this study that the highest percentage of patients was brown²⁴, followed, respectively, by white, black, and yellow. In contrast, it was observed that the white ethnicity would be associated with increased occurrence of the severe form of the disease²⁵. Therefore, the importance of the variable ethnicity should be highlighted, as it is a factor that favors the understanding of social inequalities and needs regarding the planning of public policies aimed at specific groups²⁶.

Regarding hospitalization, most of the study population did not require hospital admission. The result found can be correlated to the fact that most of the sample did not progress to forms of dengue with alarm signs or severe dengue. These data corroborate the findings of similar studies²⁵,²⁷.

Regarding clinical evolution, it was found that most cases of dengue fever were cured in all age groups analyzed, despite the percentage of deaths. This result was compatible with a study carried out in the state of Tocantins, although a higher percentage of deaths was observed²⁸. The result emphasizes the importance of health professionals knowing about the disease so that the diagnosis and treatment can be carried out immediately²⁹. Joint actions by society and the government are the most effective measures to control the disease³⁰.

This study has certain limitations, such as the use of secondary data, since they are conditioned to the quality of the records, besides not allowing estimating how much the frequency of underreporting can distort the results found. However, the databases used, even with their limitations, are considered reliable and of good quality with production of reliable information, and the large amount of data brings relevance to the results.

These intense variations during the years described above reaffirm the need for concrete actions aimed at combating dengue, and preventive measures aimed at epidemiological control and surveillance, relying on the population’s participation, made aware by educational actions coming from primary care.

CONCLUSION

Based on the results it can be concluded that the highest incidence of dengue fever occurred in women, brown in the age group between 25 and 44 years. There was a large variation between the years analyzed, with 2017 and 2018 recording the lowest numbers followed by a significant increase in 2019 and subsequent decrease in 2020. Regarding the clinical aspects, most of the patients analyzed developed classic dengue without alarm signs or severity and achieved cure without the need for hospitalization. It was also evidenced that as age increases, there is a concomitant increase in the chances of worsening of dengue.

Moreover, the lack of filling out some information in the notification forms, such as clinical evolution and hospitalization, reaffirms the need to prepare professionals for the notification of cases and a greater training of health professionals, since this data interferes directly in the areas of teaching and research in Brazil, among others, and can compromise both the development and improvement of the Brazilian Unified Health System and health care.

This study can contribute to planning public policies to prevent and combat the disease and control the vector with interventions focused on the most vulnerable population and directed mainly to the periods before the seasonality, aiming to reduce contagion. The practice of disease notification is extremely important for improving the provision of health care services and can be used as a specific health indicator by managers and health professionals.

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Associate editor: Dra. Luciana Kalinke

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  16 Dec 2022
• Date of issue
  2022

History

• Received
  18 Oct 2021
• Accepted
  19 July 2022