Evaluation of shear bond strength of different treatments of ceramic bracket surfaces

Avaliação da resistência ao cisalhamento de diferentes tratamentos na superfície de braquetes cerâmicos

ORIGINAL ARTICLE ARTIGO INÉDITO

Evaluation of shear bond strength of different treatments of ceramic bracket surfaces

Avaliação da resistência ao cisalhamento de diferentes tratamentos na superfície de braquetes cerâmicos

Patrícia Helou Ramos Andrade^I; Rogério Vieira Reges^II; Marcos Augusto Lenza^III

^ISpecialist in Orthodontics, Funorte

^IIHead Professor, Dental Materials and Restorative Dentistry - Paulista University (UNIP-GO). MSc and PhD in Dental Materials, FOP -University of Campinas (UNICAMP)

^IIIHead Professor, Department of Orthodontics, and Chairman of the Graduate Program in Orthodontics - School of Dentistry - Federal University of Goiás (UFG)

^{Contact address}

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the bonding strength of the ceramic bracket and composite resin restoration interface, using four types of treatment on the base of the bracket.

METHODOLOGY: 48 photoactivated composite resin discs were used (Filtek^TM Z250) contained in specimens and divided into 4 groups of 12 specimens for each group according to the type of treatment performed on the base of the brackets. Once the brackets were bonded, the specimens were subjected to shear stress carried out in a universal testing machine (MTS: 810 Material Test System) calibrated with a fixed speed of 0.5 mm / minute. The values obtained were recorded and compared by means of appropriate statistical tests - analysis of variance and then Tukey's test.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The surfaces of ceramic brackets conditioned with 10% hydrofluoric acid for 1 minute, followed by aluminum oxide blasting, 50µ, after silane application and primer application, was considered the best method to prepare surfaces of ceramic brackets prior to orthodontic esthetic bonding.

Keywords: Ceramic bracket. Composite. Shear strength.

RESUMO

OBJETIVO: avaliar a resistência à união da interface entre braquete cerâmico e restauração de resina composta, empregando quatro tipos de tratamento na base do braquete.

MÉTODOS: foram utilizados 48 discos de resina fotoativada (Filtek® Z250) incluídos em corpos de prova, divididos em quatro grupos, com 12 espécimes em cada grupo, de acordo com o tipo de tratamento realizado na base do braquete. Uma vez colados os braquetes, os corpos de prova foram submetidos à tensão de cisalhamento, realizado numa máquina universal de ensaios (MTS: 810 Material Test System) calibrada com velocidade fixa de 0,5mm/min. Os valores obtidos foram registrados e comparados por meio de médias, utilizando-se testes estatísticos adequados (análise de Variância e, posteriormente, teste de Tukey).

RESULTADOS E CONCLUSÕES: o condicionamento das superfícies dos braquetes cerâmicos com ácido hidrofluorídrico a 10% por 1 minuto, seguido do jateamento com óxido de alumínio com 50um de tamanho, e posterior aplicação do silano e, depois, aplicação de adesivo, foi considerado o melhor método para o preparo de superfícies de braquetes cerâmicos previamente à colagem estética ortodôntica.

Palavras-chave: Braquete cerâmico. Compósito. Cisalhamento.

INTRODUCTION

The fixed appliance therapy in the current aspect presents itself with a variety of materials and techniques which aims to streamline the treatment seeking functionality and esthetics. One of the challenges for the professional in terms of technique and materials is the union of orthodontic attachments to teeth with esthetic restorations, either composite resin or ceramic. In contrast, patients seek in orthodontic treatment quality associated with esthetics. Thus, the introduction of the technique of direct union with adhesive binder materials initiated a trend to more esthetic orthodontic appliances.⁸

In the mid-80s, the first esthetic ceramic brackets became widely avaiable.⁸ According to the manufacturing process, ceramic brackets may have two types of composition: Monocrystalline and polycrystalline. The polycrystalline ceramic brackets or with polycrystalline alumina are constituted of aluminum oxide crystals fused at high temperatures, which enables the simultaneous production of several brackets. They are most common for the quality of their material and the relative easy production, compared with the alumina monocrystalline brackets.^14,28

The monocrystalline ceramic brackets constitute in a molten mass at high temperature (2100 °C), forming a single aluminum oxide crystal resulting in the manufacture of a single bracket, making the production more expensive than the polycrystalline ones. However, this machining way has a lower incorporation of impurities, giving the parts highest tensile strength and lower opacity, making them particularly esthetic.¹⁴

The main constitution of the ceramic brackets is aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃), giving them characteristics such as high hardness, resistance to high temperatures and chemical degradation and friability, with propagation of flaws by impurities or imperfections.¹⁴

The ceramic brackets are superior to the polycarbonate esthetic brackets due to the higher mechanical strength, increased esthetic and for showing less discoloration on the surface; but may have significant drawbacks such as increased frictional resistance to the metal archwires and difficulty for removal from tooth structure.^8,14

Currently, to compensate the frictional constraints, some types of brackets show metal slots and others present a particular treatment in the slot surface, providing reduced friction and rounded edges to facilitate archwires sliding.¹⁴

There are factors that may favor the union of this substrate, such as the production of irregularities in the ceramic bracket base by means of blasting with 50 µm aluminum oxide particles, which improve mechanical retention,²⁸ allowing the bonding of brackets or accessories on these materials, which can reduce or substitute the use of bands over prostheses and any kind of restauration.¹⁹

Thus, this study aims to analyze through shear bond testing on the ceramic bracket/composite interface, the different types of treatment on the ceramic bracket basis prior to bonding.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this study were made 48 disks of photoactivated composite with dimensions of 10 mm (diameter) x 5 mm (height), divided into 4 groups of 12 specimens each one following the recommendations of the manufacturer (Fig 1). The procedures for the sample preparation followed the protocol established by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), in the TR 114059 specification. The specimens were embedded in metal tubes with internal diameter of 11 mm by 13 mm tall, centralized with chemically activated acrylic resin (Jet Set, Clássico) (Fig 2). Then the ceramic brackets (Roth - slot 0.022 x 0.018-in - Tecnident Orthodontic Equipment Ltda. - São Carlos / SP - Brazil) were fixed to the surface of composite resins (Filtek^TM Z250), following the types of bonding treatment of ceramic and composite resin, divided into 4 groups of samples:

Group I: The surfaces of ceramic brackets were etched with FGM^TM 10% hydrofluoric acid (HF) for 1 minute, rinsed for 30 seconds and dried with oil-free air spray (Fig 3).

Group II: The surfaces of ceramic brackets were blasted with 50µm aluminum oxide for 10 seconds with a pressure of 2 bar (Fig 4).

Group III: The surfaces of ceramic brackets were etched with FGM^TM 10% hydrofluoric acid for 1 minute, rinsed for 30 seconds and dried with oil-free air spray. They were then blasted with aluminum oxide 50µm for 10 seconds with a pressure of 2 bar (Fig 5).

Group IV: In the ceramic brackets surfaces were made prophylaxis with brush and pumice, rinsed for 30 seconds and dried with oil-free air spray (control group) (Fig 6).

Continuing with the surface treatments on Groups I, II and III, it was applied a silanization agent (Dentsply) and carried out a 15 seconds drying with air spray, followed by application of two layers of primer and removing excess with absorbent paper (Fig 7).

In the surfaces of the composite discs it was performed etching with 37% phosphoric acid for 30 seconds, followed by rinsig, drying and application of primer (Fig 8).

After completion of the different types of surface treatments on the ceramic brackets base, it was immediately applied the Transbond^TM XT cement (3M Unitek) on the base of brackets that had been positioned and fixed in the center of the composite block with a bracket holding tweezer (Fig 9). The composite excess was removed with an explorer probe and polymerized for 40 seconds using the led device Optilight LD III (Gnatus, Brazil), with light intensity of 470 mW/cm².

Then the specimens were stored in distilled water in an oven for 24 hours at 37 °C.

All samples underwent a shear testing in a universal testing machine MTS 810 Material Test System, with proper supervision and guidance in the mechanical testing laboratory of the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Brasília (UNB), with speed of 0.5 mm/minute and a load cell of 100N (Fig 10). Then it was calculated the value of shear strength in kgf/cm², using the formula:

R = F/A, where:

R = shear strength (kgf/cm²).

F = load required to break the union bracket/composite (kgf).

A = area of the bracket base (mm²).

The tension values of shear strength were converted to Megapascal (MPa) and the values in MPa were submitted to the statistical test of better convenience according to the obtained results.

RESULTS

For statistical analysis purposes, the results of mechanical tests (shear bond tests) were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and comparison of means (Tukey 1% probability) (Table 1).

DISCUSSION

The success of the bonding of polymeric materials in orthodontics involves the combination of three basic factors, such as the mechanical conditioning (mechanical retention) or chemical conditioning of a surface, or a combination of both, the appropriate choice and proper handling of bonding materials and the retentive potential of accessories or brackets to be used.^20,21 The substrate type (enamel, ceramic, composite, amalgam or metal alloys) and the clinical needs (type of movement to be used) are other important aspects to be considered to determine the necessary procedures in order to perform the conditioning of the adherent surface and select the type of adhesive system to be used in the bonding technique.

Since the introduction of acid etching on enamel surface, by Buonocore in 1955, several areas of dentistry have adopted this approach. In orthodontics, this finding provided development and clinical application by bonding orthodontic accessory directly on the enamel surface, eliminating the use of bands. The practice of bonding brackets by adhesive restorative system is widely used by orthodontists, which proves its effectiveness and acceptance.

Many improvements were developed attempting to enhance this connection, such as changes in the design of bases - with mesh screen,^1,5,6 perforations,^6,26,4 or grooves^2,7,17 - and more recently, the blasting on the bracket base,^18,23,27 applying other bonding agents,^3,18 and the type of composite used. Despite all efforts, this adhesive interface remains critical in terms of bonding strength and durability in the oral environment.

A device coupled to the handpiece (micromechanical conditioner, Microetcher) allowing the blasting of dental or metal surfaces with aluminum oxide (25-100 µm diameter) was first indicated to repair metal-ceramic or metal-plastic restorations, and therefore allowed the silanizing and bonding of the composite resin to the metal alloys.¹⁶ Subsequently, its use was extended to the sealing of pits and fissures, repair of ceramic or composite resin restorations, and currently, to make more retentive enamel surfaces in large adhesives restorations.¹⁶ Recently, the blasting of brackets bases was suggested by some authors^23,27 and associated with other chemical agents.³ These results showed that the aluminium oxide blasting produces a considerable increase in the resistance of bonding between composite and ceramic material (7.59 MPa) probably due to increased surface irregularities.

Another option for improving the bond between composite and ceramic materials is to use hydrofluoric acid, which characterizes a acidified surface that allows the formation of hydroxyl groups (OH) on the surface, to which some hydrogen molecules of water are united after pretreatment with silane, forming O- radicals on the porcelain surface, which will unite with the silane radical Si+ .¹³ The results of this study showed that using 10% hydrofluoric acid on the surface of the ceramic bracket favored the increase of bonding resistance (6.91 MPa), because also promoted irregularities, and consequently retentions. The difference between the mechanical retention obtained applying hydrofluoric acid and aluminum oxide blasting is the depth of these retentions (irregularities).

The ceramic surface treatment aims to modify its texture, making it retentive and chemically compatible with the composite. The ceramic has as its main component, silicon oxide (SiO₂) and other oxides. For a proper adhesion, the chemical interaction between the constituent components of the silane and ceramics is important. According to Suh²⁵ in 1991, the ceramic surface, although rich in glassy materials partially exposed, does not enable the silane to fully cover these particles, but reacts with the exposed portions. The high levels of silica in ceramic allow the "silanes" bonding agents to chemically adhere to the conditioned ceramic and the composite resin.

The present results showed that all types of treatment used are situated in a range of values that allows its clinical use. This can be evidenced by the study of Kydd et al,¹¹ that found values strong enough to support the forces exerted by the archwires on the teeth during orthodontic treatment and by the minimum strength of 6-8 MPa found by Reynolds²² and Kydd et al.¹¹

The surface treatment of the Group III (8.16 MPa) showed the best result of shear bonding strength in relation to Group IV (6.08 MPa) and the other groups, due to the ceramic surface treatment in order to modify the texture, making it retentive, and chemically compatible with the composite resin. The main factor that contributed to the increase of the union resistance values on Group III was the combined retention methods, promoted by different types of surface treatment. The correct time of application, concentration of the treating agent and appropriate technique influence directly the union resistance of these materials.

On the other hand, no differences were observed between Groups I (6.91 MPa) and II (7.5 MPa), due to the fact that the creation of retentions present numerically different depths, but statistically similar.

CONCLUSIONS

According to the methodology used and after analysis and discussion of results, we reached the following conclusions regarding the types of surface treatment on ceramic brackets bases:

1) The 10% hydrofluoric acid conditioning for 1 minute, followed by 50µm aluminum oxide blasting, silane application, and primer application, was considered the best method for ceramic brackets surface preparation prior to orthodontic esthetic bonding, because it provides a more effective and appropriate bond strength when compared to the control group.

2) Implementation of prophylaxis with brush and pumice, rinsed for 30 seconds and dried with oil-free air spray (control group) on ceramic brackets bases showed lower bond strength compared to other groups.

3) With regard to the type of treatment performed on the base of the brackets in Groups I and II, it was not found statistically significant differences, being 6.91 MPa and 7.5 MPa, respectively.

Submitted: August 6, 2008

Revised and accepted: January 26, 2009

» The authors report no commercial, proprietary or financial interest in the products or companies described in this article.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  17 Oct 2012
• Date of issue
  Aug 2012

History

• Received
  06 Aug 2008
• Accepted
  26 Jan 2009