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Effects of Class II division 1 malocclusion treatment with three types of fixed functional appliances

ABSTRACT

Objective:

This study aimed at comparing the dentoskeletal changes in patients with Class II division 1 malocclusion, treated with three types of fixed functional appliances.

Methods:

A sample comprising 95 patients with the same malocclusion, retrospectively selected, and divided into four groups, was used: G1 consisted of 25 patients (mean age 12.77 ± 1.24 years) treated with Jasper Jumper appliance; G2, with 25 patients (mean age 12.58 ± 1.65 years) treated with the Herbst appliance; G3, with 23 patients (mean age 12.37 ± 1.72 years) treated with the Mandibular Protraction Appliance (MPA); and a Control Group (CG) comprised of 22 untreated subjects (mean age 12.66 ± 1.12 years). Intergroup comparison was performed with ANOVA, followed by Tukey test.

Results:

The Jasper Jumper and the Herbst group showed significantly greater maxillary anterior displacement restriction. The Jasper Jumper demonstrated significantly greater increase in the mandibular plane angle, as compared to the control group. The MPA group demonstrated significantly greater palatal inclination of the maxillary incisors. Vertical development of the maxillary molars was significantly greater in the Herbst group.

Conclusions:

Despite some intergroup differences in the amount of dentoskeletal changes, the appliances were effective in correcting the main features of Class II malocclusions.

Keywords:
Cephalometry; Orthodontic appliance design; Malocclusion, Angle Class II; Orthodontic appliances, functional

RESUMO

Objetivo:

o objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar as alterações dentoesqueléticas em pacientes com má oclusão de Classe II, divisão 1, tratados com três tipos de aparelhos funcionais fixos.

Métodos:

a amostra compreendeu 95 pacientes, selecionados retrospectivamente e divididos em quatro grupos: G1, composto por 25 pacientes (idade média de 12,77 ± 1,24 anos), tratados com aparelho Jasper Jumper; G2, com 25 pacientes (idade média de 12,58 ± 1,65 anos), tratados com aparelho Herbst; G3, com 23 pacientes (idade média de 12,37 ± 1,72 anos), tratados com o Aparelho de Protração Mandibular (APM); e um Grupo Controle (GC), composto por 22 sujeitos não tratados (idade média de 12,66 ± 1,12 anos) que apresentavam a mesma má oclusão. A comparação intergrupos foi realizada com ANOVA, seguida do teste Tukey.

Resultados:

os grupos Jasper Jumper e Herbst apresentaram significativamente maior restrição de deslocamento anterior da maxila. O Jasper Jumper demonstrou aumento significativamente maior no ângulo do plano mandibular, em comparação ao grupo controle. O grupo APM demonstrou inclinação palatina significativamente maior dos incisivos superiores. O desenvolvimento vertical dos molares superiores foi significativamente maior no grupo Herbst.

Conclusões:

apesar de algumas diferenças intergrupos na quantidade de alterações dentoesqueléticas, os aparelhos foram eficazes na correção das principais características das más oclusões de Classe II.

Palavras-chave:
Cefalometria; Designs de aparelhos Ortodônticos; Má oclusão de Classe II; Aparelho ortodôntico funcional

INTRODUCTION

Class II malocclusion is characterized by an incorrect relationship of maxillary and mandibular dental arches resulting from either skeletal or dental abnormalities, or even a combination of these conditions.11 McNamara JA. Components of Class II malocclusion in children 8-10 years of age. Angle Orthod. 1981 July;51(3):177-202.

2 Pfeiffer J, Grobéty D. The Class II malocclusion: differential diagnosis and clinical application of activators, extraoral traction, and fixed appliances. Am J Orthod. 1975 Nov;68(5):499-544.
-33 Sassouni V. A classification of skeletal facial types. Am J Orthod. 1969;55(2):109-23. It is considered as one of the most common orthodontic malocclusions.44 Cozza P, Baccetti T, Franchi L, De Toffol L, McNamara JA. Mandibular changes produced by functional appliances in Class II malocclusion: a systematic review. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2006 May;129(5):599.e1-12.

Several strategies are available for Class II treatment, and most orthodontists tend to choose a treatment protocol based on which part of the craniofacial skeleton is believed to be most affected by the appliance.55 Burkhardt DR, McNamara JA, Baccetti T. Maxillary molar distalization or mandibular enhancement: a cephalometric comparison of comprehensive orthodontic treatment including the pendulum and the Herbst appliances. Am J Orthod. Dentofacial Orthop. 2003 Fev;123(2):108-16. Class II malocclusions in adults are usually treated by either orthognathic surgery or camouflage treatment, depending on the severity of the skeletal discrepancy.66 Ruf S, Pancherz H, editors. When is the ideal period for Herbst therapy-early or late? Semin Orthod. 2003;9(1):47-56. A common strategy in the treatment of Class II division 1 malocclusions in growing patients is a two-step approach. In the first phase of treatment, the sagittal jaw relationship is normalized, so Class II malocclusion is transformed into a Class I malocclusion. In the second phase of treatment, tooth positions are adjusted, usually with fixed appliances.77 Lima KJ, Henriques JF, Janson G, Pereira SC, Neves LS, Cançado RH. Dentoskeletal changes induced by the Jasper jumper and the activator-headgear combination appliances followed by fixed orthodontic treatment. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2013 May;143(5):684-94.

Functional fixed appliances constitute a third alternative to treat Class II malocclusions without extraction or surgery.66 Ruf S, Pancherz H, editors. When is the ideal period for Herbst therapy-early or late? Semin Orthod. 2003;9(1):47-56.,88 Bock NC, von Bremen J, Ruf S. Stability of Class II fixed functional appliance therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Orthod. 2015;38(2):129-39.,99 Perinetti G, Primožič J, Furlani G, Franchi L, Contardo L. Treatment effects of fixed functional appliances alone or in combination with multibracket appliances: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Angle Orthod. 2014;85(3):480-92. Fixed appliances with flexible intraoral force modules are used in the first phase of treatment.1010 Weiland FJ, Ingervall B, Bantleon H-P, Droschl H. Initial effects of treatment of Class II malocclusion with the Herren activator, activator-headgear combination, and Jasper Jumper. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1997 July;112(1):19-27. Fixed functional appliances offer several advantages, such as 24-hour-a-day usage; short-term treatment (approximately 8 to 10 months); esthetics is not adversely impacted; and no compliance issues.1111 Alves PF, Oliveira AG, Silveira CA, Oliveira JN, Oliveira Júnior J, Coelho Filho C. Estudo comparativo dos efeitos esqueléticos, dentários e tegumentares, promovidos pelo tratamento da má oclusão Classe II mandibular com o aparelho de Herbst e com o Aparelho de Protração Mandibular. Rev Clín Ortod Dental Press. 2006;5(1):85-105.

The Jasper Jumper is a fixed functional appliance considered to be an effective option for the treatment of Class II, division I malocclusion.44 Cozza P, Baccetti T, Franchi L, De Toffol L, McNamara JA. Mandibular changes produced by functional appliances in Class II malocclusion: a systematic review. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2006 May;129(5):599.e1-12.,77 Lima KJ, Henriques JF, Janson G, Pereira SC, Neves LS, Cançado RH. Dentoskeletal changes induced by the Jasper jumper and the activator-headgear combination appliances followed by fixed orthodontic treatment. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2013 May;143(5):684-94. It is made of a flexible intraoral power module, which is comparable to the Herbst appliance, with the advantage of having flexibility. Considered as excellent, due to great acceptance by patients, this appliance was developed to perform light and continuous forces for Class II correction, simulating the effects of the headgear and activator appliances.1212 Cope JB, Buschang PH, Cope DD, Parker J, Blackwood H III. Quantitative evaluation of craniofacial changes with Jasper Jumper therapy. Angle Orthod. 1994 July;64(2):113-22.

Despite its popularity, the Herbst appliance shows some disadvantages, including stiffness, requirement of a laboratory technique, use of special steel bands and/or crowns, and probability of dislocation or fracture. The mandibular protraction appliance (MPA) was developed as a homemade, low-cost alternative to the Herbst appliance.1111 Alves PF, Oliveira AG, Silveira CA, Oliveira JN, Oliveira Júnior J, Coelho Filho C. Estudo comparativo dos efeitos esqueléticos, dentários e tegumentares, promovidos pelo tratamento da má oclusão Classe II mandibular com o aparelho de Herbst e com o Aparelho de Protração Mandibular. Rev Clín Ortod Dental Press. 2006;5(1):85-105.

Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the dentoskeletal changes in three groups of patients with Class II division 1 malocclusion treated with the Jasper Jumper, Herbst or MPA associated with fixed appliances. These groups were compared with a control group of untreated subjects with similar malocclusions.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

This retrospective study was approved by the Ethics in Research Committee of Bauru Dental School (FOB-USP) under protocol number 103/2005. All patient parents signed an informed consent to participate in the study.

The sample size was calculated considering an alpha error of 0.05 and a beta error of 0.2 to detect a mean difference of 1.5 mm in the overjet, with a standard deviation of 1.57.1313 Nalbantgil D, Arun T, Sayinsu K, Isik F. Skeletal, dental and soft-tissue changes induced by the Jasper Jumper appliance in late adolescence. Angle Orthod. 2005;75(3):426-36. The sample size calculation indicated that 18 patients were required in each group.

The study sample comprised 95 subjects (73 treated, 22 untreated). Subject selection was based exclusively on the initial anteroposterior molar relationship, regardless of any other dentoalveolar or skeletal cephalometric characteristics. All patients met the following inclusion criteria: (1) Class II division 1 malocclusion with bilateral Class II molar relationship (minimum severity of one half Class II molar relationship); (2) no craniofacial syndromes or systemic diseases; (3) no tooth agenesis or missing permanent teeth; and (4) mandibular arch with minimal or no crowding.

Graduate students treated all patients. All treatments were supervised by the same professor in the university clinic of the same orthodontic department at Bauru Dental School (FOB-USP).

The Jasper Jumper group (G1) included 25 patients (13 male, 12 female) at an initial mean age of 12.77 years, treated in a mean time of 2.15 years. Initially, fixed appliances were installed and leveling and alignment progressed until stainless steel 0.018 x 0.025-in rectangular archwires were inserted. At this stage, the Jasper Jumper appliance (American Orthodontics®, Sheboygan, Wl, USA) was installed to correct the Class II anteroposterior discrepancy (Fig 1). The Jasper Jumper was used until a Class I molar relationship was obtained, which took a mean of 7.32 months. Sequentially, the Jasper Jumper was removed and the patients were instructed to use Class II elastics as active retention.

Figure 1
Jasper Jumper appliance installed.

The Herbst group (G2) included 25 patients (13 male, 12 female) at an initial mean age of 12.58 years, treated in a mean time of 3.11 years. The Herbst appliances (CBJ - Ormco®- Glendora, USA) were installed with a horizontal advancement of 6 mm, until the incisors established an edge-to-edge occlusion, and a Class I relationship was obtained (Fig 2). The Herbst appliance was used for a mean time of 18.36 months. Thereafter, fixed appliances were installed and the patients were instructed to use Class II elastics as active retention.

Figure 2
Herbst appliance installed.

The Mandibular Protraction Appliance (MPA) group (G3) consisted of 23 patients (11 male, 12 female) at an initial mean age of 12.37 years, treated in a mean time of 2.87 years. Initially, fixed appliances were installed and leveling and alignment progressed until stainless steel 0.021 x 0.025-in rectangular archwires were inserted. At this stage, the MPA appliance1414 Coelho FC. Mandibular protraction appliances for Class II treatment. J Clin Orthod. 1995;29(5):319. was installed to correct the Class II anteroposterior discrepancy (Fig 3). No transpalatal arch was used in this group. The side effects were controlled with the insertion of resistant torques in the arches. The MPA was used until a Class I molar relationship was obtained, which took a mean of 7 months. Sequentially, the MPA was removed and the patients were instructed to use Class II elastics as active retention.

Figure 3
MPA installed.

All cases in the experimental groups were overcorrected.1515 Bock NC, Reiser B, Ruf S. Class II subdivision treatment with the Herbst appliance. Angle Orthod. 2013 Mar;83(2):327-33.

The control group (G4) was obtained from the files of the Growth Study Center at FOB-USP. This group comprised 22 subjects (12 male; 10 female) with Class II division 1 malocclusion and no orthodontic treatment, at an initial mean age of 12.66 years and a final mean age of 14.80 years, longitudinally followed-up for a mean time of 2.14 years.

Two lateral headfilms were obtained from each patient in the following stages of orthodontic treatment: pre-treatment (T1) and post-treatment (T2), after use of the orthopedic appliance, leveling, alignment and finishing procedures.

The anatomic tracing and the location of dentoskeletal landmarks were manually carried out by a single investigator, and digitized (Numonics AccuGrid XNT, model A30TL.F, Numonics Corporation, Montgomeryville, Pa). These data were then stored in a computer and analyzed with Dentofacial Planner 7.02 (Dentofacial Planner Software Inc., Toronto, Ontario, Canada). This software also corrected the magnification factor of the radiographic images. The cephalometric variables used are defined in Table 1 and illustrated in Figures 4 and 5.

Table 1
Definitions of abbreviations of the less usual cephalometric variables used.

Figure 4
Dentoalveolar cephalometric variables: 1) SNA; 2) Co-A; 3) A-Nperp; 4) SNB; 5) Co-Gn; 6) Go-Gn; 7) Pog-Nperp; 8) ANB; 9) NAP; 10) FMA; 11) SN.GoGn; 12) SN.PP; 13) LAFH.

Figure 5
Variables related to dental relationships: 1) 1.PP; 2) 1.NA; 3) 1-NA; 4) 1-PP; 5) 6-PP; 6) IMPA; 7) 1.NB; 8) 1-NB; 9) 1-PM; 10) 6-PM.

Error study

A total of 30 patients were randomly selected and the radiographs were retraced, redigitized and remeasured by the same examiner after a 30-day interval. Random errors were calculated according to Dahlberg’s formula: Se22 Pfeiffer J, Grobéty D. The Class II malocclusion: differential diagnosis and clinical application of activators, extraoral traction, and fixed appliances. Am J Orthod. 1975 Nov;68(5):499-544. = ∑d22 Pfeiffer J, Grobéty D. The Class II malocclusion: differential diagnosis and clinical application of activators, extraoral traction, and fixed appliances. Am J Orthod. 1975 Nov;68(5):499-544./2n, where “d” is the difference between duplicate measurements and “n” is the number of double measurements. Systematic errors were estimated with paired t tests at significance level of p< 0.05.

Statistical analyses

Chi-square tests were used to check the comparability among the four groups regarding sex distribution and severity of the initial Class II molar relationship. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey tests were used for intergroup comparisons of the initial and final ages, and initial cephalometric statuses. Intergroup treatment changes were also compared by ANOVA, followed by Tukey tests. All statistical analyses were performed with Statistica software (Statistical software for Windows, version 7.0; Statsoft, Tulsa, Okla), and the results were considered statistically significant at p< 0.05.

RESULTS

The random errors were within acceptable limits and ranged from 0.23 mm (1-PP) to 0.88 mm (P-Nperp) and from 0.27o (ANB) to 1.27o (1.NA). Only one (SN.PP) of the 35 evaluated variables showed a statistically significant systematic error.

The initial and final ages and treatment time of the groups were compared (Table 2). To conduct direct and meaningful comparisons, due to the significant difference in treatment time between the groups, the results were annualized and all cephalometric increments of the Herbst, MPA and control groups were adjusted for the time interval of 2.15 years of the Jasper Jumper group.

Table 2
Mean initial and final ages and follow-up time of the study groups (ANOVA).

The groups were comparable regarding sex distribution (Table 3).

Table 3
Comparability among the groups for sex distribution (chi-square test)

Initial Class II anteroposterior severity was significantly smaller in the control group, but similar among the experimental groups (Table 4).

Table 4
Comparability among the groups for severity of the initial anteroposterior relationship of the dental arches (Kruskal-Wallis One Way test).

The MPA group had a significantly greater maxillary protrusion than the other groups, while the Herbst group had the smallest maxillary and mandibular effective length and the most retruded mandible (Table 5). The maxillary incisors in the MPA group were significantly more protruded than the control group, and the maxillary molars showed significantly smaller dentoalveolar height than the Jasper Jumper group. The experimental groups had significantly greater overjet than the control group.

Table 5
Comparability before treatment among the groups (ANOVA and Tukey tests).

The Jasper Jumper and the Herbst groups showed significantly greater maxillary anterior displacement restriction and the Jasper Jumper also demonstrated smaller maxillary effective length increase than the control group. These two groups also presented smaller anteroposterior mandibular improvement in relation to the other groups. All the experimental groups demonstrated significant improvement of the apical base relationship in relation to the control group. The Jasper Jumper group produced increase in the vertical component. The MPA group demonstrated significantly greater palatal inclination and retrusion of the maxillary incisors in relation to the other groups. Mandibular incisor proclination was significantly greater in the Herbst and MPA groups, and its protrusion was significantly greater in the Jasper Jumper group than in the control group. Mandibular molar vertical development was significantly greater in all the experimental groups, compared to the control group. Overjet and overbite decreased significantly more in all the experimental groups than in the control group.

DISCUSSION

Sample selection

The control group had less severe Class II molar relationship than the experimental group (Table 6). However, despite this limitation, a less-than-ideal control group is better than none.77 Lima KJ, Henriques JF, Janson G, Pereira SC, Neves LS, Cançado RH. Dentoskeletal changes induced by the Jasper jumper and the activator-headgear combination appliances followed by fixed orthodontic treatment. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2013 May;143(5):684-94. Comparability of the experimental groups regarding initial severity of the Class II molar relationship was a fundamental condition to compare the dentoskeletal changes, since treatment prognosis and correction of a Class II malocclusion is directly related to the initial severity of the anteroposterior discrepancy.1616 Janson G, Valarelli FP, Cançado RH, de Freitas MR, Pinzan A. Relationship between malocclusion severity and treatment success rate in Class II nonextraction therapy. Am J Orthod. Dentofacial Orthop. 2009;135(3):274.e1-8.

Table 6
Intergroup comparison of treatment and growth changes standardized to 2.15 years (T2 - T1) (ANOVA followed by Tukey test).

Maxillary component

The Jasper Jumper and the Herbst appliances demonstrated greater efficiency in maxillary anterior displacement restriction. Additionally, the Jasper Jumper was also more effective in restricting maxillary effective length increase.1212 Cope JB, Buschang PH, Cope DD, Parker J, Blackwood H III. Quantitative evaluation of craniofacial changes with Jasper Jumper therapy. Angle Orthod. 1994 July;64(2):113-22.,1717 Herrera FS, Henriques JFC, Janson G, Francisconi MF, Freitas KMS. Cephalometric evaluation in different phases of Jasper jumper therapy. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2011;140(2):e77-84.

18 Karacay S, Akin E, Olmez H, Gurton AU, Sagdic D. Forsus nitinol flat spring and Jasper Jumper corrections of Class II division 1 malocclusions. Angle Orthod. 2006 July;76(4):666-72.

19 Küçükkeles N, Ilhan I, Orgun IA. Treatment Efficiency in Skeletal Class II Patients Treated with the Jasper Jumper: a cephalometric evaluation. Angle Orthod. 2007 May;77(3):449-56.
-2020 Stucki N, Ingervall B. The use of the Jasper Jumper for the correction of Class II malocclusion in the young permanent dentition. Eur J Orthod. 1998 June;20(3):271-81. Probably this is consequent to the more robust design of these appliances as compared with the MPA. This has also been demonstrated in other studies.77 Lima KJ, Henriques JF, Janson G, Pereira SC, Neves LS, Cançado RH. Dentoskeletal changes induced by the Jasper jumper and the activator-headgear combination appliances followed by fixed orthodontic treatment. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2013 May;143(5):684-94.,1313 Nalbantgil D, Arun T, Sayinsu K, Isik F. Skeletal, dental and soft-tissue changes induced by the Jasper Jumper appliance in late adolescence. Angle Orthod. 2005;75(3):426-36.,1717 Herrera FS, Henriques JFC, Janson G, Francisconi MF, Freitas KMS. Cephalometric evaluation in different phases of Jasper jumper therapy. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2011;140(2):e77-84.,2121 Baysal A, Uysal T. Dentoskeletal effects of Twin Block and Herbst appliances in patients with Class II division 1 mandibular retrognathy. Eur J Orthod. 2014 Apr;36(2):164-72.

Mandibular component

The Jasper Jumper and Herbst groups presented smaller anteroposterior mandibular improvement, even in relation to the control group (Table 6). This is slightly different from other studies.1717 Herrera FS, Henriques JFC, Janson G, Francisconi MF, Freitas KMS. Cephalometric evaluation in different phases of Jasper jumper therapy. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2011;140(2):e77-84.,2222 Covell DA Jr, Trammell DW, Boero RP, West R. A cephalometric study of Class II Division 1 malocclusions treated with the Jasper Jumper appliance. Angle Orthod. 1999;69(4):311-20.,2323 Foncatti CF, Henriques JFC, Janson G, Caldas W, Garib DG. Long-term stability of Class II treatment with the Jasper jumper appliance. Am J Orthod. Dentofacial Orthop. 2017;152(5):663-71. Only the MPA showed similar anteroposterior mandibular improvement as the control group, which is similar to other studies.2424 Siqueira DF, Almeira RR, Janson G, Brandão AG, Coelho Filho CM. Dentoskeletal and soft-tissue changes with cervical headgear and mandibular protraction appliance therapy in the treatment of Class II malocclusions. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2007 Apr;131(4):447.e21-30. Although the three types of functional appliances were used to stimulate and/or redirect mandibular growth, no statistical difference was observed among the experimental and control groups concerning the mandibular length.2525 D&apos;antò V, Bucci R, Franchi L, Rongo R, Michelotti A, Martina R. Class II functional orthopaedic treatment: a systematic review of systematic reviews. J Oral Rehabil. 2015;42(8):624-42.,2626 Atresh A, Cevidanes LH, Yatabe M, Muniz L, Nguyen T, Larson B, et al. Three-dimensional treatment outcomes in Class II patients with different vertical facial patterns treated with the Herbst appliance. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2018;154(2):238-48e1. Even though small differences among the experimental groups were found in these variables, they were not significantly greater than the control group. Therefore, these appliances do not seem to significantly influence mandibular growth.2727 McNamara JA, Bookstein FL, Shaughnessy TG. Skeletal and dental changes following functional regulator therapy on Class II patients. Am J Orthod. 1985 June;88(2):91-110.

28 Mills CM, Holman RG, Graber T. Heavy intermittent cervical traction in Class II treatment: a longitudinal cephalometric assessment. Am J Orthod. 1978 Oct;74(4):361-79.
-2929 Righellis E. Treatment effects of Fränkel, activator and extraoral traction appliances. Angle Orthod. 1983;53(2):107-21.

Sagittal jaw relationship

All the experimental groups demonstrated a significantly greater improvement of the apical base relationship than the control group (Table 6). Therefore, despite some intergroup differences in the amount of maxillary growth restriction and/or in mandibular changes, the appliances are effective in correcting the Class II skeletal anteroposterior discrepancy. Other studies have also reported an improvement in the maxillomandibular relationship with the use of these appliances.1010 Weiland FJ, Ingervall B, Bantleon H-P, Droschl H. Initial effects of treatment of Class II malocclusion with the Herren activator, activator-headgear combination, and Jasper Jumper. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1997 July;112(1):19-27.,1313 Nalbantgil D, Arun T, Sayinsu K, Isik F. Skeletal, dental and soft-tissue changes induced by the Jasper Jumper appliance in late adolescence. Angle Orthod. 2005;75(3):426-36.,1818 Karacay S, Akin E, Olmez H, Gurton AU, Sagdic D. Forsus nitinol flat spring and Jasper Jumper corrections of Class II division 1 malocclusions. Angle Orthod. 2006 July;76(4):666-72.,2222 Covell DA Jr, Trammell DW, Boero RP, West R. A cephalometric study of Class II Division 1 malocclusions treated with the Jasper Jumper appliance. Angle Orthod. 1999;69(4):311-20.,2424 Siqueira DF, Almeira RR, Janson G, Brandão AG, Coelho Filho CM. Dentoskeletal and soft-tissue changes with cervical headgear and mandibular protraction appliance therapy in the treatment of Class II malocclusions. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2007 Apr;131(4):447.e21-30.,3030 Croft RS, Buschang PH, English JD, Meyer R. A cephalometric and tomographic evaluation of Herbst treatment in the mixed dentition. Am J Orthod. Dentofacial Orthop. 1999;116(4):435-43.

31 Pancherz H. Treatment of Class II malocclusions by jumping the bite with the Herbst appliance: a cephalometric investigation. Am J Orthod. 1979;76(4):423-42.
-3232 Valant JR, Sinclair PM. Treatment effects of the Herbst appliance. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1989 Nov;95(2):138-47.

Growth pattern

Treatment with the Herbst and MPA did not cause significant vertical changes, when compared to the control group (Table 6). The Jasper Jumper group produced an increase in FMA, oppositely to the decrease shown by the control group. Even though only the Jasper Jumper change was significantly different, these results suggest that greater vertical control should be provided when using these appliances, especially in patients with some vertical growth tendency.3333 Hägg U, Du X, Rabie ABM. Initial and late treatment effects of headgear-Herbst appliance with mandibular step-by-step advancement. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2002 Nov;122(5):477-85.

34 Weiland FJ, Bantleon H-P. Treatment of Class II malocclusions with the Jasper Jumper appliance: a preliminary report. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1995 Oct;108(4):341-50.
-3535 Weiland FJ, Droschl H. Treatment of a Class II, Division 1 malocclusion with the Jasper Jumper: a case report. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1996 Oct;109(1):1-7.

Maxillary dentoalveolar component

The MPA was the appliance that produced significantly greater palatal inclination in relation to the control group (Table 6). This could be actually consequent to the appliance effect and/or also to the non-significantly greater labial inclination and protrusion of the maxillary incisors in this group (Table 6). This result is commonly seen during the use of fixed functional appliances.1212 Cope JB, Buschang PH, Cope DD, Parker J, Blackwood H III. Quantitative evaluation of craniofacial changes with Jasper Jumper therapy. Angle Orthod. 1994 July;64(2):113-22.,1313 Nalbantgil D, Arun T, Sayinsu K, Isik F. Skeletal, dental and soft-tissue changes induced by the Jasper Jumper appliance in late adolescence. Angle Orthod. 2005;75(3):426-36.,1717 Herrera FS, Henriques JFC, Janson G, Francisconi MF, Freitas KMS. Cephalometric evaluation in different phases of Jasper jumper therapy. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2011;140(2):e77-84.,1818 Karacay S, Akin E, Olmez H, Gurton AU, Sagdic D. Forsus nitinol flat spring and Jasper Jumper corrections of Class II division 1 malocclusions. Angle Orthod. 2006 July;76(4):666-72.,2222 Covell DA Jr, Trammell DW, Boero RP, West R. A cephalometric study of Class II Division 1 malocclusions treated with the Jasper Jumper appliance. Angle Orthod. 1999;69(4):311-20.,3434 Weiland FJ, Bantleon H-P. Treatment of Class II malocclusions with the Jasper Jumper appliance: a preliminary report. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1995 Oct;108(4):341-50.,3636 Pancherz H. A cephalometric analysis of skeletal and dental changes contributing to Class II correction in activator treatment. Am J Orthod. 1984 Feb;85(2):125-34. However, the Herbst group produced significantly greater protrusion of the maxillary incisors than the control group. Probably there was less incisor torque control in this group, in relation to the other experimental groups.

Mandibular dentoalveolar component

The Herbst and the MPA groups showed significantly greater proclination, and the Jasper Jumper group produced significantly greater protrusion of the mandibular incisors than the control group (Table 6). This is a common effect produced by fixed functional appliances that can be controlled by application of the necessary resistant torques.3030 Croft RS, Buschang PH, English JD, Meyer R. A cephalometric and tomographic evaluation of Herbst treatment in the mixed dentition. Am J Orthod. Dentofacial Orthop. 1999;116(4):435-43.,3232 Valant JR, Sinclair PM. Treatment effects of the Herbst appliance. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1989 Nov;95(2):138-47.,3737 Guimarães CH Jr, Henriques JFC, Janson G, Almeida MR, Araki J, Cançado RH, et al. Prospective study of dentoskeletal changes in Class II division malocclusion treatment with twin force bite corrector. Angle Orthod. 2012 Mar;83(2):319-26. Although it is a compensatory dental positioning for Class II malocclusions, it has to be used within certain limits.3838 Wigal TG, Dischinger T, Martin C, Razmus T, Gunel E, Ngan P. Stability of Class II treatment with an edgewise crowned Herbst appliance in the early mixed dentition: Skeletal and dental changes. Am J Orthod. Dentofacial Orthop. 2011 Aug;140(2):210-23. There was significantly smaller extrusion of the mandibular incisors in the Jasper Jumper and MPA groups, in relation to the control group. Likewise, there was greater mandibular molar vertical development in the experimental groups than in the control group. As already mentioned, the use of functional fixed appliances tend to increase the vertical dimension and, consequently, means to control this undesirable side effects have to be planned during the orthodontic mechanics.

Dental relationships

All the experimental groups showed significantly greater overjet and overbite reduction than the control group (Table 6), which is usually expected with these appliances.77 Lima KJ, Henriques JF, Janson G, Pereira SC, Neves LS, Cançado RH. Dentoskeletal changes induced by the Jasper jumper and the activator-headgear combination appliances followed by fixed orthodontic treatment. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2013 May;143(5):684-94.,1313 Nalbantgil D, Arun T, Sayinsu K, Isik F. Skeletal, dental and soft-tissue changes induced by the Jasper Jumper appliance in late adolescence. Angle Orthod. 2005;75(3):426-36.,2020 Stucki N, Ingervall B. The use of the Jasper Jumper for the correction of Class II malocclusion in the young permanent dentition. Eur J Orthod. 1998 June;20(3):271-81.,3838 Wigal TG, Dischinger T, Martin C, Razmus T, Gunel E, Ngan P. Stability of Class II treatment with an edgewise crowned Herbst appliance in the early mixed dentition: Skeletal and dental changes. Am J Orthod. Dentofacial Orthop. 2011 Aug;140(2):210-23.

39 Francisconi MF, Henriques JFC, Janson G, Freitas KMS, Santos PBD. Stability of Class II treatment with the Bionator followed by fixed appliances. J Appl Oral Sc. 2013 Aug;21(6):547-53.
-4040 Janson GR, Toruño JLA, Martins DR, Henriques JFC, De Freitas MR. Class II treatment effects of the Frankel appliance. Eur J Orthod. 2003 June;25(3):301-9. This means that although some small differences may exist in their mode of action, regarding the amount of dental skeletal changes, they will produce positive significant changes in the overjet and overbite, which are some of the important aspects to be corrected in many Class II malocclusions.77 Lima KJ, Henriques JF, Janson G, Pereira SC, Neves LS, Cançado RH. Dentoskeletal changes induced by the Jasper jumper and the activator-headgear combination appliances followed by fixed orthodontic treatment. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2013 May;143(5):684-94.,1313 Nalbantgil D, Arun T, Sayinsu K, Isik F. Skeletal, dental and soft-tissue changes induced by the Jasper Jumper appliance in late adolescence. Angle Orthod. 2005;75(3):426-36.,3939 Francisconi MF, Henriques JFC, Janson G, Freitas KMS, Santos PBD. Stability of Class II treatment with the Bionator followed by fixed appliances. J Appl Oral Sc. 2013 Aug;21(6):547-53.,4040 Janson GR, Toruño JLA, Martins DR, Henriques JFC, De Freitas MR. Class II treatment effects of the Frankel appliance. Eur J Orthod. 2003 June;25(3):301-9.

Regarding the appliances used, new studies are needed to evaluate the long-term changes, in order to compare treatment stability with these devices.88 Bock NC, von Bremen J, Ruf S. Stability of Class II fixed functional appliance therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Orthod. 2015;38(2):129-39.

CONCLUSIONS

The effects of the different fixed functional appliances were similar in correcting Class II malocclusion. However, the main differences observed were:

  • » The Jasper Jumper and the Herbst group showed significantly greater maxillary anterior displacement restriction.

  • » The Jasper Jumper group demonstrated significantly greater increases in the mandibular plane angle.

  • » The MPA group demonstrated significantly greater palatal inclination of the maxillary incisors.

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  • 2
    » Patients displayed in this article previously approved the use of their facial and intraoral photographs.

Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    11 Nov 2019
  • Date of issue
    Sep-Oct 2019

History

  • Received
    09 Mar 2018
  • Accepted
    25 Nov 2018
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