Capitalismo brasileiro e responsabilidade social empresarial

Zanitelli, Leandro Martins

doi:10.5007/2177-7055.2013v34n66p83

Resumos

Este artigo se dedica a levantar hipóteses sobre a responsabilidade social empresarial no Brasil. Para tanto, vale-se de duas vertentes distintas da literatura sobre comportamento das empresas, uma que procura definir os fatores, não apenas estratégicos, mas também institucionais, da responsabilidade social empresarial, e outra, conhecida como abordagem das "variedades de capitalismo", que se empenha em descrever o impacto das diferentes instituições (normas e práticas) características do capitalismo de cada país sobre a atuação das empresas. Foram elaboradas, como resultado, seis hipóteses sobre a conduta socialmente responsável das empresas no Brasil.

Responsabilidade Social Empresarial; Brasil; Variedades de Capitalismo

The paper raises hypotheses regarding corporate social responsibility in Brazil. It draws on two distinct branches of the literature concerning the behavior of firms, one that seeks to determine both the strategic and institutional factors conditioning firms' social performance and other, known as the "varieties of capitalism" approach, describing the impact of different institutions (norms and practices) featured by national capitalisms on firms' strategies. As a result, six hypotheses about the social performance of enterprises in Brasil are formulated.

Corporate Social Responsibility; Brazil; Varieties of Capitalism

AGUILERA, Ruth V.; RUPP, Deborah E.; WILLIAMS, Cynthia A. Putting the s back in corporate social responsibility: a multilevel theory of social change in organizations. Academy of Management Review, Nova York (EUA), v. 32, n. 3, p. 836-863, 2007.
AMAESHI, Kenneth; AMAO, Olufemi O. Corporate social responsibility in transnational spaces: exploring influences of varieties of capitalism on expressions of corporate codes of conduct in Nigeria. Journal of Business Ethics, Brandon (Canadá), v. 86, p. 225-239, 2009.
BALESTRO, Moisés Vilamil; MARINHO, Danilo Nolasco Cortes; WALTER, Maria Inez Machado Telles. Seguro-desemprego no Brasil: a possibilidade de combinar proteção social e melhor funcionamento do mercado. Revista Sociedade e Estado, Brasília, v. 26, n. 2, p. 185-208, maio-ago. 2001.
BILCHITZ, David. O marco Ruggie: uma proposta adequada para as obrigações de direitos humanos das empresas? Sur, São Paulo, v. 7, n. 12, p. 209-241, jun. 2010.
BRESSER-PEREIRA, Luiz Carlos. Five models of capitalism. Brazilian Journal of Political Economy, São Paulo, v. 32, n. 1(126), p. 21-32, jan.-mar. 2012.
CAMPBELL, John L. Institutional analysis and the paradox of corporate social responsibility. American Behavioral Scientist, Sedona (EUA), v. 49, p. 925-938, 2006.
______. Why would corporations behave in socially responsible ways? An institutional theory of corporate social responsibility. Academy of Management Review, Nova York (EUA), v. 32, n. 3, p. 946-967, 2007.
COLQUITT, Jason A.; CONLON, Donald E.; WESSON, Michael J. Justice at the millennium: a meta-analytica review of 25 years of organizational justice research. Journal of Applied Psychology, Melbourne (Austrália), v. 86, n. 3, p. 425-445, 2001.
DECI, Edward L.; KOESTNER, Richard; RYAN, Richard M. A meta-analytic review of experiments examining the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation. Psychological Bulletin, Berkeley (EUA), v. 125, n. 6, p. 627-668, 1999.
DELGADO, Ignacio Godinho; CONDÉ, Eduardo Salomão; ÉSTHER, Angelo Brigato. Cenários da diversidade: variedades de capitalismo e política industrial nos EUA, Alemanha, Espanha, Coreia, Argentina, México e Brasil (1998-2008). DADOS - Revista de Ciências Sociais, Rio de Janeiro, v. 53, n. 4, p. 959-1.008, 2010.
DiMAGGIO, Paul J.; POWELL, Walter W. The iron cage revisited: institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields. American Sociological Review, Nashville (EUA), v. 48, n. 2, p. 147-160, abr. 1983.
DU, Shuili; BATTACHARYA, C. B.; SEN, Sankar. Reaping relational rewards from corporate social responsibility: the role of competitive positioning. International Journal of Research in Marketing, Herzliya (Israel), v. 24, p. 224-241, 2007.
EDELMAN, Lauren B.; UGGEN, Christopher; ERLANGER, Howard S. The endogeneity of legal regulation: grievance procedures as rational myth. American Journal of Sociology, Chicago (EUA), v. 105, n. 2, p. 406-454, set. 1999.
GARRIGA, Elisabet; MELÉ, Domènec. Corporate social responsibility theories: mapping the territory. Journal of Business Ethics, Brandon (Canadá), v. 53, p. 51-71, 2004.
GJØLBERG, Maria. The origin of corporate social responsibility: global forces or national legacies? Socio-Economic Review, Oxford (Inglaterra), v. 7, p. 605-637, 2009.
GNEEZY, Uri; MEIER, Stephan; REY-BIEL, Pedro. When and why incentives (don't) work to modify behavior. Journal of Economic Perspectives, Pittsburgh (EUA), v. 5, n. 4, p. 1-21, 2011.
GRAVES, Samuel B.; WADDOCK, Sandra A. Waddock. Institutional owners and social performance. Academy of Management Review, Nova York (EUA), v. 37, n. 4, p. 1.034-1.046, 1994.
GREENING, Daniel W.; TURBAN, Daniel B. Corporate social responsibility as a competitive advantage in attracting a quality workforce. Business & Society, Chicago (EUA), v. 39, n. 3, p. 254-280, set. 2000.
GUNNINGHAM, Neil; REES, Joseph. Industry self-regulation: an institutional perspective. Law & Policy, Denver (EUA), v. 19, n. 4, p. 363-414, out. 1997.
HALL, Peter A.; SOSKICE, David. An introduction to varieties of capitalism. In: HALL, Peter A.; SOSKICE, David (Org.). Varieties of capitalism: The Institutional Foundations of Comparative Advantage. Nova York: Oxford University Press, 2001. (p. 1-68)
HALL, Peter A.; TELLEN, Kathleen. Institutional change in varieties of capitalism. Socio-Economic Review, Oxford (Inglaterra), v. 7, p. 7-34, 2009.
JACKSON, Gregory; APOSTOLAKOU, Androniki. Corporate social responsibility in Western Europe: an institutional mirror or substitute? Journal of Business Ethics, Brandon (Canadá), v. 94, p. 371-394, 2010.
JOHNSON, Richard A.; GREENING, Daniel. W. The effects of corporate governance and institutional ownership types on corporate social performance. Academy of Management Review, Nova York (EUA), v. 42, n. 5, p. 564-576, 1999.
KINDERMANN, Daniel. Why do some countries get CST sooner, and in greater quantity, than others? The political economy of corporate responsibility and the rise of market liberalism across the OECD: 1977-2007. [2009]. WZB Discussion Paper. Disponível em: <http://ideas.repec.org/p/zbw/wzbkpw/spiii2009301.html>. Acesso em: 8 jun. 2012.
LOBEL, Orly. The renew deal: the fall of regulation and the rise of governance in contemporary legal thought. University of Minnesota Law Review, Minnesota (EUA), v. 89, p. 342-470, 2004.
MANCUSO, Wagner Pralon. O empresariado como ator político no Brasil: balanço da literatura e agenda de pesquisa. Revista de Sociologia e Política, Curitiba, n. 28, p. 267-271, jun. 2007.
MANCUSO, Wagner Pralon; OLIVEIRA, Amâncio Jorge de. Abertura econômica, empresariado e política: os planos doméstico e internacional. Lua Nova, São Paulo, v. 69, p. 147-172, 2006.
MATTEN, Dirk; MOON, Jeremy. "Implicit" and "explicit" CSR: a conceptual framework for a comparative understanding of corporate social responsibility. Academy of Management Review, Nova York (EUA), v. 33, p. 404-424, 2008.
MEYER, John W.; ROWAN, Brian. Institutionalized organizations: formal structure as myth and ceremony. American Journal of Sociology, Chicago (EUA), v. 83, n. 2, p. 340-363, set. 1977.
MOHR, Louis A.; WEBB, Deborah J. The effects of corporate social responsibility and price on consumer responses. The Journal of Consumer Affairs, Ithaca (EUA), v. 39, n. 1, p. 121-147, 2005.
NÖLKE, Andreas. A "BRIC" variety of capitalism and social inequality: the case of Brazil. Revista de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre as Américas, Brasília, v. 4, n. 1, p. 1-14, 2010.
ORLITZKY, Marc; SCHMIDT, Frank L.; RYNES, Sara L. Corporate social and financial performance: a meta-analysis. Organization Studies, Lyon (França), v. 24, n. 3, p. 403-441, 2003.
O'ROURKE, Anastasia. A new politics of engagement: shareholder activism for corporate social responsibility. Business Strategy and the Environment, Klong Luang (Tailândia), v. 12, n. 4, p. 227-239, 2003.
OSTROM, Elinor. Collective action and the evolution of social norms. Journal of Economic Perspectives, Pittsburgh (EUA), v. 14, n. 3, p. 137-158, 2000.
OSTROM, Elinor; WALKER, James; GARDNER, Roy. Covenants with and without a sword: self-governance is possible. The American Political cience Review, Washington, D. C. (EUA), v. 86, n. 2, p. 404-417, jun. 1992.
SÁNCHEZ-ANCOCHEA, Diego. State, firms, and the process of industrial upgrading: Latin America's variety of capitalism and the Costa Rican experience. Economy and Society, Londres (Inglaterra), v. 38, n. 1, p. 62-86, fev. 2009.
SCHNEIDER, Ben Ross. Hierarchical market economies and varieties of capitalism in Latin America. Journal of Latin American Studies, Cambridge (Inglaterra), v. 41, n. 3, p. 553-575, 2009.
SCHNEIDER, Ben Ross. Comparing capitalisms: liberal, coordinated, network, and hierarchical varieties. 2008. Disponível em: <http://www.ces.fas.harvard.edu/events/papers/Schneider_Comparing_Capitalisms.pdf>. Acesso em: 20 jun. 2012.
SCHNEIDER, Ben Ross; KARCHER, Sebastian. Complementarities and continuities in the political economy of labour markets in Latin America. Socio-Economic Review, Oxford (Inglaterra), v. 8, p. 623-651, 2010.
SCOTT, W. Richard. Approaching adulthood: the maturing of institutional theory. Theory and Society, Nova York (EUA), v. 37, p. 427-442, 2008.
SHINADA, Mizuho; YAMAGISHI, Toshio. 2008. Bringing back Leviathan into social dilemmas. In: BIEL, A. et al. (Org.). New issues and paradigms in research on social dilemmas Nova York: Springer, 2008, p. 93-123.
SUCHMAN, Mark E. Managing legitimacy: strategic and institutional approaches. Academy of Management Review, Nova York (EUA), v. 20, n. 3, p. 571-610, 1995.
SUNSTEIN, Cass R. On the expressive function of law. University of Pennsylvania Law Review, Pennsylvania (EUA), v. 144, p. 2.021-2.053, 1996.
TRUBEK, David M.; TRUBEK, Louise G. New governance and legal regulation: complementarity, rivalry, and transformation. Columbia Journal of European Law, Columbia (EUA), v. 13, p. 539-564, 2006.
TYLER, Tom R. Promoting employee policy adherence and rule following in work settings: the value of self-regulatory approaches. Brooklyn Law Review, Nova York (EUA), v. 70, n. 4, p. 1.287-1.312, 2005.
______. Procedural fairness and compliance with the law. Swiss Journal of Economics and Statistics, Zurique (Suíça), v. 133, n. 2/2, p. 219-240, 1997.
WADDOCK, Sandra A.; GRAVES, Samuel B. The corporate social performance-financial performance link. Strategic Management Journal, Chicago (EUA), v. 18, n. 4, p. 303-319, 1997.

Datas de Publicação

Publicação nesta coleção
19 Jun 2015
Data do Fascículo
Jul 2013

Histórico

Recebido
12 Jul 2012
Aceito
16 Out 2012
Revisado
15 Out 2012

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

[1] AGUILERA, Ruth V.; RUPP, Deborah E.; WILLIAMS, Cynthia A. Putting the s back in corporate social responsibility: a multilevel theory of social change in organizations. Academy of Management Review, Nova York (EUA), v. 32, n. 3, p. 836-863, 2007.

[2] AMAESHI, Kenneth; AMAO, Olufemi O. Corporate social responsibility in transnational spaces: exploring influences of varieties of capitalism on expressions of corporate codes of conduct in Nigeria. Journal of Business Ethics, Brandon (Canadá), v. 86, p. 225-239, 2009.

[3] BALESTRO, Moisés Vilamil; MARINHO, Danilo Nolasco Cortes; WALTER, Maria Inez Machado Telles. Seguro-desemprego no Brasil: a possibilidade de combinar proteção social e melhor funcionamento do mercado. Revista Sociedade e Estado, Brasília, v. 26, n. 2, p. 185-208, maio-ago. 2001.

[4] BILCHITZ, David. O marco Ruggie: uma proposta adequada para as obrigações de direitos humanos das empresas? Sur, São Paulo, v. 7, n. 12, p. 209-241, jun. 2010.

[5] BRESSER-PEREIRA, Luiz Carlos. Five models of capitalism. Brazilian Journal of Political Economy, São Paulo, v. 32, n. 1(126), p. 21-32, jan.-mar. 2012.

[6] CAMPBELL, John L. Institutional analysis and the paradox of corporate social responsibility. American Behavioral Scientist, Sedona (EUA), v. 49, p. 925-938, 2006.

[7] ______. Why would corporations behave in socially responsible ways? An institutional theory of corporate social responsibility. Academy of Management Review, Nova York (EUA), v. 32, n. 3, p. 946-967, 2007.

[8] COLQUITT, Jason A.; CONLON, Donald E.; WESSON, Michael J. Justice at the millennium: a meta-analytica review of 25 years of organizational justice research. Journal of Applied Psychology, Melbourne (Austrália), v. 86, n. 3, p. 425-445, 2001.

[9] DECI, Edward L.; KOESTNER, Richard; RYAN, Richard M. A meta-analytic review of experiments examining the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation. Psychological Bulletin, Berkeley (EUA), v. 125, n. 6, p. 627-668, 1999.

[10] DELGADO, Ignacio Godinho; CONDÉ, Eduardo Salomão; ÉSTHER, Angelo Brigato. Cenários da diversidade: variedades de capitalismo e política industrial nos EUA, Alemanha, Espanha, Coreia, Argentina, México e Brasil (1998-2008). DADOS - Revista de Ciências Sociais, Rio de Janeiro, v. 53, n. 4, p. 959-1.008, 2010.

[11] DiMAGGIO, Paul J.; POWELL, Walter W. The iron cage revisited: institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields. American Sociological Review, Nashville (EUA), v. 48, n. 2, p. 147-160, abr. 1983.

[12] DU, Shuili; BATTACHARYA, C. B.; SEN, Sankar. Reaping relational rewards from corporate social responsibility: the role of competitive positioning. International Journal of Research in Marketing, Herzliya (Israel), v. 24, p. 224-241, 2007.

[13] EDELMAN, Lauren B.; UGGEN, Christopher; ERLANGER, Howard S. The endogeneity of legal regulation: grievance procedures as rational myth. American Journal of Sociology, Chicago (EUA), v. 105, n. 2, p. 406-454, set. 1999.

[14] GARRIGA, Elisabet; MELÉ, Domènec. Corporate social responsibility theories: mapping the territory. Journal of Business Ethics, Brandon (Canadá), v. 53, p. 51-71, 2004.

[15] GJØLBERG, Maria. The origin of corporate social responsibility: global forces or national legacies? Socio-Economic Review, Oxford (Inglaterra), v. 7, p. 605-637, 2009.

[16] GNEEZY, Uri; MEIER, Stephan; REY-BIEL, Pedro. When and why incentives (don't) work to modify behavior. Journal of Economic Perspectives, Pittsburgh (EUA), v. 5, n. 4, p. 1-21, 2011.

[17] GRAVES, Samuel B.; WADDOCK, Sandra A. Waddock. Institutional owners and social performance. Academy of Management Review, Nova York (EUA), v. 37, n. 4, p. 1.034-1.046, 1994.

[18] GREENING, Daniel W.; TURBAN, Daniel B. Corporate social responsibility as a competitive advantage in attracting a quality workforce. Business & Society, Chicago (EUA), v. 39, n. 3, p. 254-280, set. 2000.

[19] GUNNINGHAM, Neil; REES, Joseph. Industry self-regulation: an institutional perspective. Law & Policy, Denver (EUA), v. 19, n. 4, p. 363-414, out. 1997.

[20] HALL, Peter A.; SOSKICE, David. An introduction to varieties of capitalism. In: HALL, Peter A.; SOSKICE, David (Org.). Varieties of capitalism: The Institutional Foundations of Comparative Advantage. Nova York: Oxford University Press, 2001. (p. 1-68)

[21] HALL, Peter A.; TELLEN, Kathleen. Institutional change in varieties of capitalism. Socio-Economic Review, Oxford (Inglaterra), v. 7, p. 7-34, 2009.

[22] JACKSON, Gregory; APOSTOLAKOU, Androniki. Corporate social responsibility in Western Europe: an institutional mirror or substitute? Journal of Business Ethics, Brandon (Canadá), v. 94, p. 371-394, 2010.

[23] JOHNSON, Richard A.; GREENING, Daniel. W. The effects of corporate governance and institutional ownership types on corporate social performance. Academy of Management Review, Nova York (EUA), v. 42, n. 5, p. 564-576, 1999.

[24] KINDERMANN, Daniel. Why do some countries get CST sooner, and in greater quantity, than others? The political economy of corporate responsibility and the rise of market liberalism across the OECD: 1977-2007. [2009]. WZB Discussion Paper. Disponível em: <http://ideas.repec.org/p/zbw/wzbkpw/spiii2009301.html>. Acesso em: 8 jun. 2012.

[25] LOBEL, Orly. The renew deal: the fall of regulation and the rise of governance in contemporary legal thought. University of Minnesota Law Review, Minnesota (EUA), v. 89, p. 342-470, 2004.

[26] MANCUSO, Wagner Pralon. O empresariado como ator político no Brasil: balanço da literatura e agenda de pesquisa. Revista de Sociologia e Política, Curitiba, n. 28, p. 267-271, jun. 2007.

[27] MANCUSO, Wagner Pralon; OLIVEIRA, Amâncio Jorge de. Abertura econômica, empresariado e política: os planos doméstico e internacional. Lua Nova, São Paulo, v. 69, p. 147-172, 2006.

[28] MATTEN, Dirk; MOON, Jeremy. "Implicit" and "explicit" CSR: a conceptual framework for a comparative understanding of corporate social responsibility. Academy of Management Review, Nova York (EUA), v. 33, p. 404-424, 2008.

[29] MEYER, John W.; ROWAN, Brian. Institutionalized organizations: formal structure as myth and ceremony. American Journal of Sociology, Chicago (EUA), v. 83, n. 2, p. 340-363, set. 1977.

[30] MOHR, Louis A.; WEBB, Deborah J. The effects of corporate social responsibility and price on consumer responses. The Journal of Consumer Affairs, Ithaca (EUA), v. 39, n. 1, p. 121-147, 2005.

[31] NÖLKE, Andreas. A "BRIC" variety of capitalism and social inequality: the case of Brazil. Revista de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre as Américas, Brasília, v. 4, n. 1, p. 1-14, 2010.

[32] ORLITZKY, Marc; SCHMIDT, Frank L.; RYNES, Sara L. Corporate social and financial performance: a meta-analysis. Organization Studies, Lyon (França), v. 24, n. 3, p. 403-441, 2003.

[33] O'ROURKE, Anastasia. A new politics of engagement: shareholder activism for corporate social responsibility. Business Strategy and the Environment, Klong Luang (Tailândia), v. 12, n. 4, p. 227-239, 2003.

[34] OSTROM, Elinor. Collective action and the evolution of social norms. Journal of Economic Perspectives, Pittsburgh (EUA), v. 14, n. 3, p. 137-158, 2000.

[35] OSTROM, Elinor; WALKER, James; GARDNER, Roy. Covenants with and without a sword: self-governance is possible. The American Political cience Review, Washington, D. C. (EUA), v. 86, n. 2, p. 404-417, jun. 1992.

[36] SÁNCHEZ-ANCOCHEA, Diego. State, firms, and the process of industrial upgrading: Latin America's variety of capitalism and the Costa Rican experience. Economy and Society, Londres (Inglaterra), v. 38, n. 1, p. 62-86, fev. 2009.

[37] SCHNEIDER, Ben Ross. Hierarchical market economies and varieties of capitalism in Latin America. Journal of Latin American Studies, Cambridge (Inglaterra), v. 41, n. 3, p. 553-575, 2009.

[38] SCHNEIDER, Ben Ross. Comparing capitalisms: liberal, coordinated, network, and hierarchical varieties. 2008. Disponível em: <http://www.ces.fas.harvard.edu/events/papers/Schneider_Comparing_Capitalisms.pdf>. Acesso em: 20 jun. 2012.

[39] SCHNEIDER, Ben Ross; KARCHER, Sebastian. Complementarities and continuities in the political economy of labour markets in Latin America. Socio-Economic Review, Oxford (Inglaterra), v. 8, p. 623-651, 2010.

[40] SCOTT, W. Richard. Approaching adulthood: the maturing of institutional theory. Theory and Society, Nova York (EUA), v. 37, p. 427-442, 2008.

[41] SHINADA, Mizuho; YAMAGISHI, Toshio. 2008. Bringing back Leviathan into social dilemmas. In: BIEL, A. et al. (Org.). New issues and paradigms in research on social dilemmas Nova York: Springer, 2008, p. 93-123.

[42] SUCHMAN, Mark E. Managing legitimacy: strategic and institutional approaches. Academy of Management Review, Nova York (EUA), v. 20, n. 3, p. 571-610, 1995.

[43] SUNSTEIN, Cass R. On the expressive function of law. University of Pennsylvania Law Review, Pennsylvania (EUA), v. 144, p. 2.021-2.053, 1996.

[44] TRUBEK, David M.; TRUBEK, Louise G. New governance and legal regulation: complementarity, rivalry, and transformation. Columbia Journal of European Law, Columbia (EUA), v. 13, p. 539-564, 2006.

[45] TYLER, Tom R. Promoting employee policy adherence and rule following in work settings: the value of self-regulatory approaches. Brooklyn Law Review, Nova York (EUA), v. 70, n. 4, p. 1.287-1.312, 2005.

[46] ______. Procedural fairness and compliance with the law. Swiss Journal of Economics and Statistics, Zurique (Suíça), v. 133, n. 2/2, p. 219-240, 1997.

[47] WADDOCK, Sandra A.; GRAVES, Samuel B. The corporate social performance-financial performance link. Strategic Management Journal, Chicago (EUA), v. 18, n. 4, p. 303-319, 1997.

Brasil

Brasil

Capitalismo brasileiro e responsabilidade social empresarial

Brazilian capitalism and corporate social responsibility

Resumos

Datas de Publicação

Histórico