Effect of Brachiaria Grass on Vegetative Development of Teak ¹

ABSTRACT

Invasive plants are a limiting factor for the establishment of planted teak (Tectona grandis L.f.) forests, especially because most of them are planted on Urochloa decumbens Stapf degraded pastures. This study evaluated initial teak development applying different control alternatives for U. decumbens . Treatments were no weed control (T1), continuous control of U. decumbens (T2), U. decumbens control after six months of competition (T3), and 60 cm control of U. decumbens around the seedlings (T4). The experiment was established in a pasture, containing U. decumbens, in May 2012. The experimental design was randomized blocks, with four treatments and four replications. Twenty two months after transplanting the seedlings, all treatments in which seedlings had to compete with any weed competition had their growth compromised. Complete control of Urochloa was the best treatment for teak growth.

Keywords:
Tectona grandis L.f.; Urochloa decumbens Stapf; weeds; forest

1. INTRODUCTION

Teak (Tectona grandis L.f.) is a forest species belonging to the family Verbenaceae, native from the humid zones of the Indian sub-continent and Southeast Asia ( ABRAF, 2013 ). This species is an alternative for the sustainable supply of forestry-based industries in Brazil ( Rossi et al., 2011 ). Teak represented a little over 1% of the forest plantations in Brazil, in 2014, with approximately 87,499 ha, which represented an increase of 33.7% in comparison to the planted area in 2010 ( IBÁ, 2015 ).

The importance and value of teak are due to the physical-mechanical properties of the wood, which are: durability, stability and ease of pre-treatment. Additionally, wood pattern, color and density are important qualitative aspects, making teak the most valuable broadleaf wood in the world ( Vieira et al., 2002 ).

Similar to other forest species, teak must be planted and effectively managed from the early development stages. Initial management is essential, since it is the moment in which the plant presents a shallow and delicate root system, together with a little developed shoot that is susceptible to pests and diseases. Thus, the lack of care of the plantation makes the seedlings unable to compete with weeds in the cultivation area.

Brazil has approximately 140 million hectares of degraded areas ( Tatagiba, 2012 ), consisting mostly of grazing land. Surveys show that, at least, one half of the grazing areas are being or are already degraded ( Dias-Filho, 2005 ). Therefore, cattle grazers are introducing forest species into grazing areas, promoting extensive and long term beneficial soil alterations ( Alvarenga et al., 2010 ). Such trees provide greater income from the commercialization of wood ( Balbino et al., 2011 ), as well as promoting a microclimate that promotes greater thermal comfort for the animals when used in silvopastoral or agrosilvopastoral systems ( Garcia et al., 2011 ). Cultivation of homogeneous forests in degraded areas is another interesting option, since it promotes the commercial use of these areas and their recovery over time ( Carvalho et al., 2001 ; Franke et al., 2001 ; Nicodemo et al., 2004 ).

However, seed banks and prior crops that are not eradicated with management practices become a serious source of competition for the natural resources ( Ekeleme et al., 2003 ) with the forest species, drastically affecting the plantation rotation cycle, which is already naturally long. According to Fonseca et al. (2006) , Brazil has about 180 million hectares of grazing land, and the genus Urochloa is planted in 85% of the area, while the species Urochloa decumbens Stapf is used in 55% of this total, thus justifying the need to determine the performance of teak under competition with this grass.

The importance of weed management is due to several factors, especially when one considers that the transplanted seedling undergoes a stress process when it is removed from the container and planted in the soil where it will grow and develop. Therefore, the forest species is frequently subjected to conditions completely different from to those of seedling production. Given this, weeds have a competitive advantage over seedlings, which can have such significant effect that it can lead to seedling death ( Domingos & Coelho, 2014 ).

This competition is considered one of the greatest problems in forest plantations and should be avoided as much as possible in the early formation stages of the forest stand, prior to canopy closure ( Pitelli & Marchi, 1991 ). Competition for light is not as limiting as that for water or nutrients. After the tree crop completely covers the soil surface, weed competition for light ceases ( Locatelly & Doll, 1977 ). The ability of each plant to obtain water is affected by soil exploration by the root system, plant physiology, ability to extract water from soil, stomata regulation, osmotic adjustment, and root hydraulic conductivity, among other factors ( Radosevich et al., 1997 ) and in the case studied here, there is a great advantage of grasses over teak due to the significant seed density of the grasses in such areas ( Santos et al., 2003 ). The combination of water and nutrients that should be used for the development of the planted crop, stimulates the germination of grass seeds, present in the seed bank, which due to their greater ability to absorb nutrients and faster growth, suppress or hinder teak’s development ( Domingos & Coelho, 2014 ).

Considering that low productivity grazing areas can be replaced by homogeneous teak plantations, or that inter-planting can be done with forage and forest species, this study evaluated the vegetative development of this important forest species in a Urochloa pasture, without its control, with complete weed control, or with weed control after 6 months of competition, or with 60-cm diameter crown control around teak seedlings.

2. MATERIAL AND METHODS

This study was conducted on the P.U. Farm, located in the county of Urutaí/GO, at an altitude of 660 m and coordinates 17°27’ S and 48°16’ W, with Aw climate, according to Köppen’s classification ( Alvares et al., 2013 ). The results of chemical and physical soil analysis (0-20 cm), at planting, were: Ca²⁺ 0.3 cmol_c dm^-3, Mg²⁺ 0.8 cmol_c dm ^-3, Al³⁺ 0.0 cmol_c dm^-3, H+Al 2.7 cmol_c dm^-3, T 4.24 cmol_c dm^-3, P-Meh 2.4 mg dm^-3 , K⁺ 168.0 mg dm^-3, O.M. 21.0 g dm^-3, pH in CaCl₂ 5.0, clay 340 g kg^-1, silt 90 g kg^-1, sand 570 g kg^-1. Despite the soil analysis results, planting was performed according to the management strategies adopted by the farmers in the region, without soil acidity correction by liming, and applying fertilization of 150 g of formulated 05-25-15 per plant, applied below the seedling at the time of transplanting.

The experimental design was randomized blocks, consisting of four treatments and four replications. Each experimental unit consisted of five rows spaced at three meters, and nine plants per row, spaced two meters apart. Only the five central plants in the middle row were used for measurements, considering the other rows to be borders, as well as two plants at each end of the row.

The experiment demanded no phytosanitary treatments since it was isolated from other plantations and had no incidence of fungal diseases nor pests, except for the control of leaf cutting ants, which was performed by the personnel of the farm.

The experiment was installed in a well-formed pasture area, planted with Urochloa decumbens, with no invasive species, in May 2012. Teak seedlings used in the experiment were formed in the nursery on the farm. Teak fruits were harvested from the best and oldest teak stand on the farm, placed in jute sacks, submerged in running water of a creek for 24 hours and then sown in a sand bed. Seedlings containing two true leaves were transplanted from the sand bed to 2-L polyethylene bags containing soil and, sixty days later were ready for transplanting into the field.

The soil was plowed to open 40-cm deep furrows and, subsequently, 15- cm wide planting holes were dug, to transplant the seedlings. Seedlings were watered daily with approximately one liter per plant, for two months after transplanting into the field to ensure seedling survival.

Six months after transplanting, at the end of October, the area was subjected to the proposed treatments, which coincided with the rainy season and higher temperatures, resulting in favorable conditions for germination and development of Urochloa grass. Treatments consisted of no control of grass (T1), constant control of grass (T2), grass control after six months of competition, (T3), and control of grass in a 60-cm crown around the seedling (T4). Treatments T1, T2 and T3 were maintained in the whole experimental unit, while for T4, the crowns were made individually in each plant. All treatments were maintained until final data collection in March 2014. Treatments T2 and T3 were maintained with the herbicide GOAL* BR, active ingredient Oxifluorfem (4.0 L ha^-1 or 960 g a.i. ha^-1), every other month, with the use of 20-L backpack sprayer, with a 110-02 fan spraying nozzle, adjusted for a volume of 200 L ha^-1 . Treatment T4 was maintained weekly by hoeing the crowns.

Diameter at breast height (DBH) and total height of the five central trees of each plot were measured twenty two months after transplanting. Diameter was determined with a digital caliper, and height was measured using a graduated 8-m pole.

Cylindrical volume was corrected by a form factor (f) to estimate the real volume of each tree and, thereby the stand volume. According to Drescher et al. (2010) , the form factor that most closely matches the conditions found in this experiment was 0.64.

Data was initially submitted to Levene’s test, to determine the homogeneity of variances, which was accepted. Also, Kolmogorov-Smirnov’s test confirmed that the distribution of the residues was normal. Subsequently, the data was submitted to analysis of variance, according to the model of randomized blocks and the averages compared by Tukey’s test at 0.05 significance. All the analyses were done with ASSISTAT version 7.7 beta ( Silva & Azevedo, 2002 ). An estimative of the gain of each treatment in relation to the treatment under continuous competition was done.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Since this forest species is cultivated almost exclusively for the timber industry, the parameters evaluated must show the effect the proposed treatments have on the quality of the product sent for processing. Height and diameter are fundamental to obtain long, wide blocks and boards, which are the most valuable on the market. Similarly, wood volume is of great importance in terms of final remuneration for the forest owner.

The experiment conducted in Urutaí, clearly shows the effect of Urochloa decumbens competition on initial teak development, with plant height being one of the main factors to be analyzed ( Table 1 ). It was found that the only treatment significantly different from the others was the complete control of weed competition (T2). No significant differences were observed between any other weed control treatments, nor in relation to the control, which had no weed control.

Table 1
Height of teak subjected to four levels of Urochloa decumbens competition. Urutaí, GO, 2014.

Treatment	Height (m)	Gain (%)
T1 – No control	3.37 b	-
T2 – Total control	5.47 a	62.31
T3 – Crown (60 cm diameter)	4.00 b	18.69
T4 – No control for the first 6 months	4.08 b	21.07
CV (%)	11.38
msd	1.0695

• Averages followed by the same letter do not differ by Tukey’s test at 5% probability;
• msd = 1.0635.

Silva et al. (2012) evaluated eucalypt development under different weed control bands in two locations. The main weed in Araraquara was Panicum maximum Jacq, while Rhynchelytrum repens Willd. was predominant in Altinópolis and, for both areas, a minimum band of 75 cm width was required to minimize weed interference in eucalypt development. This demonstrates the great effect of weeds on crop development. By contrast, in this study, maintaining a 60-cm diameter crown around teak (T3) and the treatment with no weed control for six months (T4) showed no significant difference from the treatment with no weed control (T1), demonstrating the need to widen the control band or to completely control weed competition by Urochloa with teak.

Another important parameter is the diameter at breast height since, together with plant height, it determines wood volume. Similarly to what was observed for plant height, diameter presented significant differences for one treatment in relation to the others, at 5% probability ( Table 2 ), with only the treatment with no weed competition being favorable for teak development.

Table 2
Diameter at breast height (DBH) of teak subjected to four levels of Urochloa decumbens competition. Urutaí, GO, 2014.

Treatment	DBH (cm)	Gain (%)
T1 – No control	4.47 b	-
T2 – Total control	8.10 a	81.21
T3 – Crown (60 cm diameter)	5.31 b	18.79
T4 – No control for the first 6 months	5.44 b	21.70
CV (%)	12.49
msd	1.6088

• Averages followed by the same letter do not differ by Tukey’s test at 5% probability; msd = 1.6088.

Tarouco et al. (2009) , studying the effect of weeds on eucalypt plantations found that weed competition causes a reduction in stem diameter, similarly to what was observed in teak. Those authors found that weed control measures, during the first year after transplanting eucalypt seedlings into the field, should be adopted at the end of the period prior to interference, which occurred 107 days after seedling transplanting.

The comparison of the volume data highlighted even more, the gain of the weed control treatments in relation to the control ( Table 3 ). These values are of fundamental importance, since forest farmers are paid directly for the wood volume produced by the stand.

Table 3
Plant volume (V_p) and volume ha^-1 (V_ha) of teak subjected to four levels of Urochloa decumbens competition. Urutaí, GO, 2014.

Treatment	Vp (m3)	Vha	Gain (%)
T1 – No control	0.00361 b	6.02237 b	-
T2 – Total control	0.01816 a	30.24762 a	402.27
T3 – Crown (60 cm diameter)	0.00605 b	10.07552 b	67.46
T4 – No control for the first 6 months	0.00629 b	10.48154 b	74.04
CV (%)	29.08

• Averages followed by the same letter do not differ by Tukey’s test at 5% probability; msd (V_p) = 0.00548; msd (V_ha) = 9.13104.

Volume values maintained the same variation observed in the previous data, since continuous weed control resulted in greater volume than all other treatments, which showed no difference between each another. Greater tree growth tends to continue throughout the whole production cycle, favoring greater wood production in relation to trees subjected to any competition intensity with Urochloa.

It is interesting to note that treatments T3 (60-cm crown) and T4 (no control for 6 months) had similar volumes. Thus, it can be stated that weed control within a 60-cm diameter crown has almost no effect on reducing weed competition. Additionally, allowing the co-existence of weed competition for the first six months of transplanting is enough to significantly reduce teak growth, demonstrating that the period prior to interference is less than 180 days, as determined by Tarouco et al. (2009) for eucalypt plantations.

Although the trees under constant competition (T1) presented the smallest values for all variables, the difference was marginal and non-significant in relation to the treatments with some degree of weed control (T3 and T4). Therefore, it is worth noting how important the first six months are for the establishment of teak plantations in areas that were previously pasture land. Moreover, maintaining weed control to a 60-cm diameter crown is ineffective, since both treatments (T3 and T4) were similar to the constant presence of Urochloa grass in the area.

Data on percentage gain, as show in each table, demonstrates that greater gain was observed in diameter at breast height than in tree height for treatment T2 (constant control of weeds), highlighting that diameter is more affected by competition than height is. However, such a difference is even more expressive when data on diameter and height are combined into the volume, since the percentage gain increases by 67.46% in T3, 74.04% in T4 and by an impressive 402.27% in T2.

The evident sensitivity of teak to competition shows the importance of weed management for the success of forest stands, not only in relation to the duration of stand development until harvesting time, but also in relation to the production of trees with the properties that are desired by the timber industry, as observed by Coneglian (2014) .

4. CONCLUSIONS

The best weed management strategy to obtain the greatest vegetative development in teak is complete elimination of weeds, while partial control, such as crowning around each plant was insufficient.

Teak plants grown under competition with Urochloa show reduced vegetative development, both in diameter and height. Such a reduction in diameter and height causes an even more significant reduction in tree volume.

• 1
  This article is part of the Master’s dissertation of the first author.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  30 July 2018
• Date of issue
  2018

History

• Received
  24 Mar 2017
• Accepted
  05 Oct 2017