Controlled-Release Fertilizer on Growth of Melanoxylon brauna Schott Seedlings

ABSTRACT

Melanoxylon brauna is a tree species native to the Atlantic Forest of high ecological and economic value. The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth and nutritional status of seedlings of two Melanoxylon brauna cultivars grown in substrate with different controlled-release fertilizer doses (CRF). The experiment was arranged in a randomized block 4 × 2 factorial design, with four CRF doses (0, 2, 4, and 8 kg m^-3) and two seed origins (Viçosa-MG and Linhares-ES), with four replicates and 126 seedlings per plot. At 60, 90, and 120 days after emergence, seedlings were collected to measure variables related to emergence, growth, and nutrition. The greatest growth and best nutritional status were found for seedlings originated from seeds collected in Linhares at CRF dose of 8 kg m^-3. On the other hand, seedlings originated from seeds collected in Viçosa showed low emergence and high plant mortality.

Keywords:
brauna; plant propagation; forestry; forest legume; forest nutrition

1. INTRODUCTION

Melanoxylon brauna Schott (Fabaceae-Caesalpinioideae), common name brauna, is a tree native to the Atlantic slope rainforest of the Northeastern and Southeastern regions of Brazil (Lorenzi, 2008). The species was described by Brito & Carvalho (2014) as a late secondary and has great ecological and economic importance. Adult individuals are typically between 15 and 20 m in height and 40 to 80 cm in diameter (Lorenzi, 2008). The wood has recognized quality and durability, dark brown nearly black color in mature trees, and great economic value (Lorenzi, 2008).

Intense exploitation and lack of reforestation have led the species to be included in the official list of Brazilian flora threatened with extinction, with few forest fragments remaining with individuals of this species, which are usually small and isolated. Carvalho et al. (2007) reported that M. brauna has rarely been recorded in floristic surveys, which threatens the species conservation and warns of the need to preserve forest fragments with specific floristic diversity.

In spite of the great environmental value and potential for M. brauna lumber, there is lack of information on its forestry practices. Reports on means and strategies of M. brauna propagation is scarce in literature, therefore studies addressing seed technology, seminal or clonal seedling production, and initial growth in the field are urgently needed.

Controlled-release fertilizers (CRF) is a technology in fertilizer industry that has been increasingly used in tree seedling producing nurseries. Although costly, CRF technology has clear advantages to reduce production costs due to better area utilization as a result of reduction in crop cycle, labor, and operations, as well as optimization of space, water, and energy.

Controlled-release fertilizers technology consist of encapsulated materials coated by polymers deliberately made to allow for slow release of the active nutrient, maintaining prolonged nutrient release in synchronization with plant metabolic needs. CRF technology is designed to have optimal nutrient release, that is, the nutrient release rate corresponds to the maximum rate of nutrient uptake by plants, which varies dynamically during the plant growth stages over the growing season (Irfan et al., 2018).

Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze the growth, quality, and nutritional status of seedlings of two M. brauna cultivars grown in substrate with different rates of controlled-release fertilizer (CRF). The hypothesis tested was that CRF doses influence the growth and nutrition of M. brauna seedlings from two origins.

2. MATERIAL AND METHODS

The experiment was conducted in a forest nursery located in the experimental area of ​​the Department of Forestry and Wood - Federal University of Espírito Santo (DCFM-CCA-UFES) (20° 47’ S latitude and 41° 23’ W longitude, 120 m a.s.l.), in the municipality of Jerônimo Monteiro, ES, from July to November, 2017. The climate of the region is Cwa (dry winter and rainy summer), according to Köppen classification, with 24.1 °C annual average temperature and 1104 mm average annual rainfall (Maia et al., 2007).

M. brauna seeds were purchased from companies licensed from the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply (MAPA), with the assurance that they were collected in the municipalities of Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil, and Linhares, Espírito Santo, Brazil (Table 1).

Table 1
Climate data of Viçosa-MG and Linhares-ES.

Municipality	Köppen Classification	Average rainfall	Days per year with rainfall	Average compensated temperature	Average altitude	Relative humidity	Sunshine
	(1948)	(mm year-1)				(%)	hours
Viçosa	Cwa	1289	92	20.1	690	80.3	2.098.2
Linhares	Aw	1267	116	24.0	33	83	2.182.3

The experiment was arranged in a randomized block 4 × 2 factorial design, with four CRF doses (0, 2, 4, and 8 kg m^-3) and two seed origins (Viçosa-MG and Linhares-ES), with four replicates and 126 seedlings per plot.

Table 2 shows the physicochemical characteristics of CRF Basacote® Mini 6M, with 13-6-16 formulation. Each experimental unit consisted of 126 seedlings, totaling 4032 initial plots.

Table 2
Physicochemical characteristics of the controlled-release fertilizer.

N	P2O5	K2O	Mg	S	Fe	Cu	Mn	Mo	Grain diameter	1000 seed weight
%									Mm	g
13.00	6.00	16.00	1.40	10.00	0.26	0.05	0.06	0.015	1.5 – 2.5	9.58

• Source: Manufacturer.

The different CRF doses were added to the commercial substrate (Pinus bark, vermiculite, agroindustrial organic waste class A, wood sawdust, horse manure, NPK; 55% moisture) before filling of tubes, so that all received equal amounts of granules, according to each treatment. Samples were collected from the substrate prior to experiment installation for chemical characterization (Table 3).

Table 3
Physicochemical characterization of the substrate.

pH	N	P	K	Ca	Mg	S	CE	Density
(H2O)	g kg-1						mS cm-1	g cm-3
6.2.	11.5	9.0	5.2	15.0	7.2	4.5	0.4	0.35

Seeds were sown at depth of 0.3 cm in 280-cm³ polypropylene tubes (external dimension: 64.5 mm; internal dimension: 52 mm; height: 190 mm), one seed per tube, and placed on benches under 50% shade intensity. Seed dormancy breaking was carried out by mechanical scarification with 120 grit sandpaper until visible tegument wear on the opposite side to the hilum. Seeds were disinfested by agitation in 70% alcohol for one minute, then in sodium hypochlorite solution (2%) for five minutes and rinsed three times in distilled water.

Emergence (E, in percentage %) was calculated by equation proposed in Seed Analysis Guidelines (Brasil, 2009). Speed of emergence index (SEI), considering emerged seedlings those with cotyledons completely above substrate level, and mean emergence time (MET, days) were analyzed.

At 60, 90 and 120 days after emergence (DAE), the following variables were determined: mortality (M, in percentage, %); shoot height (H, cm), from the collar (at ground level) to the base of the highest leaf, with a ruler; collar diameter (CD, mm), at the edge of the tube, with digital caliper; the increase in H and CD at 90 and 120 DAE by subtracting values ​​observed on the previous month from those at the evaluation time; leaf number (LN), by counting the number of visible leaves; leaf chlorophyll content (CFT, ug cm^-2), by sampling middle leaves on seedlings with SPAD-502 portable chlorophyll meter.

To determine shoot dry mass (SDM; g) and root dry mass (RDM; g), four seedlings were randomly collected per replicate at 120 DAE and separated into shoot and root. Roots were washed from soil with tap water and length of the main root was measured with a ruler (RL, cm). The material was packed in brown paper bags and placed in a forced air oven at 65 °C to constant weight. SDM and RDM were weighed using analytical scale (0.0001 g accuracy). TDM (g plant^-1) corresponded to the sum of SDM and RDM. These variables were used to determine the Díckson Quality Index (DQI).

After oven drying, SDM of plants was milled in a stainless steel Willey® mill and sieved through a 20-mesh sieve to determine the nutritional content of phosphorus (Pg kg^-1), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sulfur (S¹). The accumulation of each nutrient in shoots was obtained by multiplying the nutrient content by SDM.

Data were analyzed by analysis of variance and when significant differences were verified by the F test at 5%, means of the two origins were compared by the Tukey test at 5% and 1% probability levels and fertilizer doses were submitted to regression analysis to determine the optimum CRF dose for each variable, using the first derivative of estimators β0 and β1. Equations were chosen based on the significance of parameters, t-test, biological meaning and realism of models (linear and quadratic), and determination coefficient (R²). The software used to analyze data was SISVAR 5.4 (Ferreira, 2014).

3. RESULTS

The analysis of variance (Table 4) showed isolated effect (p ≤ 0.05) of M. brauna seed origin for ESI, E, M 90 DAE, and M 120 DAE. Seeds from Viçosa-MG had low ESI, with very low final emergence percentage, which, together with the high mortality of the few individuals surviving at 90 and 120 DAE, made the continuity of the experiment with this origin unfeasible. It was found that CRF doses had no effect (p> 0.05) on variables related to the emergence of M. brauna seedlings.

Table 4
Analysis of variance and mean test for emergence speed index (ESI), emergence (E,%), mean emergence time (MET, days), and mortality at 60, 90, and 120 days (M, %) after sowing Melanoxylon brauna seeds of two origins submitted to different CRF doses.

SV	DF	Mean square
		ESI	E	MET	M 60	M 90	M 120
			(%)	(days)	(%)	(%)	(%.)
Origin	3	1.209**	82.34**	0.6980ns	2.771ns	24.577*	107.534*
Rate	1	0.0057ns	0.230ns	0.2609ns	4.085ns	5.901ns	3.109ns
D × P	3	0.012ns	0.701ns	0.340ns	2.345ns	3.806ns	5.504ns
Block	3	0.014ns	0.727ns	0.3185ns	17.44ns	2.324ns	4.101ns
Error	21	0.0059	0.321	0.300	4.649	8.319	2.584
CV %		6.08	15.35	13.98	60.93	52.15	22.05
Mean ES		1.160 a	27.48 a	15.59 a	14.84 a	21.90 a	29.48 a
Mean MG		0.162 b	3.67 b	13.81 a	18.95 a	51.97 b	87.29 b

• ^*
  and ** = significant at level of 5% and 1% probability by the test F respectively; ns = non significant at 5% probability.

CRF doses showed no significant influence (p> 0.05) on H of M. brauna seedlings from Linhares-ES at 60 days; however, they promoted an increasing linear growth (p ≤ 0.05) at 90 and 120 days after emergence. The maximum increase in H between 60 and 90 DAE (7.94 cm plant^-1 month^-1) was obtained at CRF dose of 7.12 kg m^-3 (Table 5). The best fit for the increase in H between 90 and 120 DAE was quadratic, where the maximum height of 5.34 cm plant^-1 month^-1 was obtained with CRF dose of 7.12 kg m^-3.

Table 5
Estimates based on the effect of controlled-release fertilizer doses on variables height (H, cm), increment (Inc, cm), collar diameter CD, mm), leaf number (LN), and leaf chlorophyll (LC) of Melanoxylon brauna seedlings.

Variable	Equation	R2	Optimal dose	Estimated maximum value
H 60	$ns=(\widehat{Y}=\overline{Y}=3.21)$	-	-	-
H 90	$\widehat{Y}=5.132+0.7924**x$	0.88	8.00	11.47 cm plant-1
H120	$\widehat{Y}=6.5702+1.3377**x$	0.86	8.00	17.27 cm plant-1
Inc H90	$\widehat{Y}=2.1597+0.7229**x$	0.86	8.00	7.94 cm plant-1momth-1
Inc H120	$\widehat{Y}=0.7057+1.303**x-0.09145**x^2$	0.97	7.12	5.34 cm plant-1momth -1
CD 60	$ns(\widehat{Y}=\overline{Y}=1.61)$	-	-	-
CD 90	$\widehat{Y}=1.4835+0.1297**x$	0.83	8.00	2.52 mm plant-1
CD 120	$\widehat{Y}=1.82745+0.17524**x$	0.81	8.00	3.22 mm plant-1
Inc DC90	$\widehat{Y}=0.181+0.2904**x-0.0239**x^2$	0.98	6.07	1.06 mm plant-1momth -1
Inc DC120	$\widehat{Y}=0.258716+0.1335**x-0.0239**x^2$	0.98	6.28	0.67 mm plant-1momth -1
LN 60	$ns(\widehat{Y}=\overline{Y}=9.86)$	-	-	-
LN 90	$\widehat{Y}=4.968+2.055**x-0.149311**x^2$	0.99	6.88	12.03 Un. plant-1
LN 120	$\widehat{Y}=5.139+2.518**x-0.1887**x^2$	0.99	6.67	13.54 Un. plant-1
LC 60	$\widehat{Y}=25.97805+1.21621**x$	0.84	8.00	35.70 ug cm2plant-
LC 90	$\widehat{Y}=28.159+3.137*x-0.2786*x^2$	0.97	5.62	36.99 ug cm2plant-
LC 120	$\widehat{Y}=21.079+4.767**x-0.37243**x^2$	0.99	6.39	36.33 ug cm2plant-

• ^*
  and ** = significant at 5% and 1% of probability levels by the test F respectively; ns = non significant at 5% probability.

There was no significant difference (p> 0.05) among CRF doses for increase in CD of M. brauna seedlings at 60 DAE. However, at 90 and 120 DAE, regardless of CRF dose, increase in CD of M. brauna seedlings was higher than the mean increase of control seedlings, without CRF incorporated into the substrate. The growth trend was linearly increasing at 90 and 120 days (Table 5). The increase in CD was greater from 60 to 90 days and CRF dose of 6.07 kg m^-3 promoted the highest growth in this period. Thus, it is possible to infer that plants of this species are very responsive to initial fertilization in the seedling phase, mainly at 60 DAE.

The quadratic model provided the best explanation of the effect of CRF doses at ages of 90 and 120 DAE on leaf number (LN), with maximum yields of 12.03 and 13.54 leaf plant^-1 obtained with CRF dosesd of 6.88 and 6.67 kg m^-3. Leaf chlorophyll (LC) showed two growth trends: at 60 DAE, growth was linearly increasing, and at 90 and 120 DAE, growth was quadratic and optimal CRF doses were 5.62 and 6.39 kg m^-3 (Table 5).

For root length (RL), the production of SDM, RDM, TDM, and DQI had predominant linearly increasing behavior, achieving the highest means at CRF dose of 8.00 kg m^-3 (Table 6).

Table 6
Estimates based on the effect of controlled-release fertilizer doses on variables root length (RL, cm), shoot dry mass (SDM, g), root dry mass (RDM, g), total dry mass (TDM, g), Dickson quality index (DQI), and nutrient accumulation (A, mg) of phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sulfur in the shoots (SH) of Melanoxylon brauna seedlings from Linhares-ES at 120 DAE.

Variable	Equation	R2	Optimal dose	Estimated maximum value
RL	$\widehat{Y}=18.2150+2.0725**x$	0.86	8.00	34.79 cm plant-1
SDM	Ŷ = 0.11788 + 0.412254**x	0.99	8.00	3.41 g plant -1
RDM	$\widehat{Y}=-0.00991+0.08763**x$	0.98	8.00	0.69 g plant -1
TDM	$\widehat{Y}=0.10797+0.49989**x$	0.99	8.00	4.10 g plant -1
DQI	$\widehat{Y}=0.00617+0.04851**x$	0.99	8.00	0.39
APSH	$\widehat{Y}=0.83857+1.9081**x$	0.78	8.00	16.10 mg plant -1
ACaSH	$\widehat{Y}=0.5143+2.2617**x$	0.79	8.00	18.60 mg plant -1
AMgSH	$\widehat{Y}=0.0396+0.5605**x$	0.81	8.00	4.52 mg plant -1
ASSH	$\widehat{Y}=0.079096+0.5833**x$	0.96	8.00	4.74 mg plant -1

• ^**
  = significant at the level of 5% and 1% of probability by the test F respectively; ns = non significant at 5% probability.

The nutritional evaluation of phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, and sulfur showed the same trend, in which CRF dose of 8.00 kg m^-3 promoted the greatest accumulation of nutrients in SDM of Melanoxylon brauna seedlings (Table 6).

4. DISCUSSION

The results for variable emergence of M. brauna from Viçosa-MG suggest that there might be problems of viability and/or storage of seeds, since the emergence percentage was very low. Literature reports add support to this explanation, showing that the species has large temperature range for germination, from 12.1 to 43 °C, and optimum temperature of 27 °C, which was confirmed by the electrical conductivity test (Flores et al., 2014). In this study, seeds were germinated in July, and at this time, the average temperatures were possibly below this value. However, Borges et al. (2015), analyzing germination and vigor responses of M. brauna seeds (from Leopoldina, MG) to eight-month storage under relative humidity of 55, 75, and 93% and temperature of 20 °C, found that the germination speed and percentage decrease with increasing water level in the environment, and in storage environments with 75 and 93%, seeds tend to die due to stressful moisture conditions.

Another possible explanation would be related to the natural geographical distribution of M. brauna. According to Dyer et al. (2007), species from tropical regions are exposed to adverse edaphoclimatic conditions, and this environmental heterogeneity combined with natural selection results in genetically distinct populations. Thus, in forest restoration projects, the introduction of non-local populations may bring problems for the survival of these individuals, which may not be well adapted to the environmental conditions of the new site compared with local genotypes, and such adaptation is referred to as fitness (Humphrey & Schupp, 2002).

The results of variables related to seedling growth and nutrition validated the hypothesis that CRF promotes the growth and nutritional status of M. brauna seedlings. The linear regression model adjusted for most variables did not allow predicting the optimum dose or maximum technical efficiency for the seedlings of this species. This result indicates that there may be even greater gains in the growth of seedlings of this species with application of higher CRF doses. It was found that under the conditions of this experiment, CRF dose of 8.00 kg m^-3 promoted the highest growth and nutritional quality of M. brauna seedlings.

H, CD, RDM, and TDM stand out as variables used to evaluate the growth and quality of tree seedlings and may be correlated with survival and growth of seedlings in the field. As CRF doses increased, significant gains were observed in nutrient accumulation in shoots, and increments at optimum doses (8 kg m^-3) were 19.2; 36.1; 9.61 and 59.99 times greater for P, Ca, Mg, and S, respectively, than control without CRF.

In the recovery of degraded areas, high quality and well-nourished seedlings with maximum vigor in the nursery can establish more quickly in the field in adverse conditions, going through the early and critical growth stages more quickly. A vigorous root system can, in the field, recover and increase microbiological activity in the soil, in addition to contributing to biomass increase, favoring soil aggregation and structuring.

An important finding is that increases in H and CD at 120 DAE were smaller than those at 90 DAE. This result may be due to the growth behavior of species at higher CRF doses, with seedlings having earlier limitation of space available in the tube, which may have influenced root growth and plant metabolism. This hypothesis is supported by observations in the experiment, as species grows a long pivotal root, which rapidly reaches the bottom of the tube and undergoes oxidation. This fact may also have resulted in increased mortality percentage in the period from 60 to 120 DAE. It is also worth noting that both maximum height of 17.27 cm and collar diameter of 3.22 mm at 120 DAE were below values proposed by Gonçalves et al. (2000) as a good quality standard for seedlings of forest species.

Information is scarce on the production of M. brauna seedlings and the final stage in the nursery, when seedlings are sent to the field, thus, these studies are fundamental to compare optimal growth indices. In general, studies have shown that forest species respond positively to CRF addition to the substrate. Navroski et al. (2016) found that cedar seedlings (Cedrelafissilis) show good growth when 5 kg m^-3 of CRF are incorporated into the substrate. Rosa et al. (2018) verified improvement in growth of Moringa oleifera seedling when using controlled-release fertilizer at dose of 5.37 kg m^-3 substrate.

This trend was also reported by Rossa et al. (2015), who verified that CRF application results in significant growth gains for cohoba tree (Anadenanthera peregrina) and Brazilian peppertree seedlings (Schinus terebinthifolius), with the best doses for cohoba tree between 5.54 and 6.68 kg m^-3 and for Brazilian peppertree between 8.38 and 14.42 kg m^-3. Dutra et al. (2016) concluded that yellow poinciana (Peltophorum dubium) seedlings responded to CRF, showing best growth and quality standard at doses between 5.4 and 8.2 g dm^-3.

There is increasing interest in information on silvicultural practices for Brazilian tree species, mainly after the country’s commitment to the Paris Agreement, 2015, to fight climate change by reforesting 12 million hectares by 2030. Despite remarkable advances in native forest silviculture, studies are needed to establish the optimal nutritional conditions for each cultivated species. Considering that increments for Melanoxylon brauna began to decrease over time, further studies should be carried out focusing on CRF doses higher than those tested in the present study and containers for seedling production with larger volume capacity and longer height.

5. CONCLUSION

Based on total dry mass, CRF dose of 8.00 kg m^-3 is recommended to increase the growth in seedling production of M. brauna seeds originated from Linhares-ES.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The present work was carried out with the support of Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Código de Financiamento 001; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e Inovação do Espírito Santo (FAPES), Secretaria de Estado de Agricultura, Abastecimento, Aquicultura e Pesca do Estado do Espírito Santo (SEAG) and Rosal Energia through the Technical Cooperation Agreement Process No.: 23068.010686/2012-18.

• FINANCIAL SUPPORT Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Código de Financiamento 001; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e Inovação do Espírito Santo (FAPES), Secretaria de Estado de Agricultura, Abastecimento, Aquicultura e Pesca do Estado do Espírito Santo (SEAG); Rosal Energia Convênio de Cooperação técnica Nº de processo: 23068.010686/2012-18.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  05 Sept 2019
• Date of issue
  2019

History

• Received
  01 Nov 2018
• Accepted
  04 Dec 2018