Is similar the distribution of Chironomidae (Diptera) and Oligochaeta (Annelida, Clitellata) in a river and a lateral fluvial area?

A distribuição de Chironomidae (Diptera) e Oligochaeta (Annelida, Clitellata) é similar em um rio e área fluvial lateral?

Abstracts

Abstract

Numerous factors may affect the pattern of distribution of benthic fauna in a river mouth region and, among the macroinvertebrates, Chironomidae and Oligochaeta are the most abundant groups and most tolerant to environmental changes.

Aim

The aim of this study was to evaluate the controlling factors of and a possible similarity between Chironomidae and Oligochaeta assemblies at two close sites, the mouth of the Guareí River into the Paranapanema River (São Paulo, Brazil) and its lateral fluvial area.

Methods

Fauna samples were collected every three months during one year. Water physical and chemical variables and sediment variables were also determined in the same period.

Results

Both assemblies presented low density variability over time in the lateral area due to sediment characteristics and environmental factors. Taxa Caladomyia, Parachironomus, Pristina sp., Pristina osborni, Bothrioneurum and Opistocysta funiculus were recorded at this site. The Guareí River presented both greater temporal and spatial variations, attributed mainly to a reduction in the water level. Greater organism abundance, especially of Chironomus and Tubificinae, was observed in the river.

Conclusions

Dissimilarity in temporal and spatial distributions of Chironomidae and Oligochaeta was attributed to peculiar characteristics of the two study sites, a river channel and a lateral area. Reduction in the water level over the year was the main controlling factor of Chironomidae and Oligochaeta richness and density in the river. In the lateral area, the presence and abundance of certain taxa were determined by the nature of the sediment and water physical and chemical variables.

Keywords:
mouth zone; water level; sediment; macroinvertebrates

Resumo

Diversos fatores podem afetar o padrão de distribuição da fauna bentônica em regiões de desembocadura de rios e, entre os macroinvertebrados, Chironomidae e Oligochaeta são os grupos mais abundantes e tolerantes às alterações ambientais.

Objetivo

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a possível similaridade e os fatores controladores entre as assembleias de Chironomidae e Oligochaeta em dois locais próximos, a zona de desembocadura do rio Guareí no rio Paranapanema (SP, Brasil) e sua área fluvial lateral.

Métodos

As amostras de fauna foram coletadas a cada três meses durante um ano. As variáveis ​​físico-químicas da água e sedimento também foram determinadas no mesmo período.

Resultados

Ambas as assembleias apresentaram baixa variabilidade temporal nas densidades na área lateral devido às características do sedimento e dos fatores ambientais. Caladomyia, Parachironomus, Pristina sp., Pristina osborni, Bothrioneurum e Opistocysta funiculus foram registradas neste local. O rio Guareí apresentou maiores variações temporais e espaciais atribuídas principalmente a uma redução no nível da água. Elevada abundância de organismos, especialmente de Chironomus e Tubificinae, foram observadas no rio.

Conclusões

A dissimilaridade na distribuição temporal e espacial de Chironomidae e Oligochaeta foi atribuída às características peculiares dos dois locais de estudo, o canal do rio e a área lateral. A redução do nível de água ao longo do ano foi o principal fator controlador da riqueza e densidade de Chironomidae e Oligochaeta no rio. Na área lateral, a presença e a abundância de determinados taxa foram atribuídas à natureza do sedimento e às variáveis ​​físicas e químicas da água.

Palavras-chave:
zona de desembocadura; nível da água; sedimento; macroinvertebrados

1. Introduction

Wetlands lateral to water courses are commonly observed in medium and large size basins. The ensemble formed by a river main channel and its secondary branches and lakes makes up a large ecologic unit, a floodplain (Neiff, 2003).

Floodplains are a complex habitat mosaic that interconnects aquatic and terrestrial environments along a lateral gradient (Ward & Stanford, 1995). The connection between the river and the marginal lentic ecosystems is determined by variations in the hydrological level of the water course over the year. The hydrologic pulse is the main controlling factor of aquatic fauna composition, richness and abundance on floodplains (Junk et al., 1989; Martins & Henry, 2004). Variation in the connectivity between floodplain environments is determined by flood pulse amplitude and frequency, which result in differences in potamophase (flood) and limnophase (isolation of lateral aquatic ecosystems) during the year (Neiff, 1997; Dawidek & Ferencz, 2016). Pulse intensity determines variations in floodplain lake morphometric parameters dependent on the topography of the landscape where it is located (Ferencz & Dawidek, 2016). Obolewski et al. (2015) demonstrated that the connectivity of the Lyna River (NE, Poland) to marginal oxbow lakes has a significant effect on the structure of lacustrine macroinvertebrates. In contrast, Montalto & Paggi (2006) reported that variations in the water level, degree of disconnection and gradual desiccation of an area marginal to the Paraná River did not limit the distribution and abundance of Chironomidae.

Distinct floodplain aquatic phases may lead to variations in habitat (river, channel and lake) uniformity or heterogeneity. In the potamophase, habitat similarity results from the connectivity produced by the flood pulse (Thomaz et al., 2007; Zilli & Marchese, 2011). In lateral environments during the isolation phase, habitat heterogeneity caused by the decrease in the water level results in singular biotic assemblies (Montalto & Paggi, 2006; Mesa et al., 2012).

The mouth zones of rivers into reservoirs, called artificial wetlands, are generally made up of a set of aquatic environments apparently permanently connected to the rivers (Junk et al., 2014). The connection between marginal lacustrine environments and the mouth zone tributaries is maintained as a function of the water mass accumulated in their basins, expressed by the residence time (volume/flow), forming an extensive wet area. The large volume of water retained by dams, together with the system operation, is responsible for a strong attenuation of the tributaries' water pulses at the confluence with reservoirs (Henry, 2005) The alternation of two phases (potamophase and limnophase) in wetlands during the year is not a characteristic commonly observed at mouth sites (Henry et al., 2011). Aquatic areas marginal to rivers form an apparently uniform large set, given the association between both environments and the similarity between aquatic organism habitats.

A group of aquatic organisms especially important in fresh water ecosystems due to the role they play is benthic invertebrates. They participate in essential ecological processes, accelerating the decomposition of organic detritus, releasing nutrients through their feeding, excretion and sediment bioturbation. As predators, they control the density of their preys and are food sources for other organisms, such as fish (Covich et al., 1999).

Benthic macroinvertebrates are very sensitive to physical and chemical disturbances (Furse et al., 2006; Jesús-Crespo & Ramírez, 2011), since they cause a reduction in the diversity and abundance of their assemblies and an increase in the dominance of species capable of tolerating adverse conditions (Smith & Lamp, 2008; Jesús-Crespo & Ramírez, 2011; Wang et al., 2012). Their distribution, occurrence and abundance greatly depend on the predominant characteristics of the environment. Their variability is generally attributed to abiotic factors, such as depth, temperature, food resources and mainly to substrate characteristics (Sanders, 1958; Gray, 1974; Sanseverino et al., 1998; Chapman et al., 2010). They are also sensitive to variations in the concentration of dissolved oxygen (Hirabayashi & Hayashi, 1994).

Among macroinvertebrates, Oligochaeta are some of the most abundant groups, as they are present in almost all fresh water environments. They play an important role in the structuring of sediment (Drago et al., 2004; Marchese, 2009) and as a food source for other aquatic organisms (Reynoldson & Rodriguez, 1999; Prygiel et al., 2000). They tolerate low levels of dissolved oxygen well (Verdonschot, 1989). Many Oligochaeta species are abundant at sites with high organic matter concentrations and they may replace other benthic macroinvertebrates less tolerant of these conditions (Schenková & Helešic, 2006). Oligochaeta assemblies are influenced by habitat availability, organic content and substrate type (Ragonha et al., 2014).

Another macroinvertebrate group very important to the benthic community is the Chironomidae. This Diptera family has a large number of species, a highly variable density and very high diversity (Epler, 2001). The range of tolerance and sensitivity of Chironomidae larvae to organic pollution varies widely (Armitage, 1995). They may tolerate desiccation by making tubes or cocoons to preserve moisture when the sediment is exposed after a reduction in water level. They also may go into latency or produce eggs resistant to unfavorable environmental conditions (Montalto & Paggi, 2006). Another peculiarity of Chironomidae is the possibility of some species survival in low oxygenation conditions due to the presence of hemoglobin, which allows the maintenance of aerobic metabolism until they go into latency under anoxia conditions (Hamburger et al., 1997). According to Sanseverino & Nessimian (2001), different Chironomidae taxa occupy a large variety of habitats and they are preferably found in different systems (streams, rapid zones and large ponds, lakes and reservoirs) and distinct substrates (aquatic plants, detritus, rocks and sediment). Rosin & Takeda (2007) reported that in the Paraná River’s wetlands, the spatial variation of Chironomidae is associated with sediment type, organic matter content and the presence of aquatic macrophytes.

The mouth zone of the Paranapanema River into the Jurumirim reservoir, the site of this study, where an overbanking of the water from the river occurs during the high water phase and disconnection is observed between the aquatic environments during the drought phase, cannot be considered a wetland system (Henry, 2003). The connection between the river and the lakes is permanent, with the exception of short dry periods (Henry et al., 2011). As their connection is permanent, flood pulses do not occur with the intensity and frequency observed in flatlands. The lateral input of water resulting from the seasonal variation in the river water level modifies the depth of the flooded marginal areas; it increases during the rainy season and decreases during the dry season (Henry, 2003).

The continued connectivity between the river and the area lateral to the channel during the whole year in the mouth zone of tributaries into reservoirs apparently contributes to habitat homogeneity and similarity between biotic communities.

The aim of this study is to examine casual similarity in composition, richness and abundance of Chironomidae and Oligochaeta assemblies in the sediment in two areas near a tributary mouth during the year. Our hypothesis is that the river and the marginal area are homogeneous due to the association between the two environments. We expect to find: a) a similarity between ecological attributes of assemblies from the two sites, b) a temporal variability as a result of variations in the water level and environmental variables.

2. Material and Methods

2.1. Study area and sampling frequency

The study was conducted in the mouth region of the Guareí River into the Paranapanema River, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil (Figure 1). The site is located upstream from the Jurumirim Reservoir and forms a wet area lateral to the Guareí River channel, except in short dry periods. Over its course of 89 km, the Guareí River receives a large input of nutrients from sewage from the cities of Guareí and Angatuba and farming activity in its drainage basin (Fulan et al., 2012).

Figure 1
The study area in the mouth zone of the Guareí River into the Paranapanema River (São Paulo, Brazil) (1 to 4, and 5 to 8: sampling sites along the Guareí River and in the lateral area, respectively).

Water, sediment and fauna were sampled every three months during a year (October 2013, January, April and July 2014) in two regions, the Guareí River mouth (four sites located longitudinally, numbered from 1 to 4) and in the lateral area (four sites, numbered from 5 to 8) (Figure 1).

2.2. Water physical and chemical variables and sediment characteristics

The following environmental variables were measured at each site and period of the year: a) water temperature, with a mercury thermometer, b) water pH and conductivity, with a Micronal Mod.322 pHmeter and a Hach Mod.2511 conductivimeter, respectively, c) water dissolved oxygen by the Winkler method, modified with the addition of azide (Golterman & Clymo, 1969), d) sediment composition, by sieving and particle size, assessed with the Wentworth scale (Suguio, 1973), e) organic matter content, determined after sediment combustion in an oven (550 °C/1 h). Sampling site depth was determined by probing and water transparency, with a Secchi disk.

2.3. Macroinvertebrates

Sediment samples containing macroinvertebrates were collected with a Van Veen grab sampler (area of 0.064 m²), screened with a 250-µm mesh and fixed with 4% formaldehyde. The organisms retained were examined by stereoscopic microscopy and preserved in 70% alcohol. Taxa Chironomidae and Oligochaeta were identified based on Wiederholm (1983), Merrit & Cummins (1984), Epler (2001) and Trivinho-Strixino (2011), Righi (1984), Brinkhurst & Marchese (1989).

2.4. Data analysis

Variance analysis (ANOVA) was used to check for any significant variations in environmental and macroinvertebrate community variables between sampling months (Statistic 7, Statsoft 2009). Tukey's test was used to identify homogeneous groups after significant differences had been indicated by ANOVA. The Student t-test (Zar, 1999) was used to check for significant differences between sites (river and lateral plain) at a significance level of p<0.05.

The spatial ordination of samples was determined by non-metric multidimentional scaling (NMDS). Bray-Curtis dissimilarity was calculated using packages Vegan and MASS for software R Cran Project (R Development Core Team, 2013). The correlations between species abundance and environmental variables were investigated by redundancy analysis (RDA) using the Vegan package for software R Cran Project (R Development Core Team, 2013).

3. Results

3.1. Environmental variables

Low rainfall in 2014 (total annual rainfall of 965.8 mm), when compared to previous years, resulted in a reduction in the water level at the mouth of the Guareí River into the Paranapanema River and in the lateral area (Figure 2). The connection between the Guareí River and the lateral area was interrupted in May, as the water level was below the threshold of 563.60 m of connection/disconnection of Paranapanema River with the lateral areas, according to Henry (2005).

Figure 2
Monthly rainfall variation (mm) for three years (a) and water level from September 2013 to October 2014 (b) and threshold of connection between the Paranapanema River and the lateral area.

Water depth varied greatly between months and sampling sites (Figure 3A). The greatest depth was recorded on the Guareí River in October 2013, when a period of decrease in water level began (Figure 2B) and increase in transparency occurred (Figure 3B). A pronounced reduction in water level in April exposed the sediment at one of the sampling sites (8) and in July 2014, at three sites (6, 7 and 8), due to progressive desiccation (Figure 3A).

Figure 3
Temporal and spatial variation of depth (m) (a), water transparency (by Secchi disk) (b), dissolved oxygen (DO) (c), conductivity (d), pH (e) and organic matter in sediment (f) on the Guareí River (1-4) and the lateral area (5-8) in October 2013, January, April and July 2014.

The concentration of dissolved oxygen was higher in October and lower in April (Figure 3C). The water electric conductivity of all sampling sites decreased in January in relation to October and increased after that (Figure 3D). No evident difference was observed in water pH values between sites and periods, expect for the Guareí River in July, where values were higher (Figure 3E). At sites closer to the mouth of the Guareí River into the Paranapanema River (3 and 4) and the lateral area, the organic matter content in the sediment was generally greater than 10% in all four sampling periods (Figure 3F).

In general, a predominance of silt + clay was recorded in the lateral area and fine sand on the Guareí River (Figure 4) in the four study periods. The amount of coarser sand particles was greater in April (Figure 4). Sediment granulometry was not determined at sites 6, 7 and 8 in July due to a reduction in the flooded area lateral to the River channel.

Figure 4
Sediment composition at the eight sampling sites (1-4: Guareí River; 5-8: lateral area) in October (2013) (a), January (b), April (c) and July (d) (2014) (VSC: very coarse sand; CS: coarse sand; MS: medium sand; FS: fine sand; VFS: very fine sand and S + C: silt and clay).

Significant temporal variations were detected for water depth, transparency, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, pH and temperature (Table 1). For sediment, significant differences between months were observed only for very coarse sand, and between sites, for fine sand (Table 1). Significant spatial differences were observed in water depth (decrease in lateral area) and temperature (high in the area lateral to the river channel) (Table 1). The sediment organic matter content did not differ significantly between sites; however, it was higher in the area lateral to the Guareí River. Water conductivity, pH, depth and the percentage of fine sand were significantly higher on the Guareí River when compared to the lateral area (Table 1).

Table 1
Differences in environmental variables and sediment composition determined by ANOVA (F and p) and Student t-test (T and p) between sampling months (October, January, April and July) and sites along the Guareí River (1-4) and in the lateral area (5-8) and contrasts by Tukey test (significant differences in bold).

Environmental variables	F and T values	P	Tukey contrasts	Sediment composition	F and T values	P	Tukey contrasts
Depth				Organic matter
Months	3.23	0.03	Oct>Jul	Months	0.03	0.98
Sites	4.84	0.00		Sites	1.78	0.08
Secchi disk				Very coarse sand
Months	5.51	0.00	Jul>Oct	Months	3.63	0.02	Apr>Oct
Sites	0.93	0.35		Sites	0.87	0.39
Dissolved Oxygen				Coarse sand
Months	2.84	0.05	Oct>Apr	Months	4.29	0.01
Sites	1.66	0.10		Sites	0.41	0.68
Conductivity				Medium sand
Months	55.1	0.00	Jul>Jan; Oct	Months	0.37	0.77
Sites	2.31	0.02		Sites	1.99	0.55
pH				Fine sand
Months	161.0	0.00	Jul>Jan	Months	0.51	0.67
Sites	2.54	0.02		Sites	4.00	0.00
Water temperature				Very fine sand
Months	22.21	0.00	Jan; Apr> Oct; Jul	Months	1.01	0.40
Sites	2.01	0.05		Sites	1.60	0.12
				Silt + clay
				Months	0.27	0.84
				Sites	0.16	0.87

3.2. Benthic macroinvertebrates

A total of 24 taxa were sampled during the study. Chironomidae family were distributed in 13 taxa (Dicrotendipes, Chironomus, Parachironomus, Polypedilum, Xestochironomus, Caladomyia, Tanytarsus, Tanytarsus impar (Trivinho-Strixino & Strixino), Tanytarsus obiriciae (Trivinho-Strixino & Sonoda), Ablabesmyia, Coelotanypus, Monopelopia and Tanypus).

For the Oligochaeta class, were recorded 11 taxa (Dero (Aulophorus) lodeni (Brinkhurst, 1986), Nais communis (Piguet, 1906), Nais variabilis (Piguet, 1906), Aulodrilus pigueti (Kowalewski, 1914), Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri (Claparede, 1862), Bothrioneurum, Branchiura sowerbyi (Beddard, 1892), Pristina sp., Pristina osborni (Walton, 1906), Opistocysta funiculus (Cordero, 1948) and immature Tubificinae).

In relation to the Chironomidae family, Chironomus, Tanypus and Polypedilum had the greatest densities (Table 2). The density of Chironomus was the highest in the Guareí River in three of the four study periods. Tanypus predominated in the lateral area, except in July. Polypedilum was not recorded in either of the two sites in either October or January and presented the highest densities in the river in April and July. The densities of the other Chironomidae taxa were higher in the Guareí River.

Table 2
Means and standard-deviations of the densities (ind.m^-2) of some Chironomidae and Oligochaeta taxa in October 2013 and January, April, and July 2014 at sites in the Guareí River (R) and the lateral area (L).

Taxa	Sites		Months
Chironomidae		Oct	Jan	Apr	Jul
Chironomus	R	43.2 ± 51.2	11.5 ± 17	45.5 ± 28.4	371 ± 179.0
	L	8 ± 9.2	3.7 ± 4.7	177 ± 143.8	24.75 ± 49.5
Tanypus	R	0 ± 0	1.25 ± 2.5	0 ± 0	71.75 ± 89.8
	L	1.25 ± 2.5	1.25 ± 2.5	33.75 ± 67.5	15.75 ± 31.5
Polypedilum	R	0 ± 0	0 ± 0	13 ± 15.5	511.75 ± 989
	L	0 ± 0	0 ± 0	1.25 ± 2.5	0 ± 0
Other taxa	R	12.7 ± 1	6.5 ± 10	5 ± 7	29.25 ± 25.1
	L	0 ± 0	0 ± 0	1.25 ± 2.5	0 ± 0
Oligochaeta	Sites	Oct	Jan	Apr	Jul
Immature T.	R	385.5 ± 424.2	21 ± 29.7	12 ± 8	538.2 ± 538.9
	L	0 ± 0	35.25 ± 70.5	23.2 ± 40.1	34 ± 68
B. sowerbyi	R	78 ± 132.2	82 ± 160.7	82 ± 137.4	87.25 ± 85.2
	L	26 ± 52	2.5 ± 2.8	2.5 ± 2.8	4 ± 8
A. pigueti	R	12.4 ± 119.6	8.4 ± 143.3	20.8 ± 123.9	23 ± 80.3
	L	1.25 ± 2.5	4 ± 8	0 ± 0	1.25 ± 2.5
Other taxa	R	14 ± 15.5	1.25 ± 2.5	10.2 ± 12.6	58.2 ± 90
	L	1.25 ± 2.5	0 ± 0	3.7 ± 7.5	1.2 ± 2.5

The Oligochaeta assembly was made up of three taxa with high densities (Table 2). Immature Tubificinae had the highest densities in October and July in the Guareí River and the lateral area in January and April. B. sowerbyi and A. pigueti were numerically more important in the river in all the study periods. The other Oligochaeta taxa also presented higher densities in the Guareí River.

Immature Tubificinae, A. piqueti. B. sowerbyi and Chironomus had significantly higher densities in the Guareí River (Table 3). In July, the densities of immature Tubificinae, Chironomus and Tanypus were significantly higher than in the other sampling periods (Table 3).

Table 3
Differences in densities of some Oligochaeta and Chironomidae taxa determined by ANOVA (F and p) and Student t-test (T and p) in October 2013, January, April and July 2014 in the Guareí River (R) and the lateral area (L) and contrasts by Tukey test (significant differences in bold).

	F and T values	P	Tukey contrasts
Immature Tubificinae
Months	3.97	0.01	Jul>Apr
Sites	5.01	0.00
Aulodrilus pigueti
Months	2.28	0.08
Sites	3.09	0.00
Branchiura sowerbyi
Months	1.53	0.22
Sites	2.61	0.01
Chironomus
Months	9.03	0.00	Jul>Jan; Oct/Apr>Jan
Sites	2.39	0.02
Tanypus
Months	9.23	0.00	Jul>Oct;Jan;Apr
Sites	0.15	0.69

The dissociation between the study environments (river and lateral area) in all sampling periods and for the two organism groups studied was demonstrated by NMDS (Figure 5). Greater temporal and spatial variability was demonstrated in the Guareí River for assemblies of both Chironomidae and Oligochaeta (Figures 5A and B).

Figure 5
Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) based on Bray-Curtis similarity for Chironomidae (a) (Cal= Caladomyia, Par=Parachironomus, Tan=Tanytarsus, T.im=Tanytarsus impar, Dic=Dicrotendipes, T.ob=Tanytarsus obiriciae, Coe=Coelotanypus, Mon=Monopelopia, Xes=Xestochironomus, Chi=Chironomus, Tany=Tanypus, Pol=Polypedilum, Abla= Ablabesmyia) and Oligochaeta; (b) (Bra= Branchiura sowerbyi, P.os= Pristina osborni, Pristina sp., Opi= Opistocysta funiculus, Bot= Bothrioneurum, N.va= Nais variabilis, Nai= Nais communis, Der= Dero (Aulophorus) lodeni, Lim= Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri, Aul= Aulodrilus pigueti, Tub= immature Tubificinae) in the Guareí River (R) (1-4) (black symbols) and the lateral area (L) (5-8) (white symbols) in October 2013 and January, April and July 2014.

RDA explained 80 and 81% of the environmental data variability and the abundance of Chironomidae and Oligochaeta, respectively (Figures 6A and B).

Figure 6
Redundancy analysis (RDA) for the abundance of Chironomidae (a) and Oligochaeta (b) and the environmental variables in the Guareí River (black symbols) (1-4) and lateral area (white symbols) (5-8) during the study period (see symbol key in Figure 5).

The most abundant Chironomidae taxa (Chironomus, Tanypus and Polypedilum) were associated with the Guareí River, the site of the greatest transparency, dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivity and fine sand sediment (Figure 6A). In contrast, low abundance taxa (Dicrotendipes, Tanytarsus impar, Monopelopia and Xestochironomus) were associated with the Guareí River depth. In the lateral area, Parachironomus and Caladomyia were associated with very coarse sand.

A clear separation was observed for Oligochaeta between the lateral area and the Guareí River (Figure 6B). The lateral area sites were associated with very coarse sand sediment. Less abundant taxa (Dero (Aulophorus) lodeni, Nais communis, Nais variabilis, Bothrioneurum, Pristina sp., Pristina osborni and Opistocysta funiculus were associated with dissolved oxygen and fine sand upstream from the Guareí River (site 1) (Figure 6B). Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri, Aulodrilus pigueti, immature Tubificinae and Branchiura sowerbyi were associated with water depth, transparency, pH, and conductivity (Figure 6B).

4. Discussion

Despite the short distance between the two study sites, our results demonstrated a lack of similarity in the distributions of Chironomidae and Oligochaeta when their assemblies in the Guareí River and the lateral area were compared.

Chironomidae taxa presented low spatial and temporal variability in the lateral area and a predominance of Caladomyia and Parachironomus. An increase in the percentage of very coarse sand in the sediment, together with a decrease in water level, seems to favor the presence of organisms from these two taxa at this site. Genus Parachironomus belongs to the collectors group (Coffman & Ferrington, 1996; Henriques-Oliveira et al., 2003; Nessimian & Henriques-de-Oliveira, 2005) and its presence was favored by a large amount of organic matter resulting from the degradation of plant detritus in the lateral area and the substrate made up of coarse granulometry sediment. According to Butakka et al. (2014), Caladomyia larvae are collectors-filterers; they were found associated with coarse and very coarse sand, which may explain their presence in the area lateral to the Guareí River.

NMDS revealed a great spatial and temporal variability in the distribution of Chironomidae in the Guareí River channel. Tanytarsus sp., Tanytarsus impar and Dicrotendipes were associated with the upstream sampling site, which is characterized by the predominance of fine sand and a high dissolved oxygen content in the water. This Guareí River site is typically lotic, with turbulent water, which maintains small particles suspended. Tanytarsus obiriciae, Coelotanypus, Monopelopia and Xestochironomus were associated with the most downstream site of the Guareí River, close to the mouth zone into the Paranapanema River, a place with decreasing depths. According to Butakka et al. (2014), T. obiriciae are functional collectors-filterers organisms that live in the muddy bottom, while Coelotanypus individuals are shredders-herbivores organisms (Takeda et al., 2002). Xestochironomus is a taxon made up of organisms that mine underwater wood (Pinder, 1995) and are frequently found on sand banks (Sanseverino & Nessimian, 2001). Representatives of the Monopelopia genus generally live in association with aquatic macrophytes in rivers, lakes and ponds (Trivinho-Strixino, 2011). In the mouth zone of the Guareí River, where these taxa were collected, there were large quantities of floating aquatic plants, with a predominance of Eichhornia azurea, Echinochloa polystachya and Salvinia auriculata, the detritus of which forms a sediment rich in organic matter.

The greatest densities of Chironomidae in July were observed during the period of a large concentration of dissolved oxygen. In that month, Chironomus, Tanypus, Ablabesmyia and Polypedilum were associated with the Guareí River segment with high water organic matter content, pH and conductivity. The reduction in the water volume in the Guareí River channel due to a decrease in the hydrological level and a presumed low current speed at the Paranapanema River mouth resulted in the sedimentation of larger particles. It also resulted in a greater concentration of organic acids and ions in water resulting from the degradation of vegetal detritus. The higher densities of these four Chironomidae taxa at this site and time of the year was due to the peculiar ecological characteristics of the Guareí River mouth zone. Rosin & Takeda (2007) reported that organisms from genera Chironomus, Tanypus and Polypedilum are tolerant of a large variety of environmental conditions. According to Roback (1985), Ablabesmyia is frequently found in muddy sediment, such as observed at sites upstream from the Guareí River.

Similarly to that observed for Chironomidae, Oligochaeta organisms did not present great variability in spatial and temporal distribution in the area lateral to the Guareí River channel. Four taxa (Pristina sp., Pristina osborni, Bothrioneurum and Opistocysta funiculus) predominated in this area and were associated with two controlling factors (dissolved oxygen in water and fine sand). According to Rosa et al. (2015), Pristina species live at sites with varying particle sizes and water flow, while Bothrioneurum is commonly found in sandy habitats.

A great spatial and temporal variation was observed in the Guareí River for the distribution of Oligochaeta organisms. Branchiura predominated all through the year at a site close to the mouth of the Guareí River into the Paranapanema River and was associated with the water temperature. According to Raposeiro et al. (2009), this species is thermophilic and lives at sites deficient in oxygen, such as stagnant water, with low depth and renewal (Brinkhurst & Jamieson, 1971). These characteristics are representative of the sites where they predominated. The other taxa (Dero (Aulophorus) lodeni, Nais communis, Nais variabilis, Aulodrilus pigueti, Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri and immature Tubificinae) were collected at two sites upstream on the Guareí River and at the site the closest to its mouth into the Paranapanema River. They were negatively associated with water depth, transparency, conductivity and pH. Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri is found in a variety of habitats and ecological conditions (Nijboer et al., 2004) and, together with Aulodrilus pigueti, lives at sites with abundant organic matter (Marchese, 1987; Montanholi-Martins & Takeda, 1998). These organisms present respiratory pigments (hemocyanin) that assist in breathing in environments with low concentrations of dissolved oxygen (Misenderino, 1995). Gorni & Alves (2015) reported that in their study of water courses, Nais communis was associated with water conductivity and turbidity, such as observed for the Guareí River. Dero and immature Tubificinae are taxa commonly reported in environments with a high organic load (Martins et al., 2008), such as at the mouth of the Guareí River into the Paranapanema River.

Therefore, the heterogeneity between the environments was determined not only by the water physical chemical characteristics, but also by the nature of the site's sediment. Regarding granulometric composition, the quality of the sediment in rivers and lakes is one of the factors that most influences the distribution of benthic macroinvertebrates because many of them are restricted to certain types of substrates (Vitousek, 1990). In a study by Zilli et al. (2008), the factors sediment composition and presence of macrophytes and detritus were associated with habitat heterogeneity. A more diverse substrate offers a greater availability of habitats and microhabitats, foods and shelter from predators (Carvalho & Uieda, 2004).

The variability of the composition of the sediment and the water physical chemical variables affected the distribution of organisms in the Guareí River and the lateral area over time. According to Montalto & Paggi (2006) and Montalto et al. (2012), invertebrates that live in temporary wetlands are adapted to withstanding fluctuations in water level and desiccation conditions.

The differences in the distribution of species are due to changes in shelter availability and variety over time that affect the structure of the invertebrate fauna (Sanseverino et al., 1998). According to Martins et al. (2008), the variability of habitats over time determines the establishment and dominance of certain organisms, such as Chironomus and immature Tubificinae, which are tolerant of a large variety of environmental conditions and organic pollution. In the mouth zone of the Guareí River into the Paranapanema River, the difference in the distribution of Chironomus and immature Tubificinae in the water course and the lateral area reflects the heterogeneity of habitats lying within a short distance. In contrast, for macrophytes, distance does not have any association with assembly similarity in the high water period (Paiva et al., 2014). In the Jurumirim Reservoir, the distance between sampling sites is one of the relevant factors, besides habitat quality and the effect of damming on the heterogeneity of fish assembly composition and structure (Souza et al., 2017). The High (Takeda et al., 1997) and Middle Paraná (Drago et al., 2003) plain environments presented great differences in macroinvertebrate density in periods of disconnection from the river. Our data also differ from those reported for the Paraná River wetland, which has a great spatial homogeneity of limnological and zoobenthic assembly characteristics during the potamophase (Arenas-Ibarra et al., 2012).

Despite the spatial heterogeneity in the distribution of Chironomidae and Oligochaeta in the mouth zone of the tributaries and the lateral areas due to the variability of environmental characteristics, it is important to preserve the habitats in a microscale to maintain the biodiversity.

5. Conclusion

The dissimilar spatial and temporal distribution of Chironomidae and Oligochaeta assemblies was due to characteristics peculiar to the sites studied, the river channel and the lateral area. Higher richness and density of the two assemblies were observed in the river. The reduction in the water level during the year was the main controlling factor of Chironomidae and Oligochaeta richness and density in the river channel. In the lateral area, the nature of sediment and water physical chemical factors played a greater role in the presence of some taxa and their abundance.

Acknowledgements

The first author thanks Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) for a scientific initiation scholarship granted (Process No. 13/13299-4). The authors also acknowledge assistance from Hamilton Antônio Rodrigues in sampling, the invaluable suggestions from Gilmar Perbiche Neves, Jorge Laço Portinho and Carolina Vieira da Silva, and Laerte José da Silva for translating the paper into English.

• Cite as: Cesar, D.A.S. and Henry, R. Is similar the distribution of Chironomidae (Diptera) and Oligochaeta (Annelida, Clitellata) in a river and a lateral fluvial area? Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia, 2017, vol. 29, e6.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  2017

History

• Received
  03 Feb 2017
• Accepted
  31 Mar 2017