Variation in ion accumulation as a measure of salt tolerance in seedling and callus of Stylosanthes guianensis

Veraplakorn, Varaporn; Nanakorn, Malee; Kaveeta, Lily; Srisom, Suwanwong; Bennett, Ian James

Abstract

Seedlings of Stylosanthes guianensis CIAT 184 (Stylo 184) were germinated under salt-stress conditions (0-170.9 mM NaCl), and germination and ion content (Cl-, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and K+) were measured after seven days. The salt treatment had no effect on the germination percentage, but the seedling showed reduced growth and displayed variation in ion uptake, thus accumulating Na+ and Cl- in the roots. Callus produced from seedlings selected as salt sensitive (T1) or salt tolerant (T2, T3, T4 and T5) was examined for growth and ion content under the influence of NaCl (0-256.4 mM NaCl) after 15 days. The sensitive clone (T1) contained the lowest Na+ and Cl- content with the highest percentage of K+ contributing to osmolality, suggesting it possesses an ion regulation mechanism that is typical of glycophytes; i.e., osmotic potential was adjusted by accumulating K+. The other clones (T2, T3, T4 and T5) expressed different strategies (osmotic adjustment) to cope with salt stress. T5 showed the highest mean dry weight on salt medium and displayed more effective ion regulation by maintaining low Na+:K+ and Na+:Ca2+ ratios. T2 expressed high Na+ and Cl- with the highest percentage of Na+ contribution to osmolality and water content (succulence). T3 and T4 had lower growth rates but similar ion regulation in relation to T5. Results indicated that the ion content can be used to discriminate salt sensitive and salt tolerant clones of Stylo 184.

forage legume; ion exclusion; osmolality; osmotic adjustment

Adriano DC, Doner HE (1982) Bromine, chlorine, and fluorine. In: Page AL (ed), Methods of Soil Analysis, pp.449-483. The American Society of Agronomy, Inc. and Soil Science Society of America, USA.
Ahmad MSA, Javed F, Javed S, Alvi AK (2009) Relationship between callus growth and mineral nutrients uptake in salt-stressed Indica rice callus. Journal of Plant Nutrition 32:382-394.
Al Sherif EA (2009) Melilotus indicus (L.) All., a salt-tolerant wild leguminous herb with high potential for use as a forage crop in salt-affected soils. Flora 204:737-746.
Amirjani MR (2010) Effect of salinity stress on growth, mineral composition, proline content, antioxidant enzymes of soybean. American Journal of Plant Physiology 5:350-360.
Arulbalachandran D, Ganesh KS, Subramani A (2009) Changes in metabolites and antioxidant enzyme activity of three Vigna species induced by NaCl stress. American-Eurasian Journal of Agronomy 2:109-116.
Ashraf M, Iram A (2005) Drought stress induced changes in some organic substances in nodules and other plant parts of two potential legumes differing in salt tolerance. Flora 200:535-546.
Ashraf M, Orooj A (2006) Salt stress effect on growth, ion accumulation and seed oil concentration in an arid zone traditional medicinal plant ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi [L.] Sprague. Journal of Arid Environments 64:209-220.
Barker AV, Pilbeam DJ (2007) Handbook of Plant Nutrition. CRC Press.
Bayuelo-Jimenez JS, Craig R, Lynch JP (2002) Salinity tolerance of Phaseolus species during germination and early seedling growth. Crop Science 42:1584-1594.
Bekheet SA, Taha HS, Solliman ME (2006) Salt tolerance in tissue culture of onion (Allium cepa L.). Arab Journal of Biotechnology 9:467-476.
Bell HL, O'Leary JW (2003) Effects of salinity on growth and cation accumulation of Sporobolus virginicus (Poaceae). American Journal of Botany 90:1416-1424.
Betteridge K, Jones RJ (2001) The response of Stylosanthes hamata cv. Verano to applications of sodium and chloride. Tropical Grassland 35:241-245.
Blumwald E (2000) Sodium transport and salt tolerance in plants. Current Opinion in Cell Biology 12:431-434.
Chartzoulakis K, Klapaki G (2000) Response of two greenhouse pepper hybrids to NaCl salinity during different growth stages. Scientia Horticulturae 86:247-260.
Cordovilla MP, Ocana A, Ligero F, Lluch C (1995) Salinity effects on growth analysis and nutrient composition in four grain legumes-rhizobium symbiosis. Journal of Plant Nutrition 18:1595-1600.
Farhoudi R, Sharifzadeh F (2006) The effects of NaCl priming on salt tolerance in canola (Brassica napus L.) seedlings grown under saline conditions. Indian Journal of Crop Science 1:74-78.
Flowers TJ (2004) Improving crop salt tolerance. Journal of Experimental Botany 55:307-319.
Foolad MR (1996) Response to selection for salt tolerance during germination in tomato seed derived from PI 174263. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 121:1006-1011.
Gulzar S, Khan MA (2006) Comparative salt tolerance of perennial grasses. In: Khan MA, Weber DJ (eds.) Ecophysiology of High Salinity Tolerant Plants, pp 239-253. Springer, Netherlands.
Hassan NS, Shaaban LD, Hashem EA, Seleem EE (2004) In vitro selection for water stress tolerant callus line of Helianthus annus L. Cv. Myak. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 6:13-18.
Homma K, Mochizuki A, Watatsu E, Horie T, Shiraiwa T, Supapoj N, Thongthai C (2008) Relay-intercropping of Stylosanthes guianensis in rainfed lowland rice ecosystem in Northeast Thailand. Plant Production Science 11:385-392.
Hosseini MK, Powell AA, Bingham IJ (2002) Comparison of the seed germination and early seedling growth of soybean in saline condition. Seed Science Research 12:165-172.
Jamil M, Lee KB, Jung KY, Lee D B, Han MS, Rha ES (2007) Salt stress inhibits germination and early seedling growth in cabbage (Brassica oleracea capitata L.). Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 10:910-941.
Jefferies RA (1996) Evaluation of seedling selection for salinity tolerance in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Euphytica 88:207-213.
Kashyap S, Sharma S (2006) In vitro selection of salt tolerant Morus alba and its field performance with bioinoculants. Horticultural Science 33:77-86.
Khan MA, Unger IA, Showalter AM (1999) Effects of salinity on growth, ion content and osmotic relations in Halopyrum mucronatum (L.) Stapf. Journal of Plant Nutrition 22:191-204.
Lacerda CF, Assis Júnior JO, Lemos Filho LCA, de Oliveira TS, Guimarães FVA, Gomes-Filho E, Prisco JT, Bezerra MA (2006) Morpho-physiological responses of cowpea leaves to salt stress. Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology 18:455-465.
Liu T, Staden JV (2001) Growth rate, water relations and ion accumulation of soybean callus lines differing in salinity tolerance under salinity stress and its subsequent relief. Plant Growth Regulation 34:277-285.
Luo Q, Yu B, Liu Y (2005) Differential sensitivity to chloride and sodium ions in seedlings of Glycine max and G soja under NaCl stress. Journal of Plant Physiology 162:1003-1012.
Marcum KB, Yensen NP, Leake JE (2007) Genotypic variation in salinity tolerance of Distichlis spicata turf ecotypes. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 47:1506-1511.
Mostafazadeh-Fard B, Heidarpour M, Aghakhani A, Feizi M (2007) Effects of irrigation water salinity and leaching on soil chemical properties in an arid region. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 3:466-469.
Moya JL, Gómez-Cadenas A, Primo-Millo E, Talon M (2003) Chloride absorption in salt-sensitive Carrizo citrange and salt-tolerant Cleopatra mandarin citrus rootstocks is linked to water use. Journal of Experimental Botany 54:825-833.
Munns R (2002) Comparative physiology of salt and water stress. Plant Cell and Environment 25:239-250.
Murashige T, Skoog F (1962) A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassay with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiologia Plantarum 15:473-497.
Ottow EA, Brinker M, Teichmann T, Fritz E, Kaiser W, Brosché M, Kangasjärvi J, Jiang X, Polle A (2005) Populus euphratica displays apoplastic sodium accumulation, osmotic adjustment by decreases in calcium and soluble carbohydrates and develops leaf succulence under salt stress. Plant Physiology 139:1762-1772.
Patel PR, SS Kajal, Patel VR, Patel VJ, Khristi SM (2010) Impact of salt stress on nutrient uptake and growth of cowpea. Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology 22:43-48.
Phengsavanh P, Ledin I (2003) Effect of stylo 184 (Stylosanthes guianensis CIAT 184) and Gamba grass (Andropogon gayanus cv. Kent) in diets for growing goats. Livestock Research for Rural Development 15:1-9.
Rogers ME, Noble CL, Halloran GM, Nicolas ME (1997) Selecting for salt tolerance in white clover (Trifolium repens): Chloride ion exclusion and its heritability. New Phytologist 135:645-654.
Ruiz D, Martínez V, Cerdá A (1997) Citrus response to salinity: growth and nutrient uptake. Tree Physiology 17:141-150.
Saha P, Chatterjee P, Biswas AK (2010) NaCl pretreatment alleviates salt stress by enhancement of antioxidant defense system and osmolyte accumulation in mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek). Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 48:593-600.
Sairam, RK, Tyagi A (2004) Physiology and molecular biology of salinity stress tolerance in plants. Current Science 86:407-421.
Shannon MC, Grieve CM, Lesch SM, Draper JH (2000) Analysis of salt tolerance in nine leafy vegetables irrigated with saline drainage water. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 125:658-664.
Sidari M, Santonoceto C, Anastasi U, Preiti G, Muscolo A (2008) Variations in four genotypes of lentil under NaCl-salinity stress. American Journal of Agricultural and Biological Sciences 3:410-416.
Tavakkoli E, Rengasamy P, McDonald GK (2010) High concentrations of Na⁺ and Cl^- ions in soil solution have simultaneous detrimental effects on growth of faba bean under salinity stress. Journal of Experimental Botany 61:4449-4459.
Teakle NL, Flowers TJ, Real D, Colmer TD (2007) Lotus tenuis tolerates the interactive effects of salinity and water logging by 'excluding' Na⁺and Cl^- from the xylem. Journal of Experimental Botany 58:2169-2180.
Tejera NA, Soussi A, Lluch C (2006) Physiology and nutritional indicators of tolerance to salinity in chickpea plants growing under symbiotic conditions. Environmental and Experimental Botany 58:17-24.
Ueda A, Kanechi M, Uno Y, Inagaki N (2003) Photosynthetic limitations of a halophyte sea aster (Aster tripolium L.) under water stress and NaCl stress. Journal of Plant Research 116:65-70.
Van Steveninck RFM, Van Steveninck ME, Stelzer R, Läuchli A (1982) Study on the distribution of Na and Cl in two species of lupin (Lupinus luteus and Lupinus angustifolius) differing in salt tolerance. Physiologia Plantarum 56:465-473.
Veraplakorn V, Na Nakorn M, Kaveeta L, Srisom Suwanwong S, Bennett IJ (2012) Variation and long term regenerative capacity of two important tropical forage legumes: Cavalcade (Centrosema pascuorum cv. Cavalcade) and Stylo 184 (Stylosanthes guianensis CIAT184) in vitro. African Journal of Biotechnology 11:15843-15851.
Wang J, Drayton MC, George J, Cogan NOI, Baillie RC, Hand ML., Kearney GA, Erb S, Wilkinson T, Bannan NR, Forster JW, Smith KF (2010) Identiﬁcation of genetic factors influencing salts tress tolerance in white clover (Trifolium repens L.) by QTL analysis. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 120:607-619.
Woodward AJ, Bennett IJ (2005) The effect of salt stress and abscisic acid on proline production, chlorophyll content and growth of in vitro propagation shoots Eucalyptus camaldulensis Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture 82:189-200.
Yacoubi HE, Ayolie K, Rochdi A (2010) In vitro cellular salt tolerance of Troyer citrange: changes in growth and solutes accumulation in callus tissue. International Journal of Agricultural Biology 12:187-193.
Yasumoto E, Adachi K, Kato M, Sano H, Sasamoto H, Baba S, Ashihara H (1999) Uptake of inorganic ions and compatible solutes in cultured mangrove cells during salt stress. In Vitro Cellular and Developmental Biology Plant 35:82-85.
Yokoi S, Bressan RA, Hasegawa PM (2002) Salt stress tolerance of plants. JIRCAS Working Report, pp. 25-33.
Zakharin AA, Panichkin LA (2009) Glycophyte salt resistance. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology 56:107-116.
Zhou Q, Yu BJ (2009) Accumulation of inorganic and organic osmolytes and their role in osmotic adjustment in NaCl-stressed vetiver grass seedlings. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology 56:678-685.

Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
15 Oct 2013
Date of issue
2013

History

Received
19 Dec 2012
Accepted
10 July 2013

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

[1] Adriano DC, Doner HE (1982) Bromine, chlorine, and fluorine. In: Page AL (ed), Methods of Soil Analysis, pp.449-483. The American Society of Agronomy, Inc. and Soil Science Society of America, USA.

[2] Ahmad MSA, Javed F, Javed S, Alvi AK (2009) Relationship between callus growth and mineral nutrients uptake in salt-stressed Indica rice callus. Journal of Plant Nutrition 32:382-394.

[3] Al Sherif EA (2009) Melilotus indicus (L.) All., a salt-tolerant wild leguminous herb with high potential for use as a forage crop in salt-affected soils. Flora 204:737-746.

[4] Amirjani MR (2010) Effect of salinity stress on growth, mineral composition, proline content, antioxidant enzymes of soybean. American Journal of Plant Physiology 5:350-360.

[5] Arulbalachandran D, Ganesh KS, Subramani A (2009) Changes in metabolites and antioxidant enzyme activity of three Vigna species induced by NaCl stress. American-Eurasian Journal of Agronomy 2:109-116.

[6] Ashraf M, Iram A (2005) Drought stress induced changes in some organic substances in nodules and other plant parts of two potential legumes differing in salt tolerance. Flora 200:535-546.

[7] Ashraf M, Orooj A (2006) Salt stress effect on growth, ion accumulation and seed oil concentration in an arid zone traditional medicinal plant ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi [L.] Sprague. Journal of Arid Environments 64:209-220.

[8] Barker AV, Pilbeam DJ (2007) Handbook of Plant Nutrition. CRC Press.

[9] Bayuelo-Jimenez JS, Craig R, Lynch JP (2002) Salinity tolerance of Phaseolus species during germination and early seedling growth. Crop Science 42:1584-1594.

[10] Bekheet SA, Taha HS, Solliman ME (2006) Salt tolerance in tissue culture of onion (Allium cepa L.). Arab Journal of Biotechnology 9:467-476.

[11] Bell HL, O'Leary JW (2003) Effects of salinity on growth and cation accumulation of Sporobolus virginicus (Poaceae). American Journal of Botany 90:1416-1424.

[12] Betteridge K, Jones RJ (2001) The response of Stylosanthes hamata cv. Verano to applications of sodium and chloride. Tropical Grassland 35:241-245.

[13] Blumwald E (2000) Sodium transport and salt tolerance in plants. Current Opinion in Cell Biology 12:431-434.

[14] Chartzoulakis K, Klapaki G (2000) Response of two greenhouse pepper hybrids to NaCl salinity during different growth stages. Scientia Horticulturae 86:247-260.

[15] Cordovilla MP, Ocana A, Ligero F, Lluch C (1995) Salinity effects on growth analysis and nutrient composition in four grain legumes-rhizobium symbiosis. Journal of Plant Nutrition 18:1595-1600.

[16] Farhoudi R, Sharifzadeh F (2006) The effects of NaCl priming on salt tolerance in canola (Brassica napus L.) seedlings grown under saline conditions. Indian Journal of Crop Science 1:74-78.

[17] Flowers TJ (2004) Improving crop salt tolerance. Journal of Experimental Botany 55:307-319.

[18] Foolad MR (1996) Response to selection for salt tolerance during germination in tomato seed derived from PI 174263. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 121:1006-1011.

[19] Gulzar S, Khan MA (2006) Comparative salt tolerance of perennial grasses. In: Khan MA, Weber DJ (eds.) Ecophysiology of High Salinity Tolerant Plants, pp 239-253. Springer, Netherlands.

[20] Hassan NS, Shaaban LD, Hashem EA, Seleem EE (2004) In vitro selection for water stress tolerant callus line of Helianthus annus L. Cv. Myak. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 6:13-18.

[21] Homma K, Mochizuki A, Watatsu E, Horie T, Shiraiwa T, Supapoj N, Thongthai C (2008) Relay-intercropping of Stylosanthes guianensis in rainfed lowland rice ecosystem in Northeast Thailand. Plant Production Science 11:385-392.

[22] Hosseini MK, Powell AA, Bingham IJ (2002) Comparison of the seed germination and early seedling growth of soybean in saline condition. Seed Science Research 12:165-172.

[23] Jamil M, Lee KB, Jung KY, Lee D B, Han MS, Rha ES (2007) Salt stress inhibits germination and early seedling growth in cabbage (Brassica oleracea capitata L.). Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 10:910-941.

[24] Jefferies RA (1996) Evaluation of seedling selection for salinity tolerance in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Euphytica 88:207-213.

[25] Kashyap S, Sharma S (2006) In vitro selection of salt tolerant Morus alba and its field performance with bioinoculants. Horticultural Science 33:77-86.

[26] Khan MA, Unger IA, Showalter AM (1999) Effects of salinity on growth, ion content and osmotic relations in Halopyrum mucronatum (L.) Stapf. Journal of Plant Nutrition 22:191-204.

[27] Lacerda CF, Assis Júnior JO, Lemos Filho LCA, de Oliveira TS, Guimarães FVA, Gomes-Filho E, Prisco JT, Bezerra MA (2006) Morpho-physiological responses of cowpea leaves to salt stress. Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology 18:455-465.

[28] Liu T, Staden JV (2001) Growth rate, water relations and ion accumulation of soybean callus lines differing in salinity tolerance under salinity stress and its subsequent relief. Plant Growth Regulation 34:277-285.

[29] Luo Q, Yu B, Liu Y (2005) Differential sensitivity to chloride and sodium ions in seedlings of Glycine max and G soja under NaCl stress. Journal of Plant Physiology 162:1003-1012.

[30] Marcum KB, Yensen NP, Leake JE (2007) Genotypic variation in salinity tolerance of Distichlis spicata turf ecotypes. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 47:1506-1511.

[31] Mostafazadeh-Fard B, Heidarpour M, Aghakhani A, Feizi M (2007) Effects of irrigation water salinity and leaching on soil chemical properties in an arid region. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 3:466-469.

[32] Moya JL, Gómez-Cadenas A, Primo-Millo E, Talon M (2003) Chloride absorption in salt-sensitive Carrizo citrange and salt-tolerant Cleopatra mandarin citrus rootstocks is linked to water use. Journal of Experimental Botany 54:825-833.

[33] Munns R (2002) Comparative physiology of salt and water stress. Plant Cell and Environment 25:239-250.

[34] Murashige T, Skoog F (1962) A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassay with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiologia Plantarum 15:473-497.

[35] Ottow EA, Brinker M, Teichmann T, Fritz E, Kaiser W, Brosché M, Kangasjärvi J, Jiang X, Polle A (2005) Populus euphratica displays apoplastic sodium accumulation, osmotic adjustment by decreases in calcium and soluble carbohydrates and develops leaf succulence under salt stress. Plant Physiology 139:1762-1772.

[36] Patel PR, SS Kajal, Patel VR, Patel VJ, Khristi SM (2010) Impact of salt stress on nutrient uptake and growth of cowpea. Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology 22:43-48.

[37] Phengsavanh P, Ledin I (2003) Effect of stylo 184 (Stylosanthes guianensis CIAT 184) and Gamba grass (Andropogon gayanus cv. Kent) in diets for growing goats. Livestock Research for Rural Development 15:1-9.

[38] Rogers ME, Noble CL, Halloran GM, Nicolas ME (1997) Selecting for salt tolerance in white clover (Trifolium repens): Chloride ion exclusion and its heritability. New Phytologist 135:645-654.

[39] Ruiz D, Martínez V, Cerdá A (1997) Citrus response to salinity: growth and nutrient uptake. Tree Physiology 17:141-150.

[40] Saha P, Chatterjee P, Biswas AK (2010) NaCl pretreatment alleviates salt stress by enhancement of antioxidant defense system and osmolyte accumulation in mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek). Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 48:593-600.

[41] Sairam, RK, Tyagi A (2004) Physiology and molecular biology of salinity stress tolerance in plants. Current Science 86:407-421.

[42] Shannon MC, Grieve CM, Lesch SM, Draper JH (2000) Analysis of salt tolerance in nine leafy vegetables irrigated with saline drainage water. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 125:658-664.

[43] Sidari M, Santonoceto C, Anastasi U, Preiti G, Muscolo A (2008) Variations in four genotypes of lentil under NaCl-salinity stress. American Journal of Agricultural and Biological Sciences 3:410-416.

[44] Tavakkoli E, Rengasamy P, McDonald GK (2010) High concentrations of Na⁺ and Cl^- ions in soil solution have simultaneous detrimental effects on growth of faba bean under salinity stress. Journal of Experimental Botany 61:4449-4459.

[45] Teakle NL, Flowers TJ, Real D, Colmer TD (2007) Lotus tenuis tolerates the interactive effects of salinity and water logging by 'excluding' Na⁺and Cl^- from the xylem. Journal of Experimental Botany 58:2169-2180.

[46] Tejera NA, Soussi A, Lluch C (2006) Physiology and nutritional indicators of tolerance to salinity in chickpea plants growing under symbiotic conditions. Environmental and Experimental Botany 58:17-24.

[47] Ueda A, Kanechi M, Uno Y, Inagaki N (2003) Photosynthetic limitations of a halophyte sea aster (Aster tripolium L.) under water stress and NaCl stress. Journal of Plant Research 116:65-70.

[48] Van Steveninck RFM, Van Steveninck ME, Stelzer R, Läuchli A (1982) Study on the distribution of Na and Cl in two species of lupin (Lupinus luteus and Lupinus angustifolius) differing in salt tolerance. Physiologia Plantarum 56:465-473.

[49] Veraplakorn V, Na Nakorn M, Kaveeta L, Srisom Suwanwong S, Bennett IJ (2012) Variation and long term regenerative capacity of two important tropical forage legumes: Cavalcade (Centrosema pascuorum cv. Cavalcade) and Stylo 184 (Stylosanthes guianensis CIAT184) in vitro. African Journal of Biotechnology 11:15843-15851.

[50] Wang J, Drayton MC, George J, Cogan NOI, Baillie RC, Hand ML., Kearney GA, Erb S, Wilkinson T, Bannan NR, Forster JW, Smith KF (2010) Identiﬁcation of genetic factors influencing salts tress tolerance in white clover (Trifolium repens L.) by QTL analysis. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 120:607-619.

[51] Woodward AJ, Bennett IJ (2005) The effect of salt stress and abscisic acid on proline production, chlorophyll content and growth of in vitro propagation shoots Eucalyptus camaldulensis Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture 82:189-200.

[52] Yacoubi HE, Ayolie K, Rochdi A (2010) In vitro cellular salt tolerance of Troyer citrange: changes in growth and solutes accumulation in callus tissue. International Journal of Agricultural Biology 12:187-193.

[53] Yasumoto E, Adachi K, Kato M, Sano H, Sasamoto H, Baba S, Ashihara H (1999) Uptake of inorganic ions and compatible solutes in cultured mangrove cells during salt stress. In Vitro Cellular and Developmental Biology Plant 35:82-85.

[54] Yokoi S, Bressan RA, Hasegawa PM (2002) Salt stress tolerance of plants. JIRCAS Working Report, pp. 25-33.

[55] Zakharin AA, Panichkin LA (2009) Glycophyte salt resistance. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology 56:107-116.

[56] Zhou Q, Yu BJ (2009) Accumulation of inorganic and organic osmolytes and their role in osmotic adjustment in NaCl-stressed vetiver grass seedlings. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology 56:678-685.

Brasil

Brasil

Variation in ion accumulation as a measure of salt tolerance in seedling and callus of Stylosanthes guianensis

Abstract

Publication Dates

History