Resistance to cyanide by salicylate pretreatment in Salix babylonica L.

Ghasemi, Rasoul; Mokhtari, Razieh

Abstract

Cyanide is uncontrollably produced in some industrial operations and has lethal effects on humans and the environment. Since removing processes of cyanide are complicated and costly, the phytoremediation has recently been extensively considered. To achieve an increased cyanide resistance, which is needed for an efficient phytoremediation of the mediums with high concentrations of cyanide, the effects of salicylate as a phytohormone were studied. Cuttings of Salix babylonica, as a model plant, were used in a completely randomized design with three replicates in hydroponics using a modified Hoagland nutrient solution. Plants were pretreated with sulfosalicylate (0, 5, 10 and 15 mg L-1) for 21 days and then were treated with toxic concentration of cyanide (9 mg CN- L-1); some of the physiological indices which show cyanide toxicity/resistance were measured. Favorable responses to salicylate toward the increase in resistance to cyanide were concentration dependent which were observed at 10 mg L-1 sulfosalicylate and it was accompanied with an increase in superoxide dismutase activity and reducing the capacity of root extract. Dehydrogenase activity and electrolyte leakage from roots were decreased relating to control plants. It also prevented the cyanide inhibitory effect on oxygen consumption. The observed effects could be attributed to redox status and alteration of production and scavenging of reactive oxygen species by salicylate and cyanide. The results indicated that a proper concentration of salicylate could be used as a cyanide resistance stimulator in willows.

redox status; respiration; ROS; SOD; tolerance

Baker AJM (1987) Metal tolerance. New Phytologist 106:93-111.
Benzie FF, Strain JJ (1999) Ferric reduction/antioxidant power assay: direct measure of total antioxidant activity of biological fluids and modified version for simultaneous measurement of total antioxidant power and ascorbic acid concentration. Methods in Enzymology 299:15-23.
Blumenthal SG, Hendrickson HR, Abrol YP, Conn EE (1968) Cyanide metabolism in higher plants. III. The biosynthesis of cyanoalanine. Biological Chemistry 243:5302-5307.
Bushey JT, Ebbs SD, Dzombak DA (2006a) Development of a plant uptake model for cyanide. International Journal of Phytoremediation 8:25-43.
Bushey JT, Small MJ, Dzombak DA, Ebbs SD (2006b) Parameter estimation of a plant uptake model for cyanide: application to hydroponic data. International Journal of Phytoremediation 8:45-62.
Castric PA, Farnden KJF, Conn EE (1972) Cyanide metabolism in higher plants. V. The formation of asparagine from β-cyanoalanine. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 152:62-69.
Chen Z, Silva H, Klessig DF (1993) Active oxygen species in the induction of plant systemic acquired resistance by salicylic acid. Science 262:1883-1886. doi: 10.1126/science.8266079
Dietz KJ, Baier M, Krämer U (1999) Free radicals and reactive oxygen species as mediators of heavy metal toxicity in plants. In: Prasad MNV, Hagemeyer J (eds), Heavy metal stress in plants, pp.73-97. Springer, Berlin, Germany.
Ebbs SD, Bushey JT, Bond BS, Ghosh RS, Dzombak DA (2006) Cyanide phytoremediation. In: Dzombak DA, Ghosh RS, Wong-Chong GM (eds), Cyanide in water and soil, pp 479-500. Taylor and Francis, Boca Raton, USA.
Ebbs SD, Bushey J, Poston S, Kosma D, Samiotakis M, Dzombak D (2003) Transport and metabolism of free cyanide and iron cyanide complexes by willow. Plant, Cell and Environment 26:1467-1478.
Ebbs SD, Kosma DK, Nielson EH, Machingura M, Baker AJM, Woodrow IE (2010) Nitrogen supply and cyanide concentration influence the enrichment of nitrogen from cyanide in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.). Plant, Cell and Environment 33:1152-1160.
Ebbs SD, Piccinin RC, Goodger JQD, Kolev SD, Woodrow IE, Baker AJM (2008) Transport of ferrocyanide by two eucalypt species and sorghum. International Journal of Phytoremediation 10:343-357.
Galis I, Matsuoka K (2007) Transcriptomic analysis of salicylic acid-responsive genes in tobacco by-2 cells. In: Hayat S, Ahmad A (eds), Salicylic acid: a plant hormone, pp. 371-396. Springer, The Netherlands.
Giannopolitis CN, Ries SK (1997) Superoxide dismutase. I. Occurence in higher plants. Plant Physiology 59:309-314. doi: 10.1104/pp.59.2.309
Goudey JS, Tittle FL, Spencer MSA (1989) A role for ethylene in the metabolism of cyanide by higher plants. Plant Physiology 89:1306-1310.
Goulden PD, Afghan BK, Brooksbank P (1972) Determination of manogram quantities of simple and complex cyanides in water. Analytical Chemistry 44:1845-1849.
Halkier BA, Møller BL (1990) The biosynthesis of cyanogenic glucosides in higher plants. Identification of three hydroxylation steps in the biosynthesis of dhurrin in Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench and the involvement of 1-ACI-nitro-2-(p-hydroxyphenyl)ethane as an intermediate. Journal of Biological Chemistry 265:21114-21121.
Hayat S, Ali A, Ahmad A (2007) Salicylic acid: biosynthesis, metabolism and physiological role in plants. In: Hayat S, Ahmad A (eds), Salicylic acid: a plant hormone, pp. 1-14. Springer, The Netherlands.
Kittock DL, Law AG (1968) Relationship of seedling vigor to respiration and tetrazolium chloride reduction by germinating wheat seeds. Agronomy Journal 60:286-288.
Machingura M, Ebbs SD (2010) Increased β-cyanoalanine synthase and asparaginase activity in nitrogen-deprived wheat exposed to cyanide. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 173:808-810.
Machingura M, Sidibe A, Wood AJ, Ebbs SD (2013) The β-cyanoalanine pathway is involved in the response to water deficit in Arabidopsis thaliana Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 63:159-169.
Mauricio R (2000) Natural selection and the joint evolution of tolerance and resistance as plant defense. Evolutionary Ecology 14:491-507.
Maxwell DP, Nickels R, McIntosh L (2002) Evidence of mitochondrial involvement in the transduction of signals required for the induction of genes associated with pathogen attack and senescence. Plant Journal 29:269-279.
McCutcheon SC, Schnoor JL (2003) Overview of phytotransformation and control of wastes. In: McCutcheon SC, Schnoor JL (eds), Phytoremediation, transformation and control of contaminants, pp. 3-4. Wiley-Interscience, New York, USA.
Mittler R (2002) Oxidative stress, antioxidants and stress tolerance. Trends in Plant Sciences 7:405-410.
Norman C, Howell KA, Millar AH, Whelan AH, Day DA (2004) Salicylic acid is an uncoupler and inhibitor of mitochondrial electron transport. Plant Physiology 134:492-501.
Rausher MD (1992) Natural selection and the evolution of plant animal interactions. In: Ruitberg BD, Isman MS (eds), Insect chemical ecology: an evolutionary approach, pp. 20-28. Chapman and Hall, New York, USA.
Rhoads DM, McIntosh L (1992) Salicylic acid regulation of respiration in higher plants: alternative oxidase expression. Plant Cell 4:1131-1139.
Samiotakis M, Ebbs SD (2004) Possible evidence for transport of an iron cyanide complex by plants. Environmental Pollution 127:169-173.
Taiz L, Zeiger E (2002) Plant physiology. Sinauer Associates Inc., Sunderland, UK.
Tittle FL, Goudey JS, Spencer MS (1990) Effect of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid on endogenous cyanide, beta-cyanoalanine synthase activity, and ethylene evolution in seedlings of soybean and barley. Plant Physiology 94:1143-1148.
Tsang EW, Bowler C, Hérouart D, Van Camp W, Villarroel R, Genetello C, Van Montagu M, Inzé D (1991) Differential regulation of superoxide dismutases in plants exposed to environmental stress. Plant Cell 3:783-792.
Van der Straeten D, Chaerle L, Sharkov G, Lambers H, Van Montagere M (1995) Salicylic acid enhances the activity of the alternative pathway of respiration in tobacco leaves and induces thermogensity. Planta 196:419-421.
Xie Z, Chen Z (1999) Salicylic acid induces rapid inhibition of mitochondrial electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation in tobacco cells. Plant Physiology 120:217-226.

Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
10 Feb 2014
Date of issue
Dec 2013

History

Received
11 July 2013
Accepted
14 Nov 2013

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

[1] Baker AJM (1987) Metal tolerance. New Phytologist 106:93-111.

[2] Benzie FF, Strain JJ (1999) Ferric reduction/antioxidant power assay: direct measure of total antioxidant activity of biological fluids and modified version for simultaneous measurement of total antioxidant power and ascorbic acid concentration. Methods in Enzymology 299:15-23.

[3] Blumenthal SG, Hendrickson HR, Abrol YP, Conn EE (1968) Cyanide metabolism in higher plants. III. The biosynthesis of cyanoalanine. Biological Chemistry 243:5302-5307.

[4] Bushey JT, Ebbs SD, Dzombak DA (2006a) Development of a plant uptake model for cyanide. International Journal of Phytoremediation 8:25-43.

[5] Bushey JT, Small MJ, Dzombak DA, Ebbs SD (2006b) Parameter estimation of a plant uptake model for cyanide: application to hydroponic data. International Journal of Phytoremediation 8:45-62.

[6] Castric PA, Farnden KJF, Conn EE (1972) Cyanide metabolism in higher plants. V. The formation of asparagine from β-cyanoalanine. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 152:62-69.

[7] Chen Z, Silva H, Klessig DF (1993) Active oxygen species in the induction of plant systemic acquired resistance by salicylic acid. Science 262:1883-1886. doi: 10.1126/science.8266079

[8] Dietz KJ, Baier M, Krämer U (1999) Free radicals and reactive oxygen species as mediators of heavy metal toxicity in plants. In: Prasad MNV, Hagemeyer J (eds), Heavy metal stress in plants, pp.73-97. Springer, Berlin, Germany.

[9] Ebbs SD, Bushey JT, Bond BS, Ghosh RS, Dzombak DA (2006) Cyanide phytoremediation. In: Dzombak DA, Ghosh RS, Wong-Chong GM (eds), Cyanide in water and soil, pp 479-500. Taylor and Francis, Boca Raton, USA.

[10] Ebbs SD, Bushey J, Poston S, Kosma D, Samiotakis M, Dzombak D (2003) Transport and metabolism of free cyanide and iron cyanide complexes by willow. Plant, Cell and Environment 26:1467-1478.

[11] Ebbs SD, Kosma DK, Nielson EH, Machingura M, Baker AJM, Woodrow IE (2010) Nitrogen supply and cyanide concentration influence the enrichment of nitrogen from cyanide in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.). Plant, Cell and Environment 33:1152-1160.

[12] Ebbs SD, Piccinin RC, Goodger JQD, Kolev SD, Woodrow IE, Baker AJM (2008) Transport of ferrocyanide by two eucalypt species and sorghum. International Journal of Phytoremediation 10:343-357.

[13] Galis I, Matsuoka K (2007) Transcriptomic analysis of salicylic acid-responsive genes in tobacco by-2 cells. In: Hayat S, Ahmad A (eds), Salicylic acid: a plant hormone, pp. 371-396. Springer, The Netherlands.

[14] Giannopolitis CN, Ries SK (1997) Superoxide dismutase. I. Occurence in higher plants. Plant Physiology 59:309-314. doi: 10.1104/pp.59.2.309

[15] Goudey JS, Tittle FL, Spencer MSA (1989) A role for ethylene in the metabolism of cyanide by higher plants. Plant Physiology 89:1306-1310.

[16] Goulden PD, Afghan BK, Brooksbank P (1972) Determination of manogram quantities of simple and complex cyanides in water. Analytical Chemistry 44:1845-1849.

[17] Halkier BA, Møller BL (1990) The biosynthesis of cyanogenic glucosides in higher plants. Identification of three hydroxylation steps in the biosynthesis of dhurrin in Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench and the involvement of 1-ACI-nitro-2-(p-hydroxyphenyl)ethane as an intermediate. Journal of Biological Chemistry 265:21114-21121.

[18] Hayat S, Ali A, Ahmad A (2007) Salicylic acid: biosynthesis, metabolism and physiological role in plants. In: Hayat S, Ahmad A (eds), Salicylic acid: a plant hormone, pp. 1-14. Springer, The Netherlands.

[19] Kittock DL, Law AG (1968) Relationship of seedling vigor to respiration and tetrazolium chloride reduction by germinating wheat seeds. Agronomy Journal 60:286-288.

[20] Machingura M, Ebbs SD (2010) Increased β-cyanoalanine synthase and asparaginase activity in nitrogen-deprived wheat exposed to cyanide. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 173:808-810.

[21] Machingura M, Sidibe A, Wood AJ, Ebbs SD (2013) The β-cyanoalanine pathway is involved in the response to water deficit in Arabidopsis thaliana Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 63:159-169.

[22] Mauricio R (2000) Natural selection and the joint evolution of tolerance and resistance as plant defense. Evolutionary Ecology 14:491-507.

[23] Maxwell DP, Nickels R, McIntosh L (2002) Evidence of mitochondrial involvement in the transduction of signals required for the induction of genes associated with pathogen attack and senescence. Plant Journal 29:269-279.

[24] McCutcheon SC, Schnoor JL (2003) Overview of phytotransformation and control of wastes. In: McCutcheon SC, Schnoor JL (eds), Phytoremediation, transformation and control of contaminants, pp. 3-4. Wiley-Interscience, New York, USA.

[25] Mittler R (2002) Oxidative stress, antioxidants and stress tolerance. Trends in Plant Sciences 7:405-410.

[26] Norman C, Howell KA, Millar AH, Whelan AH, Day DA (2004) Salicylic acid is an uncoupler and inhibitor of mitochondrial electron transport. Plant Physiology 134:492-501.

[27] Rausher MD (1992) Natural selection and the evolution of plant animal interactions. In: Ruitberg BD, Isman MS (eds), Insect chemical ecology: an evolutionary approach, pp. 20-28. Chapman and Hall, New York, USA.

[28] Rhoads DM, McIntosh L (1992) Salicylic acid regulation of respiration in higher plants: alternative oxidase expression. Plant Cell 4:1131-1139.

[29] Samiotakis M, Ebbs SD (2004) Possible evidence for transport of an iron cyanide complex by plants. Environmental Pollution 127:169-173.

[30] Taiz L, Zeiger E (2002) Plant physiology. Sinauer Associates Inc., Sunderland, UK.

[31] Tittle FL, Goudey JS, Spencer MS (1990) Effect of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid on endogenous cyanide, beta-cyanoalanine synthase activity, and ethylene evolution in seedlings of soybean and barley. Plant Physiology 94:1143-1148.

[32] Tsang EW, Bowler C, Hérouart D, Van Camp W, Villarroel R, Genetello C, Van Montagu M, Inzé D (1991) Differential regulation of superoxide dismutases in plants exposed to environmental stress. Plant Cell 3:783-792.

[33] Van der Straeten D, Chaerle L, Sharkov G, Lambers H, Van Montagere M (1995) Salicylic acid enhances the activity of the alternative pathway of respiration in tobacco leaves and induces thermogensity. Planta 196:419-421.

[34] Xie Z, Chen Z (1999) Salicylic acid induces rapid inhibition of mitochondrial electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation in tobacco cells. Plant Physiology 120:217-226.

Brasil

Brasil

Resistance to cyanide by salicylate pretreatment in Salix babylonica L.

Abstract

Publication Dates

History