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Articles • Hoehnea 45 (4) • 2018 • https://doi.org/10.1590/2236-8906-03/2018   copy

Periphytic and planktonic algae records from the upper Paraná river floodplain, Brazil: an update

Registros de algas perifíticas e planctônicas da planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná, Brasil: uma atualização

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

The upper Paraná river floodplain is a strategic area for the Brazilian biological and environmental patrimony and contains several conservation units. We aimed to record the occurrence and the geographic distribution of microalgae in this floodplain during 30 years of research carried out by the Center for Research in Limnology, Ichthyology and Aquaculture - State University of Maringá. We consulted 80 publications (national and international journals and books published from 1986 to 2016). We considered only published works that referenced algae at the generic and infrageneric levels. The results indicated 938 species of algae (562 periphytic, 482 planktonic), which 103 co-occur in the two habitats. Cosmarium was the richest genera for periphyton and Traquelomonas for phytoplankton. This study increased the knowledge of microalgae biodiversity in Brazil and provided data for future ecological and biogeographic studies.

Keywords:
freshwater; inventory; microalgae; phycologia; phytoplankton

RESUMO

A planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná é uma área estratégica para o patrimônio biológico brasileiro por conter várias unidades de conservação. Objetivamos registrar a ocorrência e a distribuição geográfica das microalgas ocorrentes nesta planície durante 30 anos de pesquisas realizadas na região pelo Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura da Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Foram consultadas 80 publicações (periódicos nacionais e internacionais, e livros publicados desde 1994 até 2016), das quais foram consideradas apenas publicações que referenciam algas no nível genérico e infragenérico. Os resultados indicaram 938 espécies de algas (562 perifíticas e 482 planctônicas), das quais 103 coocorrem nos dois habitats. Cosmarium foi o gênero com maior número de espécies no perifíton e Traquelomonas para o fitoplâncton. Este estudo ampliou o conhecimento da biodiversidade de microalgas no Brasil e forneceu dados para futuros estudos ecológicos e biogeográficos.

Palavras-chave:
água doce; ficoperifíton; fitoplâncton; inventário; microalgas

Introduction

Regarding the flora of aquatic organisms, algae are important contributors to overall primary productivity. They comprise a polyphyletic grouping of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic producers (autotrophic or heterotrophic protists), important on the trophic webs to act on primary productivity and as food for various herbivores. They can be defined as single-celled organisms, which do not have reproductive organs involved by sterile cell layers, with a wide variety of forms, functions and strategies (Bicudo & Menezes 2010Bicudo, C.E.M. & Menezes, M. 2010. Introdução: As algas do Brasil. In: R. C. Forzza (ed.). Catálogo de plantas e fungos do Brasil. Instituto de Pesquisa Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, pp-49-60.).

Brazil has an extensive hydrographic network, rich in natural rivers, lagoons and canals, and yet, proportionally, there is scarce knowledge about the biodiversity and the dynamics of microalgae (Agostinho et al. 2004Agostinho, A.A., Gomes, L.C., Thomaz, S.M. & Hanh, N.S. 2004. The Upper Paraná River Floodplain: Main characteristics and perspectives for management and conservation. In: A.A. Agostinho (ed.). Conservação da biodiversidade em águas continentais do Brasil. Megadiversidade, pp. 70-78., Menezes et al. 2015Menezes, M., Bicudo, C.E.M. & Moura, C.W.N. 2015. Update of the Brazilian floristic list of Algae and Cyanobacteria. Rodriguésia 66: 1047-1062.). The continental dimensions of this country, the high diversity, lack of laboratory facilities and the high logistic cost make the records of occurrence restricted to the geographic areas of activity of the few research groups (Bicudo & Menezes 2010Bicudo, C.E.M. & Menezes, M. 2010. Introdução: As algas do Brasil. In: R. C. Forzza (ed.). Catálogo de plantas e fungos do Brasil. Instituto de Pesquisa Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, pp-49-60., Grieneisen et al. 2014, Menezes et al. 2015Menezes, M., Bicudo, C.E.M. & Moura, C.W.N. 2015. Update of the Brazilian floristic list of Algae and Cyanobacteria. Rodriguésia 66: 1047-1062.). Until now, the species distribution among the Brazilian states and the geopolitical regions are considered heterogeneous with predominance in southeast and south regions (Menezes et al. 2015Menezes, M., Bicudo, C.E.M. & Moura, C.W.N. 2015. Update of the Brazilian floristic list of Algae and Cyanobacteria. Rodriguésia 66: 1047-1062.).

Some surveys have been carried out to demonstrate the documented flora of these microorganisms in Brazil. Currently, Menezes et al. (2015)Menezes, M., Bicudo, C.E.M. & Moura, C.W.N. 2015. Update of the Brazilian floristic list of Algae and Cyanobacteria. Rodriguésia 66: 1047-1062. have compiled data to update the list of algae and cyanobacteria from Brazil previously published by Bicudo & Menezes (2010)Bicudo, C.E.M. & Menezes, M. 2010. Introdução: As algas do Brasil. In: R. C. Forzza (ed.). Catálogo de plantas e fungos do Brasil. Instituto de Pesquisa Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, pp-49-60. in the Catalog of Plants and Fungi from Brazil (Forzza et al. 2010Forzza, R.C., Baumgratz, J.F.A., Bicudo, C.E.M., Canhos, D.A.L., Carvalho Jr., A.A., Costa, A.F., Costa, D.P., Hopkins, M., Leitman, P.M., Lohmann L.G., Maia, L.C., Martinelli, G., Menezes, M., Morim, M.P., Nadruz-Coelho, M.A., Peixoto, A.L., Pirani, J.R., Prado, J., Queiroz, L.P., Souza, V.C., Stehmann, J.R., Sylvestre, L., Walter, B.M.T. & Zappi, D. (eds.). 2010. Catálogo de plantas e fungos do Brasil. Andrea Jakobsson Estúdio/Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro.). This update showed that there are 4,747 species registered in different environments and biomes in Brazil. However, the same update also indicated that this estimate is far from the actual algal diversity present in Brazil, due to the extensive geographical area represented by this country and the gaps in scientific research.

The Brazilian southern region houses one of the main floodplains of the country, the upper Paraná river floodplain (54º20'-53º30'/24º00'-22º50'). It is located on the right margin of the last stretch of this river that is free of reservoirs in the Brazilian territory, located between the reservoirs of Porto Primavera and Itaipu. This region has a recognized strategic area for the Brazilian biological and environmental patrimony, with two federal conservation units (Ilha Grande National Park and APA of the Islands and Várzeas of the Paraná River) and one state park (Ivinheima State Park). The upper Paraná river floodplain was incorporated into the Biosphere Reserve of the Atlantic Forest-t MAB/UNESCO (Agostinho et al. 2004Agostinho, A.A., Gomes, L.C., Thomaz, S.M. & Hanh, N.S. 2004. The Upper Paraná River Floodplain: Main characteristics and perspectives for management and conservation. In: A.A. Agostinho (ed.). Conservação da biodiversidade em águas continentais do Brasil. Megadiversidade, pp. 70-78., Takemoto & Lizama 2010Takemoto, R.M. & Lizama, M.L.A.P. 2010. Helminth fauna of fishes from the upper Paraná rive floodplain, Brazil. Neotropical Helminthology 4: 5-8).

Studies in this region have been developed since 1986 by researchers from Nupélia (Center for Research in Limnology, Ichthyology and Aquaculture - State University of Maringá), who are responsible for one of the most important databases on Freshwater biology and ecology in Latin America. Plenty of information about the characteristics of the environment, fauna and flora is contained in scientific papers, technical reports (available at http://www.peld.uem.br/), and papers of diffusion, theses and dissertations of the Program of Postgraduate in Ecology of Continental Aquatic Environments of the State University of Maringá. Some researches have indicated that the freshwater microalgae of this area represent 8% of the total microalgae found in Brazilian territory (Train & Rodrigues 2004Train, S. & Rodrigues, L.C. 2004. Phytoplankton assemblages. In: S.M. Thomaz, A.A. Agostinho & N.S. Hahn (eds.). The Upper Paraná river floodplain: physical aspects, ecology and conservation. Backhuys, Netherlands, pp. 103-124., Agostinho et al. 2004Agostinho, A.A., Gomes, L.C., Thomaz, S.M. & Hanh, N.S. 2004. The Upper Paraná River Floodplain: Main characteristics and perspectives for management and conservation. In: A.A. Agostinho (ed.). Conservação da biodiversidade em águas continentais do Brasil. Megadiversidade, pp. 70-78.). Indeed, despite the number of already developed taxonomic and ecological, observational and/or experimental studies, there are still background gaps in the biodiversity of microalgae in this area. In this way, this work aimed to record and disseminate information of the microalgae (periphytic and planktonic) occurring in the upper Paraná river floodplain based on scientific papers published since 1986.

Materials and methods

Study area - The study area covers a variety of lakes with different degrees of connectivity with the Paraná River and its main tributaries (Ivinhema River and Baia River) in the upper Paraná river floodplain (54º20'- 53º30'/24º00'-22º50', figure 1). The researches used in this survey include three rivers (Paraná, Ivinhema and Baia) and 20 lakes (six associated to the Paraná River- Garças, Pombas, Osmar, Clara, Carioca and Pousada; seven to Baía River- Guaraná, Maria Luiza, Porcos, Fechada, Aurélio, Pousada das Garças and Gavião; seven to Ivinheima River- Patos, Finado Raimundo, Ipoitã, Capivara, Jacaré, Peroba and Ventura).

Figure 1
The upper Paraná River floodplain and environments sampled over the years until 2006.

Review of articles - To create a catalog of species and respective articles in which they are cited we use papers and books published nationally and internationally. We consult the basis of Scielo, Web of Science, Lattes platform, the library of the Program of Postgraduate in Ecology of Continental Aquatic Environments of the State University of Maringá and Nupelia, and teachers' personal collection to do this survey.

As the goal was to look for scientific papers published since 1986, we noted that the first published works date of the year 1994. Thus, we use data from 1994 to 2016. We considered only works that referenced algae at the generic and infrageneric level (excluding studies referring only to large groups or algal biomass). Species richness was considered as the sum of specific and infraspecific taxonomic units (even if cited for more than one environment) recorded in the floodplain. We consider also the number of species registers counting the number of studies in which they are registered.

The species are presented and organized by classes, both species and classes in alphabetical order. The classification system adopted was Round (1971)Round, F.E. 1971. The biology of algae. London: Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd. for all algae classes. The species in the catalog are presented with the respective articles in which they were cited. We present the updated species name based on Algaebase (http://www.algaebase.org/) including as synonymous (=) the species name cited in each work we consulted. We also included species cited as conferatum, and the variety of species when were cited in the papers.

Results and Discussion

From the 80 national and international papers published in scientific journals and book chapters (taxonomic studies, ecological, experimental and observational studies) published from 1994 to 2016, we used 41 because lots of them only referring to large algae groups or algal biomass. These works encompassed 28 papers of periphytic algae and 13 of planktonic algae. The scientific published studies used are shown in table 1.

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Table 1
Periphytic and planktonic microalgae studies used in the compilation of taxa occurring in the floodplain from 1994 to 2016 (1-28: Periphytic habitat, in alphabetical order; 29-41: Planktonic habitat, in alphabetical order).

The results of the survey indicated 938 species of algae occurring in the upper Paraná river floodplain, of which 103 co-occur in both periphytic and planktonic habitats (table 2). The Chlorophyceae class was the richest one (199 taxa) followed by Zygnemaphyceae (196) (table 2). In the periphytic habitat Bacillariophyceae, Cyanophyceae and Zygnemaphyceae (figure 2) were predominant, and Chlorophyceae and Euglenophyceae in phytoplankton (figure 2).

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Table 2
Occurrence of periphytic and planktonic algae in the upper Paraná river floodplain and respective citations. The updated species name was based on Algaebase; equal symbol (=) indicates the species synonymous (heterotypic, taxonomic synonym) cited in the consulted work, and ( ≡) indicates the homotypic synonym (if cited in the work consulted); numerals (1 to 41) indicate the citation reference and habitat (1-28: periphytic habitat; 29-41: planktonic habitat) of the list in Table 1; asterisk (*) indicates the species common to both habitats.

Figure 2
Proportion among taxonomic classes in the upper Paraná River floodplain.

Periphyton - The upper Paraná river floodplain of presented 562 taxa of periphytic algae (table 2) distributed into 10 classes (Bacillariophyceae, Cyanophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Chrysophyceae, Euglenophyceae, Cryptophyceae, Oedogoniophyceae, Rhodophyceae, Zygnemaphyceae and Xanthophyceae). Bacillariophyceae was the richest class (150 taxa) followed by Cyanophyceae (149 taxa) and Zygnemaphyceae (128 taxa). The richest genera were Cosmarium (40 species) followed by Eunotia (22 species) and Staurastrum (22 species) (table 2).

The species with the largest number of registers were Achnanthidium minutissimun Kützing (12 researchs), Fragilaria capucina Desmazières (11 researchs), Gomphonema gracile Ehrenberg (11 researchs), Gomphonema parvulum (Kützing) Kützing (10 researchs), Leptolyngbya perelegans (Lemmermann) Anagnostidis & Komárek = Lyngbya perelegans Lemmermann (10 researchs) and Ulnaria ulna (Nitzsch) Compère (nine researchs) (table 2).

Phytoplankton - The upper Paraná river floodplain presented 482 species of planktonic algae distributed into eight classes (Bacillariophyceae, Cyanophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Chrysophyceae, Euglenophyceae, Cryptophyceae, Zygnemaphyceae and Xanthophyceae). Chlorophyceae was the richest class (148) followed by Euglenophyceae (102) and Zygnemaphyceae (98). The richest genus was Traquelomonas (60), followed by Staurastrum (25) and Phacus (22) (table 2).

The species with the largest number of registers were Aulacoseira granulata var. granulata (Ehrenberg) Simonsen, Dolichospermum circinalis (Rabenhorst ex Bornet & Flahault) Wacklin, Hoffmann & Komárek (Anabaena circinalis Rabenhorst ex Bornet & Flahault) and Trachelomonas volvocinopsis Swirenko in six researchs each, and Aulacoseira distans (Ehrenberg) Simonsen and Dolichospermum spiroides (Klebahn) Wacklin, Hoffmann & Komárek (Anabaena spiroides Klebahn) in five studies (table 2). In the total of taxa, 103 co-occurring to both habitats (table 2).

Conclusion

This study indicated that, since 1994 to 2016, 80 publications of some aspect of algae of the upper Paraná river floodplain were published. From these, 41 referenced algae at the generic and infrageneric level, and the compilation of them indicated 938 species, which constitutes an expressive microalgae richness for this study area. In the total, the Chlorophyceae class was the richest one followed by Zygnemaphyceae, but in the periphytic habitat Bacillariophyceae was the richest class, and in phytoplankton Chlorophyceae class. Some of these species may not be included in the Brazilian list of algae (which now has something around 4,747 species recorded so far) and now can be included.

This study contributed to the knowledge of the Brazilian microalgae biodiversity and provided data for future ecological and biogeographic studies.

This study also demonstrated the importance of long-term studies (PELD-CNPq site 6) in the survey of biodiversity. We suggest that these compilations be made also using research reports to increase information about the Brazilian flora and fauna, and improve the knowledge of Brazilian biodiversity.

Acknowledgements

We thank the Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura from the Universidade Estadual de Maringá for supplying the infrastructure. CNPq and CAPES provided grants for researchers and CNPq/PELD for financial support.

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Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    03 Dec 2018
  • Date of issue
    2018

History

  • Received
    11 Jan 2018
  • Accepted
    02 Aug 2018
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