Association of sociodemographic and clinical factors with the self-image and self-esteem of individuals with intestinal stoma

Assoiação dos fatores sociodemográficos e clínicos à autoimagem e autoestima dos indivíduos com estoma intestinal

Abstracts

Objetivo:

Avaliar os fatores sociodemográficos e clínicos e correlacioná-los à autoimagem e autoestima.

Métodos:

Estudo realizado no Polo dos Estomizados de Pouso Alegre. Os dados foram coletados entre dezembro de 2012 e maio de 2013. A amostra foi por não probabilística, por conveniência. Para coleta de dados, foram utilizadas a Escala de Autoestima Rosenberg/UNIFESP-EPM e a escala BodyInvestmentScale. Para análise estatística, foram utilizados os testes do Qui-quadrado e de Kruskal-Wallise a correlação de Spearman. Foram considerados os níveis de significância 5% (p ≤ 0,05).

Resultados:

Os participantes apresentaram a média de 10,81 na Escala de Autoestima Rosenberg/UNIFESP-EPM. Com relaação à escala BodyInvestmentScale, a média do escore total foi 38,79; a médianos domínios imagem corporal foi de 7,74 e no toque pessoal, 21,31. Ao comparamos os dados relacionados ao estoma e sociodemográficos com a Escala de Autoestima Rosenberg/UNIFESP-EPM e com escala BodyInvestmentScale, percebemos que todos os pacientes apresentaram queda na autoestima e na autoimagem. Os indivíduos estavam na faixa etária acima de 60 anos, sexo masculino, eram aposentados e casados e não participavam de grupo de apoio/associação. Com relação às características do estoma, os indivíduos com colostomia permanente tinham como causas da realização do estoma doença inflamatória e neoplasia; os estomas mensuravam entre 20 a 40 mm; eles utilizavam dispositivo com duas peças. Pessoas que não foram comunicadas de que iriam ser submetidas ao estoma, e em que não foi realizada a demarcação apresentaram piora na autoestima e na autoimagem com relação às outras características relacionadas à lesão e às sociodemográficas.

Conclusão:

Pacientes que participaram deste estudo apresentaram baixa na autoimagem e autoestima em todas as características do estoma e nos dados sociodemográficos, significando que esses indivíduos tinham sentimentos negativos em relação ao próprio corpo.

Estomia; Qualidade de vida; Imagem corporal; Autoimagem; Autoestima

Introduction

Undoubtedly the technological and scientific advances in health, as well as the process of demographic and epidemiological transition, enabled an increase in life expectancy of the population in recent years. In this twenty-first century, there are still huge and relevant problems that continue to affect the health of people worldwide and also in Brazil. These implications of scientific and technological development in people's living conditions have been worrying to researchers, ¹ primarily those related to the ostomy theme. These concerns are about the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions, complications, devices used, self-care, but also with the improvements made in quality of life, self-esteem, self-image and sexuality of these individuals, especially those who have degenerative and not degenerative diseases.¹,²

Stoma and ostomy are Greek terms meaning mouth or opening. It is a change in bowel habits, anatomically modified, in which there is an externalization of hollow viscera through the body; in the case of the intestine, the device is inserted into the outer abdominal wall,³ and may be temporary or permanent. Temporary stomas aim to protect an intestinal anastomosis and can be reversed. The permanent stomas usually are indicated in cases of intestinal cancer without the possibility of reestablishment of normal intestinal transit.⁴

Usually, these individuals who underwent intestinal stoma, breaking with this usual elimination pattern, are faced with emotional and psychological difficulties and feel a sense of disgust in relation to themselves.⁵

Besides the emotional and psychological changes, the ostomy generates a series of physical changes that impair social life of stoma users, especially those related to the lack of the anus and the presence of a hole in the abdomen through which the feces are eliminated. As a result, not infrequently the person feels very different from the others, and even excluded. This is because every human being constructs, throughout his life, an image of his own body, which fits to the customs and the environment where he lives – in short that meet his needs to feel nestled in his own world.⁶

In our modern society, the body image can be related to youth, beauty, strength, integrity and health; and those that do not correspond to the concept of body beauty can experience significant sense of rejection.⁷,⁸ Body image is the mental picture that the individual makes of his own body, wrapped by the sensations and experiences throughout his life. It is a kind of "mental picture" constructed by the person for his physical appearance and the attitudes and feelings towards the image.⁶-⁹

The individual, in coming to terms with an intestinal stoma, suffer changes in his body image, self-esteem and sexuality, as he is eliminating feces and gases through the abdomen. Thus, he starts a new life in different living conditions associated with disability and loss, feeling worthless, ashamed of other people and ending in isolation with respect to family, friends and leisure activities, and changing his quality of life. When a person has healthy self-esteem and body image, he deals easily with its present living situation and carry on leaving an existence without trauma.

This study aimed to evaluate the clinical and sociodemographic factors and correlate them to the self-image and self-esteem.

Methods

This is a primary, descriptive, analytical, prospective clinical study.

This study was conducted at the Ostomy Pole of PousoAlegre. The data were collected in the period between December 2012 and May 2013, after approval by the Ethics Committee, Universidade do Vale do Sapucai, Opinion No. 23,277. The sample was selected in a non-probabilistic, for convenience, way. The data collection was conducted by researchers themselves, after all patients have signed the informed consent form. In this study, the inclusion criteria were: ≥18 years old and carry an intestinal stoma. Exclusion criteria were: patients with syndromes of dementia and other conditions that would prevent them to understand and answer the questionnaires.

Three instruments to collect data for the survey were used. First, a questionnaire on sociodemographic data and characteristics of the stoma was used; then, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale/UNIFESP-EPM (RSES) was used; and third, the Body Investment Scale (BIS) was applied.

The Rosenberg scale is a scale used in several studies on self-esteem.¹⁰,¹¹ This is a one-dimensional scale translated and adapted in Brazil by Diniet al.¹² to be used in their work, and which was applied in a population of patients who would undergo plastic surgery.¹²-¹⁴ Rosenberg Scale is a Likert-type 4-point scale (1 = I strongly agree, 2 = I agree, 3 = I disagree, 4 = I strongly disagree), containing 10 items. Of this total of items, five assess the individual's positive feelings about himself (in general: I am satisfied with myself; I feel I have a bit of good qualities; I am able to do things as well as most other people, provided that I'm taught to do them; I feel I am a worthy person, at least on a plane like other people; I have a positive attitude toward myself) and five assess negative feelings (Sometimes I think I'm no good; I do not feel satisfaction in the things that I accomplish; I feel that I have not much to be proud of; Sometimes I really feel useless, unable to do things; I would like to have more respect for myself, I'm almost always inclined to think I'm a loser). To score the responses, the five items expressing positive feelings have inverted values, which, added to the other five, total a single value for the scale. This scale consists of ten statements with four response options. Each alternative has a value ranging from zero to three. Thus, the scale presents a final score of 0 to 30, where 0 is the best value for self-esteem and 30 the worst.

The Brazilian version of the Body Investment Scale (BIS) consists of 20 items divided into three domains (body image, body care and body touch). The answers are arranged in a five-point Likert scale, ranging from "I strongly disagree" (1 point) to "I strongly agree" (5 points). To obtain the final score of the scale, one must reverse the scores of items 2, 5, 9,11, 13 and 17 and add up all the items. The higher the score, the greater the positive feeling toward the body.¹³

When assessing the results, the data were entered and analyzed using the SPSS – 8.0 statistical program. For the statistical analysis, the following tests were also used: Chi-squared test for socio-demographic variables and characteristics of the stoma; and in order to compare between the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale/UNIFESP and Body Investment Scale and sociodemographic and clinical data, the Kruskal-Wallis test and Spearman correlation were used. For all statistical tests, we considered a 5% level as significant (p ≤ 0. 05).

Results

The results will be presented initially based on sociodemographic characterization and then by characterization of patients with intestinal stoma and finally by assessment of self-esteem and self-image.

In Table 1, most participants had over 60 years, were male, retired, and attending to support groups. Twenty-one (30%) of respondents were illiterate and 19 (25.10%) could read and write.

Table 1
Socio-demographic characteristics of individuals with intestinal stoma.

Variable		P	N	% Overall	% Valid	% Cumulative
Gender
	Male	0.003	52	74.3	74.3	100.0
	Female		18	25.7	25.7	25.7
	Total		70	100.0	100.0
Age groups
	44–59 years		17	24.3	24.3	24.3
	60–67 years		18	25.7	25.7	50.0
	68–74 years	0.057	16	22.9	22.9	72.9
	75 to 85 years		19	27.1	27.1	100.0
	Total			70	100.0	100.0
Marital status
	Married		34	48.6	48.6	48.6
	Separated		14	20.0	20.0	68.6
	Widow(er)	0.035	22	31.4	31.4	100.0
	Total		70	100.0	100.0
Occupation
	Retired		50	71.4	73.5	73.5
	Unemployed		4	5.7	5.9	79.4
	At work		14	20.0	20.6	100.0
	Total	0.003		68	97.1	100.0
	No answer			2	2.9
	Total		70	100.0
Participation in support group/association
	Yes		38	54.3	54.3	54.3
	No	0.075	32	45.7	45.7	100.0
	Total			70	100.0	100.0
	Total		70	100.0	100.0

• Chi-squared test (p ≤ 0.05).

It is observed in Table 2 that most of the causes that led patients to acquire ostomy were cases of neoplasia; the type of ostomy was a permanent colostomy. Most individuals were not told they would be submitted to the stoma. In addition, individuals were not subject to the demarcation of the stoma and did not undergo irrigation. Regarding the type of complication, 34 (48.60%) had dermatitis; 14 (20%) had retraction; and 13 (18.60%) suffered prolapse. With respect to the diameter of the stoma, 34 (48.60%) had 20–40 mm; and 23 (32.90%) 40–60 mm.

Table 2
Characteristics of the intestinal stoma.

Variable		P	N	% Overall	% Valid	% Cumulative
Cause of ostomy
	Diverticulitis		3	4.3	4.3	4.3
	Inflammatory bowel disease		5	7.1	7.1	11.4
	Neoplasia	0.003	52	74.3	74.3	85.7
	Crohn's disease		10	14.3	14.3	100.0
	Total		70	100.0	100.0
Type of stoma
	Colostomy		54	77.1	77.1	77.1
	Ileostomy	0.007	16	22.9	22.9	100.0
	Total			70	100.0	100.0
Diameter of the stoma
	0 to 20 mm		10	14.3	14.3	14.3
	20 to 40 mm		34	48.6	48.6	62.9
	40 to 60 mm	0.056	23	32.9	32.9	95.7
	60 to 80 mm		3	4.3	4.3	100.0
	Total			70	100.0	100.0
Complication type
	Dermatitis	34	48.6	48.6	48.6	34
	Fistula	1	1.4	1.4	50.0	1
	Peristomal hernia	5	7.1	7.1	57.1	5
	Pseudo-verrucous	0.0023	1	1.4	1.4	58.6
	Allergic reaction to device		1	1.4	1.4	60.0
	Pseudo-verrucous injuries/dermatitis		1	1.4	1.4	61.4
	Retraction		14	20.0	20.0	81.4
	Prolapse		13	18.6	18.6	100.0
	Total		70	100.0	100.0
Demarcation was carried out
	Yes		17	24.3	24.3	24.3
	No	0.002	53	75.7	75.7	100.0
	Total			70	100.0	100.0
Device type
	Single System		22	31.4	31.4	31.4
	Two Parts	0.043	48	68.6	68.6	100.0
	Total		70	100.0	100.0
Makes irrigation
	Yes		26	37.1	37.1	37.1
	No	0.047	44	62.9	62.9	100.0
	Total			70	100.0	100.0
It was reported that you have a stoma
	Yes		48	68.6	68.6	68.6
	No	0.049	22	31.4	31.4	100.0
	Total			70	100.0	100.0
Stoma characteristic
	Temporary		18	25.7	25.7	25.7
	Definitive	0.003	52	74.3	74.3	100.0
	Total			70	100.0	100.0

• Chi-squared test (p ≤ 0.05).

In Table 3, we can see in face of the responses of our participants that the mean of Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale/UNIFESP-EPM was 10.81, implying that these individuals had low self-esteem. As regards to the Body Investment Scale, in the domains body image and personal touch the mean was low, meaning that these individuals had negative feelings about their own bodies.

Table 3
Results obtained in the Body Investment Scale meanscore and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale/UNIFESP-EPM in individuals with intestinal stoma.

Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale/UNIFESP Dominium		Body Investment Scale Dominium				p-Value
		Total score	Body image	Personal care	Personal touch
Mean	10.81	38.79	7.74	21.31	10.19
Median	11.00	39.00	8.00	21.00	10.00	0.002
Mode	11	36	9	19	10
Standard Deviation	5.395	6.057	3.077	6.342	3.965

• Kruskal-Wallis and Spearman tests (p ≤ 0.05).

In Table 4, we find a comparison among data of the stoma and the scales used in this study, where it is possible to observe that all patients showed changes in self-esteem and self-image with respect to characteristics of the stoma; however, individuals with permanent colostomy had neoplasia and inflammatory disease as causes to perform the stoma; in addition, their stomata had diameters between 20 and 40 mm. These participants used two-piece devices. Those who were not told they would be subjected to the stoma and in whom the demarcation was not performed exhibited worsening in self-esteem and self-image.

Table 4
Comparison between groups according to characteristics of the stoma and the Body Investment Scale and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale/UNIFESP-EPM in individuals with intestinal stoma.

		Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale/UNIFESP			Body Investment Scale			p-Value
		Mean	Median	Standard deviation	Mean	Median	Standard deviation
Cause of stoma
	Diverticulitis	15.00	15.0	10.000	40.40	40.0	2.881	0.016
	Inflammatory disease	10.00	11.0	3.808	32.67	29.0	6.351
	Neoplasia	10.40	11.0	4.770	37.77	38.0	5.501
	Other	12.10	10.0	7.520	45.10	45.0	5.744
	Total	10.81	11.0	5.395	38.79	39.0	6.057
Stoma type
	Colostomy	10.70	11.0	5.279	38.33	38.0	6.100	0.306
	Ileostomy	11.19	11.0	5.935	40.31	40.0	5.839
	Total	10.81	11.0	5.395	38.79	39.0	6.057
Diameter of stoma
	0–20 mm	13.70	13.5	6.783	37.40	37.0	7.891	0.187
	20–40 mm	9.76	11.0	4.881	37.67	39.0	6.110
	40–60 mm	11.09	11.0	5.169	38.70	38.0	6.574
	60–80 mm	11.00	14.0	7.000	39.35	39.0	5.256
	Total	10.81	11.0	5.395	38.79	39.0	6.057
Demarcation of the stoma was carried out
	Yes	11.59	14.0	4.757	38.88	38.0	7.339	0.110
	No	10.57	11.0	5.604	38.75	39.0	5.667
	Total	10.81	11.0	5.395	38.79	39.0	6.057
Device type
	Systematic	11.02	11.0	5.537	39.09	38.5	5.639	0.546
	Two-piece	10.36	11.0	5.169	38.65	39.0	6.292
	Total	10.81	11.0	5.395	38.79	39.0	6.057
It was reported that you have a stoma
	Yes	10.92	11.0	5.386	39.82	39.0	5.877	0.634
	No	10.59	11.0	5.535	38.31	38.0	6.141
	Total	10.81	11.0	5.395	38.79	39.0	6.057
Stoma character
	Temporary	12.00	11.5	6.589	39.15	39.0	6.182	0.332
	Definitive	10.40	11.0	4.5924	37.72	37.5	5.717
	Total	10.81	11.0	5.39	38.79	39.0	6.057

• Kruskal-Wallis and Spearman tests (p ≤ 0.05).

From Table 5, it can be inferred that all the patients showed changes in self-esteem and self-image. The participants had over 60 years, male gender, with incomplete primary education, employed and married. Patients who were not participating in support group/association presented worse self-esteem and self-image in relation to other patients.

Table 5
Comparison between groups according to demographic data and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale/UNIFESP-EPM and Herth Hope Scale in individuals with intestinal stoma.

		Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale/UNIFESP			Body Investment Scale			p-Value
		Mean	Median	Standard deviation	Mean	Median	Standard deviation
Age group
	<59 years	12.67	12.0	8.102	40.31	40.0	2.549	0.034
	60–67 years	10.00	11.0	4.664	38.22	37.0	7.818
	68–74 years	10.19	11.0	3.176	37.00	38.0	6.245
	≥75 years	10.32	11.0	4.151	39.63	38.0	6.057
	Total	10.00	11.0	5.395	38.79	39.0	6.057
Gender
	Female	11.26	11.0	5.915	39.71	39.0	5.834	0.260
	Male	10.39	11.0	4.901	37.92	38.0	6.217
	Total	10.81	11.0	5.395	38.79	39.0	6.057
Marital status
	Married	10.41	11.0	5.082	35.21	37.0	4.264	0.017
	Separate	11.71	12.0	3.811	40.47	41.5	5.945
	Widow(er)	10.86	11.0	6.728	38.45	39.0	6.368
	Total	10.81	11.0	5.395	38.79	39.0	6.057
Schooling
	Illiterate	11.33	11.0	5.877	40.06	43.0		0.034
	Can read and write	12.72	13.0	4.039	39.53	38.0
	Incomplete primary education	9.26	11.0	5.039	38.18	36.0
	Incomplete secondary education	9.09	6.0	6.580	37.71	38.0
	Total	10.77	11.0	5.421	38.90	39.0
Occupation
	Retired	11.06	11.0	5.936	38.58	39.0	6.541	0.522
	Employed	8.75	9.0	2.630	37.00	37.0	1.155
	Unemployed	10.50	11.5	3.590	39.57	39.0	5.331
	Total	10.81	11.0	5.376	38.69	38.5	6.099
Participation in support group/association
	Yes	11.66	12.0	5.637	38.31	38.5	6.542	0.162
	No	10.11	11.0	5.151	39.18	39.0	5.675
	Total	10.77	11.0	5.395	38.79	39.0	6.057

• Kruskal-Wallis and Spearman tests (p ≤ 0.05).

Discussion

In terms of sociodemographic characteristics of the study participants, most participants had over 60 years, of male gender and retirees, and participating in support groups. Only 21 (30%) of respondents were illiterate and nineteen (25.10%) could read and write; these findings corroborate several studies. Regarding stoma features, most of the causes that led patients to have an ostomy performed were neoplasms; the type of ostomy was permanent colostomy. Most individuals did not know that would be submitted to the stoma. In addition, the individuals were not subject to the demarcation of the stoma. Regarding the type of complication, 34 (48.60%) had dermatitis; 14 (20%), retraction and 13 (18.60%), prolapse. With respect to the diameter of the stoma, 34 (48.60%) had 20–40 mm, and 23 (32.90%), 40–60 mm. These findings coincide with results of several studies.²,⁴,⁵,⁷,¹⁴-¹⁷

The increase in the elderly population, which is currently taking place in Brazil, tends to cause social and economic changes and an increase in chronic diseases, for example diabetes mellitus, hypertension, trauma and cancer; the latter two can cause the patient to undergo a surgical procedure for removing fecal contents by the abdominal wall. In my experience as a stomatherapist nurse, I have realized that when the individual is subjected to the preparation of the stoma, a breakup happens automatically from his elimination pattern, and often the patient has psychological and social changes, experiencing feelings of disgust, resulting in social and family isolation and in leisure loss. Such feelings have as a consequence changes of self-image, self-esteem, sexuality and quality of life.

In psychic alterations, the change in self-image is one aspect that stands out, since the patient will need to reset his body image, manner of dress and of interacting with his own body. As regards to the social aspect, the presence of the stoma affects both at the family level, as in the patient's leisure and work activities. Changes in leisure activities relate mostly to the shame or to the apparent presence of gas in the bag.

I believe it is pertinent to transcribe here the speech of a patient during an interview, that moved me: "First I was very sad to look at my belly and see feces and gases coming out, I was very traumatized, I felt filthy, ugly and in my body something that was not mine was there. In the early years I was ashamed and I isolated myself and did not let any person see my belly and touch me, only my wife could touch me because she helped to change the bag and clean my skin and stoma".

The research participants' answers related to the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale/UNIFESP-EPM obtained a mean of 10.81, implying that these subjects had low self-esteem. With regard to the Body Investment Scale in the fields of body image and personal touch, the mean was low, meaning that these individuals had negative feelings about their own bodies.

By having the anatomical structure modified, the ostomised individual also is faced with his conflicts and fantasies according to the image he makes of his own body, as well as according to the image that people who surround him make of him.¹⁸ This fact favors the loss of self-esteem, since when dealing with colostomy, people's attention stays focused on the values related to intestinal elimination, and a thing that before was considered as something natural becomes the object of reflection and must be reacessed.¹⁹

Social isolation is something visible; however, it is important to note that given this reality, it is imperative the need of social interaction, as this process will help to restore the perception related to the ostomised body and its own self-image and, mainly, will contribute to overcoming the loneliness.²⁰ The maintenance and, perhaps, the expansion of his social network will provide distraction and satisfaction, which favors the recovery of hope and a continuous search for a better quality of life.¹⁶

When comparing data related to the stoma and to the demographic profile with the Rosenberg Self-Esteem/UNIFESP scale and the Body Investment Scale, we realize that all the patients showed changes (decrease) in self-esteem and self-image. The participants had over 60 years, male, married and retired and were not attending the support group/association. With regard to the characteristics of the stoma, individuals with permanent colostomy had as their cause for stoma application neoplasia and inflammatory disease; the stomata measured 20–40 mm. Those users of two-piece devices were not communicated that they would be subjected to the stoma and the demarcation was not performed. They had low self-esteem and self-image change in relation to other patients. These findings corroborate results of several studies.²,⁴,⁵,⁷,¹⁴,¹⁶,¹⁹

In reality, the ostomy and the collector equipment cause a real change in the lives of ostomized people, and this change requires time for acceptance and for self-care learning. The person has the obligation of a daily care of the stoma and its accessories. This task is not easy; they are exposed to contact with a physical deformity caused by surgery and also with the need to directly manipulate their own feces, which leads them to the experience of feelings of low self-esteem. It is also the time when people start to become aware of the limitations caused by the stoma in their activities of daily living.¹⁴

The coexistence with the collector equipment generates the onset of conflicting feelings, concerns and difficulties to deal with this new situation. There are emotional stages of negation co-responsible for the decline of self-esteem and of self-image, thus causing sensation of mutilation, self-rejection and of peer people, as well as changes in other dimensions, such as mood and anger.¹⁵ I remember again another patient, that confided me, "When I looked in the mirror and saw the collection bag with feces and that I was with a very large volume in the abdomen, I felt very sad, very cross, very angry. So I put a skirt, looked again in the mirror again I noticed that the bag was appearing. Then I realized what I would do – I had to wear loose clothing."

Due to the use of the collector equipment, stomized people modify the mode of dressing, using mainly baggy clothes that are intended to hide the use of collector equipment. However, this strategy contributes to a loss in body aesthetics and, consequently, of self-esteem and self-image.¹⁴

In a study which the perception of patients with colostomy was analyzed regarding the use of the collection bag, the authors found that the relationship between the person with a colostomy and his bag collector is full of negative feelings, significant changes of the physical, psychological and sexual nature, as well as in his web of social relationships.¹⁵,²⁰

In another conversation, the patient said, "In the beginning, the replacement of the bag and the cleaning of the skin and stoma were things really difficult for me. At first my wife did everything and with time I began to lose the fear and disgust. I am very grateful to my wife; if it was not her, my skin would get wounded. To know how to change the bag, care for and cleaning the skin and stoma are things very important to prevent injuries." The care with the bag exchange is part of the rehabilitation process, once the individual knows the techniques and exercises in order to prevent complications and promote comfort and safety.

The care and cleaning of the ostomy and bag exchange in ostomized people are very important to ensure the integrity of the skin and prevent infection. In order to carry out such measures properly, it is necessary that ostomy patients be guided by nursing professionals, so they can develop self-care.²¹,²²

The social reintegration of ostomized people is a challenge for the multidisciplinary team involved, so it is important to encourage these people to believe that they are able to live with the new reality that was imposed to them. Therefore, the nurse' action must be based on the acceptance of a coexistence with the ostomy, besides to contribute to maintaining their physical and mentalhealth.⁷,²³,²⁴

Conclusion

In this study, we could conclude that patients who participated in the survey showed a decline in self-image and self-esteem, meaning that these individuals had negative feelings about their own bodies.

When comparing data related to the stoma and sociodemographic profiles with the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale/UNIFESP-EPM and Body Investment Scale, we realize that all the patients showed abnormalities (decrease) in self-esteem and self-image, being male individuals over 60 years, married and not attending support groups/associations. With regard to the characteristics of the stoma, those with permanent colostomy had as cause of stoma implantation neoplasms and inflammatory diseases, and their stomata measured between 20 and 40mm. Their stomata were two-piece devices, and these people were not communicated such that they would be subjected to the stoma and the demarcation was not performed. The participants exhibited significant worsening of self-esteem and self-image in relation to other features.

REFERENCES

• ¹
  Nunes JP, Vieira D, Nóbrega WG, Farias TYA, Torres GV. Venous ulcers in patients treated at family health units in Natal, Brazil: prevalence and sociodemographic and health characterization. FIEP Bull. 2008;78:338–41.
• ²
  Danielsen AK, Soerensen EE, Burcharth K, Rosenberg J. Learning to live with a permanent intestinal ostomy: impact on everyday life and educational needs. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs. 2013;40:407–12.
• ³
  Santos VLCG. Estomaterapia através dos tempos. In: Santos VLCG, Cessaretti IUR, editors. Assistência em estomaterapia cuidado dos ostomizados. São Paulo, SP: Atheneu; 2005.
• ⁴
  Sampaio FAA, Aquino OS, Araujo TL, Galvão MTG. Nursing care to an ostomy patient: application of the Orem' theory. Acta Paul Enferm. 2008;21:94–100.
• ⁵
  Nascimento CMS, Trindade GLB, Luz MHBA, Santiago RF. Vivência do paciente estomizado: uma contribuição para a assistência de enfermagem. Texto Contexto - Enferm. 2011;20:557–64.
• ⁶
  Salter M. 'If you can help somebody…': nursing interventions to facilitate adaptation to an altered body image. World Counc Enterostom Ther J. 1999:28–32.
• ⁷
  Souza JB, Oliveira PG, Ginani FF. Implicações sexuais na cirurgia do estoma intestinal. In: Crema E, Silva R, editors. Estomas: uma abordagem interdisciplinar. Uberaba, MG: Pinti; 1997. p. 177–91.
• ⁸
  Albuquerque AS, Tróccoli BT. Desenvolvimento de uma Escala de Bem-estar subjetivo. Rev Psicol: Teoria Pesqui. 2004;20:153–64.
• ⁹
  Cash TF, Pruzinsky T. Body image: a handbook of theory, research, and clinical practice. New York: Guilford; 2002.
• ¹⁰
  Rosenberg M, Schooler C, Schoenbach C, Rosenberg F. Global esteem and specific self-esteem: different concepts, different outcomes. Am Sociol Rev. 1995;60:141–56.
• ¹¹
  Souza DBL, Ferreira MC. Autoestima pessoal e coletiva em mães e não mães. Psicol Estud. 2005;10:19–25. Maringá.
• ¹²
  Dini GM, Quaresma MR, Ferreira LM. Adaptação cultural e validação da versão Brasileira da Escala de Autoestima Rosenberg. Soc Bras Cir Plas. 2004;19:41–52.
• ¹³
  Gouveia VV, Santos CA, Gouveia RSV, Santos WS, Pronk SL. Escala de investimento corporal (BIS): Evidências de sua validade fatorial e consistência interna. Aval Psicol. 2008;7:57–66.
• ¹⁴
  Silva AL, Shimizu HE. El significado del cambio enel modo de vivir de la persona conostomía intestinal difinitiva. Rev Lat-Am Enferm. 2006;14:483–90.
• ¹⁵
  Batista MRFF, Rocha FCV, Silva DMG, Júnior FJGS. Self-image of clients with colostomy related to the collecting bag. Bras Enferm. 2011;64:1043–7.
• ¹⁶
  Galdino YLS, Castro ME, Pereira MLD, Lima SSO, Silva FAA, Guedes MVC. O cotidiano da pessoa estomizada frente às necessidades humanas básicas alteradas. Estima. 2012;10:22–30.
• ¹⁷
  Danielsen AK, Soerensen EE, Burcharth KM. Learning to live with a permanent intestinal ostomy: impact on everyday life and educational needs. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs. 2013;40:407–12.
• ¹⁸
  Gemelli LMG, Zago MMF. A interpretação do cuidado com o ostomizado na visão do enfermeiro: um estudo de caso. Lat-Am Enferm. 2002;10:34–40.
• ¹⁹
  Wong SK, Young PY, Widder S, Khadaroo RG. A descriptive survey study on the effect of age on quality of life following stoma surgery. Ostomy Wound Manage. 2013;59:16–23.
• ²⁰
  Souza PCM, Costa VRM, Maruyama SAT, Costa ALRC, Rodrigues AEC, Navarro JP. As repercussões de viver com uma colostomia temporária nos corpos: individual, social e político. Eletr Enf. 2011;13:50–9.
• ²¹
  Zimnicki KM. Preoperative stoma site marking in the general surgery population. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs. 2013;40:501–5.
• ²²
  Kimura CA, Kamada I, Guilhem D, Monteiro PS. Quality of life analysis in ostomized colorectal cancer patients. J Coloproctol (Rio J). 2013;33:216–21.
• ²³
  Melotti LF, Bueno IM, Silveira GV, Silva MEN, Fedosse E. Characterization of patients with ostomy treated at a public municipal and regional reference center. J Coloproctol (Rio J). 2013;33:70–4.
• ²⁴
  Costa VF, Alves SG, Eufrásio C, Salomé GM, Ferreira LF. Assessing the body image and subjective well-being of ostomists living in Brazil. Gastrointest Nurs. 2014;12:33–40.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  Jul-Sep 2014

History

• Received
  25 Feb 2014
• Accepted
  15 May 2014