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Identification of risk groups for oropharyngeal dysphagia in hospitalized patients in a university hospital

Abstracts

Purpose:

To identify risk groups for oropharyngeal dysphagia in hospitalized patients in a university hospital.

Methods:

The study was design as an exploratory cross-sectional with quantitative data analysis. The researched population consisted of 32 patients admitted to the medical clinic at the university hospital. Patient history data were collected, followed by a universal swallowing screening which included functional feeding assessment, to observe clinical signs and symptoms of dysphagia, and assessment of nutritional status through anthropometric data and laboratory tests.

Results:

Of the total sample, the majority of patients was male over 60 years. The most common comorbidities related to patients with signs and symptoms of dysphagia were chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, systemic arterial hypertension, congestive heart failure, diabetes mellitus and acute myocardial infarction. The food consistency that showed higher presence of clinical signs of aspiration was pudding and the predominant sign was wet voice.

Conclusion:

There is a high incidence of risk for oropharyngeal dysphagia in hospitalized patients and an even higher rate of hospitalized patients with nutritional deficits or already malnourished. Hospitalized patients with respiratory diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, congestive heart failure and patients with xerostomia were indicated as risk group for oropharyngeal dysphagia.

Swallowing disorders; Malnutrition; Screening; Speech; Language and hearing sciences


Objetivo:

Identificar os grupos de risco para disfagia orofaríngea em pacientes internados em um hospital universitário.

Métodos:

O estudo foi transversal do tipo exploratório com análise quantitativa dos resultados. A população pesquisada foi formada por 32 pacientes internados nas clínicas médicas do hospital. Foram coletados dados da história do paciente e realizada a triagem universal de deglutição, avaliação funcional da alimentação para observação de sinais e sintomas de disfagia e avaliação do estado nutricional por dados antropométricos e exames laboratoriais.

Resultados:

Da amostra total, a maioria dos pacientes era homens acima de 60 anos. As comorbidades mais associadas a pacientes com sintomas e sinais de disfagia foram doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica, hipertensão arterial sistêmica, insuficiência cardíaca congestiva, diabetes melitus e infarto agudo do miocárdio. A consistência alimentar em que foi observada a maior presença de sinal clínico de aspiração foi o pudim, e o sinal predominante, a voz molhada.

Conclusão:

Há grande incidência de risco para disfagia orofaríngea nos pacientes internados e um índice ainda maior de pacientes internados em comprometimento nutricional ou já desnutridos. Pacientes internados com doenças respiratórias, doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica, insuficiência cardíaca congestiva e pacientes com xerostomia foram apontados como grupo de risco para disfagia orofaríngea.

Transtornos de deglutição; Desnutrição; Triagem; Fonoaudiologia


INTRODUCTION

Oropharyngeal dysphagia is a disorder with specific signs and symptoms that interfere in the swallowing process. It affects any part or stage of the bolus transportation, from the mouth to the stomach, and may cause damage to the patient, such as malnourishment, dehydration and respiratory complications. It can also lead to death(11. Ickenstein GW, Riecker A, Höhlig C, Müller R, Becker U, Reichmann H, et al. Pneumonia and in-hospital mortality in the context of neurogenic oropharyngeal dysphagia (NOD) in stroke and a new NOD step-wise concept. J Neurol. 2010;257(9):1492-9.). It is considered to be a disorder that incapacitates the person from the functional and emotional point of view, since it interferes with social relationships and the pleasant relationship with the act of eating(22. Farri A, Accornero A, Burdese C. Social importance of dysphagia: its impact on diagnosis and therapy. Acta Otorhinolaryngologica Italica. 2007;27(2):83-6.).

Oropharyngeal dysphagia increases the costs of hospitalization, prolongs hospital stay and exposes the patient to the risk of malnourishment, dehydration and pulmonary complications due to bronchoaspiration(33. Karkos PD, Papouliakos S, Karkos CD, Theochari EG. Current evaluation of the dysphagic patient. Hippokratia. 2009;13(3):141-6.). It should be considered as a public health issue, once it affects a considerable part of the population and leads to high rates of mortality/morbidity(44. Santoro PP. Editorial II - disfagia orofaríngea: panorama atual, epidemiologia, opções terapêuticas e perspectivas futuras. Rev CEFAC. 2008;10(2):0-0.).

Patients with swallowing disorders need to adequate their diet or even find a different feeding system. In a university hospital of Ceará, from July to October 2009, a total of 65 patients specializing in neurology, gastroenterology, medical clinic and infectology need to use different feeding paths(55. Carvalho AMR, Oliveira DC, Neto JEH, Martins BCC, Vieira VMSF, Silva LIMM, et al. Análise da prescrição de pacientes utilizando sonda enteral em um hospital universitário do Ceará. R Bras Farm Hosp Serv Saúde. 2010;1(1):17-22.).

One of the modalities to assess swallowing at the bedside is screening, with pass/fail characteristics. With that, it is possible to identify the patients who need a complete swallowing assessment(66. Swigert NB, Steele C, Riquelme LF. Dysphagia screening for patients with stroke: challenges in implementing a Joint Commission Guideline. The Asha Leader. 2007;3(12):28-9.).

The incidence of oropharyngeal dysphagia among post-stroke patients who were submitted to Speech language evaluation in up to 48 hours of hospital admission ranges from 43 to 50%(77. Almeida é. Frequência e fatores relacionados à disfagia orofaríngea após acidente vascular encefálico [Dissertação]. Belo Horizonte: Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; 2009.,88. Jacques A, Cardoso MCAF. Acidente Vascular Cerebral e sequelas fonoaudiológicas: atuação em área hospitalar. Rev Neurocienc. 2011; 19(2):229-36.).

The elderly also presented with changes in swallowing. A 55% incidence of dysphagia among elderly patients with respiratory infections is observed, and it is possible to relate dysphagia and bronchoaspiration to the main causes of respiratory conditions in this population(99. Cabre M, Serra-Prat M, Palomera E, Almirall J, Pallares R, Clavé P. Prevalence and prognostic implications of dysphagia in elderly patients with pneumonia. Age Ageing. 2010;39(1):39-45.).

When we consider the relationship between dysphagia and the risk of malnutrition among hospitalized patients, it is observed that those with dysphagia present higher risk of malnutrition or are already malnourished(1010. Foley NC, Martin RE, Salter KL, Teasell RW. A review of the relationship between dysphagia and malnutrition following stroke. J Rehabil Med. 2009;41(9):707-13.).

Several tools can be used to screen for nutritional risk, and the choice of screening method should consider the context in which the patient is inserted. Nutritional evaluation reveals the nutritional status and up to which point the needs of the patients are being met(1111. Araújo MAR, Lima LS, Ornelas GC, Logrado MHG. Análise comparativa de diferentes métodos de triagem nutricional do paciente internado. AA 2011;21(4):331-42.).

Facing the exposed, the objective of this study was to identify risk groups for oropharyngeal dysphagia among patients hospitalized in medical clinics of a university hospital.

METHODS

This exploratory cross-sectional study was conducted with the quantitative analysis of results. This study was approved by the favorable report no. 120.155, from October 8, 2012, by the Human Research Ethics Committee of Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (CEPSH/ UFSC).

All of the patients who were hospitalized in the 73 available beds in the medical clinics 1, 2 and 3 of a university hospital were invited to participate in the study, considering one patient per bed, from the period of October 10 to November 9, 2012.

As the research counted with patients whom accepted to be part of it, belonging or not to a risk group, it was recognized by the literature as a base disease with dysphagia's risk. This way, this tool was named universal swallowing trial.

From those who were invited to participate in this study, 50 accepted to undergo screening for the risk of oropharyngeal dysphagia and signed the informed consent, while four did not accept to undergo the tests and 18 were not assessed as to nutritional risks due to hospital-related problems. Therefore, the sample was composed by convenience, accounting for 32 individuals who underwent the full evaluation (risk for dysphagia and nutritional status).

As inclusion criteria, patients admitted to medical clinics 1, 2 and 3 of the university hospital, with no distinction of gender and age, who presented with clinical conditions for the evaluation and accepted to sign the informed consent.

Patients who presented Glasgow coma scale inferior to 10 were excluded.

This study was conducted in two stages. The first one consisted of collecting the data from the patients' medical records. The observed data included name, age, base disease, associated comorbidities, reason for hospitalization, nutritional evaluation, respiratory conditions and level of awareness.

In the second stage, for patients with stable clinical conditions, the functional assessment of swallowing was conducted to observe signs and symptoms of oropharyngeal dysphagia and clinical signs of bronchoaspiration(1212. Furkim AM, Duarte ST, Sória FS, Sampaio RS, Nunes MCA, Wolff GS, Silveira FR, Bassi D. In Susanibar F, Marchesan I, Parra D, Dioses A. Tratado de evaluación de Motricidad Orofacial y áreas afines. Madrid. EOS, 2014.), as well as nutritional evaluation to identify the group with nutritional compromise, as observed in Appendix 1 Appendix 1. Risk screening for oropharyngeal dysphagia and 2 Appendix 1. Risk screening for oropharyngeal dysphagia .

The collected data were statistically analyzed by the software MedCalc(r), version 12.3.0.0 (MedCalc Software bvba 1993-2012, Belgium).

In this study, non-parametric statistical tests were used, as well as the Fischer exact test and the Spearman correlation, and the considered p-value was 5% (p<0.05).

Risk screening for oropharyngeal dysphagia

The bedside screening is a type of evaluation with a pass/fail characteristic that is able to identify patients who need a full swallowing assessment(55. Carvalho AMR, Oliveira DC, Neto JEH, Martins BCC, Vieira VMSF, Silva LIMM, et al. Análise da prescrição de pacientes utilizando sonda enteral em um hospital universitário do Ceará. R Bras Farm Hosp Serv Saúde. 2010;1(1):17-22.).

The risk screening for oropharyngeal dysphagia is usually used in the Service of Speech Language Pathology and Audiology - Dysphagia in the university hospital and the VI Module - Hospital Internship of the Speech Language Pathology and Audiology Course, seventh period. It was applied by interns of the Speech Language Pathology and Audiology course at UFSC, who were supervised by the professor in charge, and it classified the patients between pass (those who did not present clinical signs of aspiration and/or signs of oropharyngeal dysphagia) and fail (with clinical signs of aspiration and/or oropharyngeal dysphagia).

All of the patients were placed at high supine position on the bed and monitored as to O2 saturation by means of pulse oximetry. The oximeter was Morefitness(r). For the observation of symptoms of oropharyngeal dysphagia and the clinical signs of bronchoaspiration, the functional swallowing evaluation was conducted in the patient, according to the classification of the American Dietetic Association(1313. Academy of nutrition and dietetics. American Dietetic Association. [Internet]. 2002. [cited 2012 Sep. 10]. Available from: https://nutritioncaremanual.org/index.cfm
Available from: https://nutritioncareman...
). In order to obtain the consistencies of liquid, nectar, honey and pudding, water and thickeners from Thick&Easy(r) were used, as well as measuring spoon from the same brand, and all of the preparations were conducted in a disposable glass.

For the liquid consistency, 100 mL of water was used, and for the nectar, honey and pudding consistencies, 100 mL of water and one, one and a half and two spoons of thickener were used, respectively.

Three offers were made for each of the consistencies. In the liquid and the nectar consistencies, a common glass and free swallowing were used, and for honey and pudding, a 5 mL disposable plastic spoon was used.

Assessment of nutritional status

The action of evaluating the nutritional status of hospitalized patients is essential, since malnourishment is one of the consequences of oropharyngeal dysphagia, besides contributing for the slow clinical evolution of the patient.

This assessment was conducted by a nutritionist of the university hospital of UFSC, and applied up to 72 hours after speech language screening. Anthropometric and biochemical data were used for the nutritional evaluation.

For data analysis, all of the patients classified with malnourishment, levels I, II and III, and mild, moderate and severe depletion, were grouped in the category of nutritionally compromised, and the ones classified with eutrophy, pre-obesity and obesity level I, II and III were grouped in the category with no risk for malnourishment.

RESULTS

The risk screening for oropharyngeal dysphagia was applied in 32 patients, out of whom 59% "passed" and did not present risk factors for oropharyngeal dysphagia. The other 41% presented risk factors for oropharyngeal dysphagia, that is, they "failed" the screening. In the nutritional status evaluation, 78% of the patients presented with nutritional compromise (Table 1).

Table 1
Distribution of risk screening for dysphagia and nutritional compromise (n=32)

As to the demographic characteristics of the sample, most participants were male, aged more than 60 years old.

In the clinical data from medical records, the high incidence of former smokers and former alcohol consumers was observed (Graph 1).

Graph 1
Distribution of variables use of O2 catheter, smoking and alcohol consumption Caption: COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Hospitalized patients with respiratory diseases were the ones that presented higher risk for oropharyngeal dysphagia, and all of those with specific diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) "failed" the screening (Graph 2).

Graph 2
Distribution of patients by disease inside the pneumology specialty

The main comorbidities presented by the patients who participated in the research were COPD, diabetes mellitus, systemic arterial hypertension, congestive heart failure (CHF) and acute myocardial infarction (Table 2).

Table 2
Statistical analysis of the risk group for dysphagia in comparison to the main presented comorbidities - chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes mellitus, systemic arterial hypertension, congestive heart failure and acute myocardial infarction (n=32)

From the participants who presented with risk for oropharyngeal dysphagia, 84% presented clinical signs of bronchoaspiration in the pudding consistency. It is worth to mention that five patients (38%) presented clinical signs of bronchoaspiration for all of the consistencies (liquid, nectar, honey and pudding) (Graph 3).

Graph 3
Distribution of patients with clinical signs of bronchoaspiration by consistency

Wet voice is the main clinical signal of bronchoaspiration among patients who presented risk for oropharyngeal dysphagia in the population (Graph 4).

Graph 4
Distribution of patients by clinical symptom of bronchoaspiration and by consistency

As the risk group for dysphagia, those with complaints of xerostomia, CHF, COPD and those admitted by pneumology stand out (Table 3).

Table 3
Statistical analysis of the risk group for dysphagia in relation to the variables pneumology, gastroenterology, age older than 60 years old, nutritional compromise and xerostomia (n=32)

During the interview of the screening questionnaire, all of the patients participating in this study were fed orally, and none of them reported difficulties to swallow nor dietary changes. Still, all of them informed they felt like eating.

DISCUSSION

In this study, it was possible to identify risk groups for oropharyngeal dysphagia in a university hospital by applying a screening instrument, as described in the methodology. The screening results concerning risk for oropharyngeal dysphagia, applied with hospitalized patients, respond to the objective of this study and point to the incidence of 41% of patients with risk for oropharyngeal dysphagia.

A similar result was observed in the speech language assessment conducted up to 48 hours after hospital admission, which presented the incidence of oropharyngeal dysphagia in 50% of the hospitalized patients. The assessment performed at the time of hospital discharge, after speech language intervention, showed 37.9% of patients with dysphagia(77. Almeida é. Frequência e fatores relacionados à disfagia orofaríngea após acidente vascular encefálico [Dissertação]. Belo Horizonte: Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; 2009.).

As for age, there was no difference between the relationship of elderly patients and the risk for oropharyngeal dysphagia. However, the correlation coefficient points to the low level of relationship between these factors, once data in the literature show the elderly population as a risk factor for oropharyngeal dysphagia, emphasizing the interferences of aging in the swallowing process. Aging changes the efficient swallowing mechanisms, be it in form, safety or in dietary quality. The truth is that the elderly population is usually underdiagnosed and undertreated(1414. World Health Organization. Physical status: the use and interpretation of anthropometry. WHO; 1995.).

A more rigid follow-up is required for the elderly population, once any change in swallowing safety can lead to direct changes in the nutritional status, thus increasing the level of respiratory complications among these individuals(1515. Frisancho AR. New norms of upper limb fat and muscle areas for assessment of nutritional status. Am J Clin Nutr. 1981;34(11):2540-5.).

In this study, results concerning the variable age may have suffered interferences due to the reduced number of participants.

In order to analyze the specialty with higher risk for oropharyngeal dysphagia, patients hospitalized by the medical specialties of pneumology and gastroenterology were used, since they were more frequent in the study sample. There was a difference seen for the people hospitalized by pneumology as to the risk for oropharyngeal dysphagia, with p=0.0005 and correlation coefficient of 0.6400.

This information can be related to the fact that these patients presented compromised respiratory capacity, which interferes in cough efficiency(1616. Blackburn GL, Thornton PA. Nutritional assessment of the hospitalized patients. Med Clin North Am. 1979;63:1103-15.). Coughing is the second mechanism in charge of the system that protects the lower airways, and it can be voluntary or involuntary. It is necessary to eliminate the secretion from the airways and to protect against the aspiration of food, secretions and foreign bodies(1717. Serra-Prat M, Palomera M, Gomez C, Sar-Shalom D, Saiz A, Montoya JG et al. Oropharyngeal dysphagia as a risk factor or malnutrition and lower respiratory tract infection in independently living older persons: a population-based prospective study. Age Ageing. 2012;41(3):376-81.).

Another important aspect is the fact that the patients who participated in this study, during the interviews, did not report difficulties to eat, nor did they inform changing the form, volume or consistency of the food, which, in practice, was not true. It was observed that patients ate little, with changes or restrictions in whatever was offered to them, in general.

This aspect was also observed in another study of patients with respiratory changes. Even though they did not report complaints related to swallowing, there was important risk for aspiration, once they had changes in the respiratory pattern, which can lead to changes in the coordination between respiration and swallowing, which is essential for the protection of the lower airway(1818. Connolly MJ. Of proverbs and prevention: aspiration and its consequences in older patients. Age Ageing. 2010;39(1):2-4.).

Among the comorbidities presented by the patients who participated in the research, those with COPD (p=0.0063) and CHF (p=0.0189) presented chances of being in the group with risk for oropharyngeal dysphagia. In the other comorbidities, there was no significance.

This information corroborates the statement that patients with COPD presented incoordination between swallowing and respiration, and that may respond to the findings in oropharyngeal dysphagia(1919. Paschoal IA, Villalba WO, Pereira MC. Insuficiência respiratória crônica nas doenças neuromusculares: diagnóstico e tratamento. J Bras Pneumol. 2007;33(1):81-92.).

The findings in this study are also in accordance with the results that show the relationship between individuals with COPD and symptoms of dysphagia. Data are related to the pharyngeal and esophageal stages of swallowing, to the mechanism of airway protection, to the history of pneumonia and the dietary symptoms(2020. II Diretrizes brasileiras no manejo da tosse crônica. J Bras Pneumol. 2006;32(6).).

Coughing is one of the main symptoms of COPD, as well as respiratory distress and dyspnea. However, these signals are also present in the protocols of swallowing evaluation, as clinical signals of bronchoaspiration. These symptoms in common limit the safe evaluation of swallowing, since many times the symptoms of the disease may "mask" the signals of bronchoaspiration, as the latter can mask the disease. Maybe a more reliable result is the wet voice. Studies with instrumental evaluations are mandatory to go further in this discussion.

Patients with chronic cough present history of repetitive pneumonia. Chronic cough is a symptom considered to be one of the main indicators of COPD(1919. Paschoal IA, Villalba WO, Pereira MC. Insuficiência respiratória crônica nas doenças neuromusculares: diagnóstico e tratamento. J Bras Pneumol. 2007;33(1):81-92.). It is also presented as a signal of bronchoaspiration, and this is one of the main causes of pulmonary complications, especially aspiration pneumonia. It also exposes the patient to pictures of malnourishment and dehydration. It is important to discuss if COPD worsens the cases of dysphagia and if chronic cough can be considered as a clinical signal of aspiration in the protocols of risk screening for oropharyngeal dysphagia, once they are part of the clinical picture of patients with COPD(2020. II Diretrizes brasileiras no manejo da tosse crônica. J Bras Pneumol. 2006;32(6).).

In deglutition, there is an action called central swallowing apnea. It is the closure of the rima glottidis, which is one of the main protective actions of the lower airways(2121. Drozdz DRC, Costa CC, Jesus PRO, Trindade MS, Weiss G, Neto ABM et al. Análise da fase faríngea da deglutição em portadores de tosse crônica. Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2012;16(4):502-8.). It is known that patients with respiratory compromise present respiration incoordination, which reflects on swallowing incoordination. Therefore, a relevant result is the fact that patients who failed the screening for the risk of oropharyngeal dysphagia had more difficulties swallowing the pudding consistency. It is worth to mention that no solid food was tested. This consistency demands more efforts from the patient so it can be properly ejected to the bolus. It is observed that 77% of the patients in the risk group for oropharyngeal dysphagia (41% of the sample) presented clinical signs of wet voice in the pudding consistency, which indicates content stasis in pharyngeal recess. Wet voice is a term that describes the bubbling sound produced in phonation, indicating stasis of secretions, liquids or food in the laryngeal vestibule(2222. Gross RD, Atwood CW Jr, Ross SB, Olszewski JW, Eichhorn KA. The coordination of breathing and swallowing in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009;179(7):559-65.).

With regard to the statistical chances of patients with CHF being in the risk group for oropharyngeal dysphagia, it can be justified because the pathological mechanism of CHF is directly related to respiratory compromise, once it involves progressive exertional dyspnea, which can evolve to resting dyspnea and orthopnea. Therefore, respiratory difficulty is one of the most frequent CHF symptoms(2323. Chaves RD, Carvalho CRF, Cukier A, Stelmach R, Andrade CRF. Sintomas indicativos de disfagia em portadores de DPOC. J Bras Pneumol. 2011;37(2):176-83.), and this is the cause of respiratory exacerbation, and for that, altering/incoordinating the swallowing mechanisms of the patient, especially at the time of apneic pause.

Statistical analysis did not find any differences between the patients with risk for oropharyngeal dysphagia and who presented with nutritional compromise, and this fact can be related to the reduced sample size. An alarming fact is that 75% of the patients participating in the research presented some nutritional compromise or were already malnourished.

This rate is close to the one found in another study, in which 71% of the patients hospitalized in the medical clinic of a university hospital who presented risk for oropharyngeal dysphagia had changes in nutritional status(2424. Costa MM, Lemme EM. Coordination of respiration and swallowing: functional pattern and relevance of vocal folds closure. Arq Gastroenterol. 2010;47(1):42-8.).

One study conducted in a large hospital of Santa Catarina points to the rate of 24.3% of malnourished hospitalized patients. Out of these, individuals admitted to the hospital with cancer presented higher rates of malnourishment (53.00%), followed by respiratory diseases (40.00%) and neurological disorders (28.57%)(2525. Queiroz MAS, Andrade ISN, Haguette RCB, Haguette EF. Avaliação clínica e objetiva da deglutição em crianças com paralisia cerebral. Rev Soc Bras Fonoaudiol. 2011;16(2):210-4.).

Oropharyngeal dysphagia is a risk factor for malnourishment and respiratory infections; therefore, the evaluation and treatment for oropharyngeal dysphagia should be included in the routine of care for elderly people, in order to avoid nutritional and respiratory complications(2626. Sousa VEC, Montoril MH, Pascoal LM, Lopes MVO. Avaliação da troca gasosa de pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca congestiva. Cogitare Enferm. 2010;15(4):681-7.).

Another data demonstrated by the statistical evaluation are the chances of patients with complaints of xerostomia being in the risk group for oropharyngeal dysphagia, with significance level of p=0.0101.

The dry mouth sensation (xerostomia) can be caused by the hypofunction of salivary glands, which changes the quantity and the quality of the saliva. One of the main functions of the saliva is to humidify the oral cavity, as well as the bolus, in order to facilitate swallowing(2727. Maciel JRV, Oliveira CJR, Tada CMP. Associação entre risco de disfagia e risco nutricional em idosos internados em hospital universitário de Brasilia. Rev Nutr. 2008;21(4):411-21.). Patients with sensation of xerostomia can present difficulties in the oral stage of swallowing, once they cannot properly prepare the bolus, and that interferes in the quality and safety of eating.

It is important to analyze that even though groups recognized in the literature as being risk groups for oropharyngeal dysphagia, like the elderly, patients with neurological conditions, malnourished or the ones presenting clinical signs of bronchoaspiration (cough, wet voice, phlegm and respiratory distress), this study did not find statistical significance in these groups due to the sample limitation.

As in the group of respiratory diseases, COPD(1818. Connolly MJ. Of proverbs and prevention: aspiration and its consequences in older patients. Age Ageing. 2010;39(1):2-4.

19. Paschoal IA, Villalba WO, Pereira MC. Insuficiência respiratória crônica nas doenças neuromusculares: diagnóstico e tratamento. J Bras Pneumol. 2007;33(1):81-92.
-2020. II Diretrizes brasileiras no manejo da tosse crônica. J Bras Pneumol. 2006;32(6).), this study supports what other authors have described as a risk group.

The reduced sample size and the profile of patients assisted at the university hospital are also important, as this hospital is not a reference for patients with neurological conditions and most of the assisted population is composed of elderly people with chronic pulmonary diseases.

CONCLUSION

There is high risk for oropharyngeal dysphagia in patients hospitalized in a university hospital that is more related to respiratory conditions, xerostomia and CHF.

There was no statistically significant relationship between malnourishment and dysphagia, probably because of the high rate of malnourished patients in the university hospital.

The reduced sample did not allow the statistical analysis between the risk for oropharyngeal dysphagia and the variables age, neurological diseases and nutritional compromise.

REFERENCES

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    Ickenstein GW, Riecker A, Höhlig C, Müller R, Becker U, Reichmann H, et al. Pneumonia and in-hospital mortality in the context of neurogenic oropharyngeal dysphagia (NOD) in stroke and a new NOD step-wise concept. J Neurol. 2010;257(9):1492-9.
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    Farri A, Accornero A, Burdese C. Social importance of dysphagia: its impact on diagnosis and therapy. Acta Otorhinolaryngologica Italica. 2007;27(2):83-6.
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    Karkos PD, Papouliakos S, Karkos CD, Theochari EG. Current evaluation of the dysphagic patient. Hippokratia. 2009;13(3):141-6.
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    Santoro PP. Editorial II - disfagia orofaríngea: panorama atual, epidemiologia, opções terapêuticas e perspectivas futuras. Rev CEFAC. 2008;10(2):0-0.
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    Carvalho AMR, Oliveira DC, Neto JEH, Martins BCC, Vieira VMSF, Silva LIMM, et al. Análise da prescrição de pacientes utilizando sonda enteral em um hospital universitário do Ceará. R Bras Farm Hosp Serv Saúde. 2010;1(1):17-22.
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    Swigert NB, Steele C, Riquelme LF. Dysphagia screening for patients with stroke: challenges in implementing a Joint Commission Guideline. The Asha Leader. 2007;3(12):28-9.
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    Jacques A, Cardoso MCAF. Acidente Vascular Cerebral e sequelas fonoaudiológicas: atuação em área hospitalar. Rev Neurocienc. 2011; 19(2):229-36.
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    Cabre M, Serra-Prat M, Palomera E, Almirall J, Pallares R, Clavé P. Prevalence and prognostic implications of dysphagia in elderly patients with pneumonia. Age Ageing. 2010;39(1):39-45.
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    Foley NC, Martin RE, Salter KL, Teasell RW. A review of the relationship between dysphagia and malnutrition following stroke. J Rehabil Med. 2009;41(9):707-13.
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    Furkim AM, Duarte ST, Sória FS, Sampaio RS, Nunes MCA, Wolff GS, Silveira FR, Bassi D. In Susanibar F, Marchesan I, Parra D, Dioses A. Tratado de evaluación de Motricidad Orofacial y áreas afines. Madrid. EOS, 2014.
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    » Available from: https://nutritioncaremanual.org/index.cfm
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    World Health Organization. Physical status: the use and interpretation of anthropometry. WHO; 1995.
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    Frisancho AR. New norms of upper limb fat and muscle areas for assessment of nutritional status. Am J Clin Nutr. 1981;34(11):2540-5.
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    Blackburn GL, Thornton PA. Nutritional assessment of the hospitalized patients. Med Clin North Am. 1979;63:1103-15.
  • 17
    Serra-Prat M, Palomera M, Gomez C, Sar-Shalom D, Saiz A, Montoya JG et al. Oropharyngeal dysphagia as a risk factor or malnutrition and lower respiratory tract infection in independently living older persons: a population-based prospective study. Age Ageing. 2012;41(3):376-81.
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  • Study carried out at the Multiprofessional Integrated Residency Health Program, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSC - Florianópolis (SC), Brazil.
  • *DB was responsible for the project, data collection and preparation of the manuscript; CAS was responsible for data collection; MSPHC was responsible for data collection and preparation of the manuscript; MRPR and MLAA and were responsible for contributions in research lineation; MJM was responsible for the statistical analysis and AMF was responsible for the research lineation and preparation of the manuscript.

Appendix 1. Risk screening for oropharyngeal dysphagia

Appendix 2. Functional feeding evaluation

Appendix 3. Nutritional evaluation

Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    Feb 2014

History

  • Received
    23 June 2013
  • Accepted
    01 Oct 2014
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