Questionnaire validation – PEACH on Brazilian Portuguese

ABSTRACT

Purpose

Translate, adapt and validate the Parent's Evaluation of Aural/Oral Performance of Children questionnaire to Brazilian Portuguese, as well as analyzing the interaction between parents/caregivers and children.

Methods

After translated, back translated and adapted this questionnaire was administered to 13 parents or guardians of children with moderate to severe hearing loss that were treated in the ambulatory of audiology of the Institution. Parents should fill out the diary, answering the questionnaire, giving as many examples of observed behaviors for each question and return for follow-up after a week for an interview with the evaluator or child's therapist.

Results

Data are presented in frequency and percentage. We used chi-square test with a 5% significance level (p). Two questions were culturally adapted to Brazilian Portuguese. The questionnaires were answered by mothers most of the time (69.2%).

Conclusions

The questionnaire was translated and adapted respecting the cultural aspects of the Brazilian population. It was observed that, for some questions, it is necessary care when analyzing the answers that parents provide, taking into consideration the child's age and linguistic content that is required for the observed behavior, avoiding erroneous interpretations made on the quality of amplification and the use of hearing aids or CI due to this. The questionnaire is of great importance since it measures the performance of children in their daily life situations.

Keywords:
Deafness; Questionnaires; Validation Studies; Family; Habilitation

RESUMO

Objetivo

Traduzir, adaptar e validar o questionário Parent’s Evaluation of Aural/Oral Performance of Children para a língua portuguesa brasileira, aplicar o questionário e analisar a interação entre pais/cuidadores e crianças.

Métodos

Após ser traduzido, retrotraduzido e adaptado, o PEACH foi aplicado a 13 pais ou responsáveis por crianças deficientes auditivas de grau moderado a profundo atendidas no Ambulatório de Audiologia Educacional da instituição. Pediu-se aos pais que preenchessem o diário, respondessem ao questionário fornecendo o maior número de exemplos de comportamentos observados em cada questão e comparecessem ao retorno, após uma semana, para entrevista com a avaliadora ou terapeuta da criança.

Resultados

Os dados são apresentados em frequência e porcentagem. Usou-se o teste de qui-quadrado, tendo-se adotado 5% como nível de significância (p). Duas questões sofreram adaptação cultural para a língua portuguesa brasileira; as mães foram as pessoas que mais responderam ao questionário (69,2%).

Conclusão

O questionário foi traduzido e adaptado respeitando os aspectos culturais da população brasileira. Em algumas questões deve-se tomar cuidado ao analisar as respostas dos pais, levando-se em conta a idade da criança e o conteúdo linguístico exigido para que se observe o comportamento, evitando interpretações errôneas quanto à qualidade da amplificação e do uso do AASI/IC. A aplicação do questionário é de grande importância, visto que mede o desempenho das crianças em situações de sua vida diária.

Descritores:
Surdez; Questionário; Estudos de Validação; Família; Reabilitação

INTRODUCTION

Hearing health is critical for the normal development of the child, since it is known that in hearing loss cases detected late^(1-3) may present difficulties in social, cognitive, educational, linguistic, cultural and economic aspects.

Currently, due to scientific and technological advances in early diagnosis, hearing loss has been identified in younger children, and these have come to call centers almost always on time^(4-6).

Many children with bilateral or unilateral hearing loss benefit from the use of individual hearing aids (HA). The goal of hearing aid in the baby or children with hearing impairment is to promote, in a safe and comfortable way, as much as possible access to stimuli that constitute the information of speech - that is, amplified speech needs to be comfortably above the child's hearing thresholds but below the level of discomfort in both ears⁽⁷⁾.

The effective amplification is a vital component in enabling the hearing of hearing impaired children, and it must be effective, as the child depends on adequate auditory stimuli to develop speech and language skills⁽⁸⁾.

As small children are not able to respond alone on the effects of hearing aids and parents have many opportunities to observe the children's responses to the amplification, they can give important information to the audiologist responsible for adapting⁽⁸⁾.

For some authors⁽⁹⁾, it is critical for audiologist job to share the parents' knowledge about the children hearing, so that one of the means of assessing the performance of the use of hearing aids (HA) or cochlear implant (CI) is the use of questionnaires.

There are several questionnaires through which it is possible to subjectively evaluate the benefit of hearing aids and CI, hearing and language skills and speech perception. Most of these questionnaires mainly aim to involve parents in the rehabilitation process. Questionnaires as MUSS⁽¹⁰⁾, MAIS⁽¹¹⁾, APHAB⁽¹²⁾, IT-MAIS⁽¹³⁾, CHILD⁽¹⁴⁾, ABEL⁽¹⁵⁾ and LIFE⁽¹⁶⁾ contribute to the validation of the use of electronic devices.

The Parent’s Evaluation of Aural/Oral Performance of Children – PEACH⁽⁶⁾ was developed to assess the effectiveness of amplification in young children with hearing loss by systematic observation of parents and their information about listening in quiet or noisy environment and the perception of speech, as well as on the understanding of spoken language, also in a quiet or noisy environment, a subjective measure by which to measure the effectiveness of sound amplification in everyday life⁽⁶⁾ of children of different ages and degrees of hearing loss.

Some studies⁽⁶⁾ report the need for a common longitudinal monitoring to document the results with children, as their maturity and their overall development can influence the type of response that is required. Furthermore, responses to the amplification may take longer in children than in adults.

OBJECTIVES

Based on these, the objectives were to translate, adapt and validate the questionnaire PEACH - Parent's Evaluation of Aural/Oral Performance of Children for Brazilian Portuguese, apply the PEACH questionnaire in a group of parents of hearing aid or CI users and examine how parents watch their children as well as their commitment to follow this process.

METHODS

Work approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo on December 16, 2009 - Protocol No. 436/2009.

The work was performed in two parts, which are explained below: translation and adaptation of PEACH questionnaire and application to obtain data to validate the PEACH protocol.

Initially, the PEACH questionnaire⁽⁶⁾ was translated and adapted to Brazilian Portuguese. Both the translation and cultural adaptation were authorized by one of its authors, Dr. Teresa Y. C. Ching, a researcher at the National Acoustic Laboratories (NAL), Australia.

Translation and adaptation of the questionnaire followed the following steps:

1. 1

   Two Brazilian researchers who already knew the work translated the questionnaire from English into Brazilian Portuguese; after reviewed, these two versions generated a unique;

2. 2

   The version of the questionnaire translated into Brazilian Portuguese was sent to an native English speaker with knowledge of Brazilian Portuguese, for a back translation and subsequent analysis and adaptation of terms and expressions, ensuring a translation faithful to the purposes of the authors of the original version (in English).

Following these steps, the questionnaire was applied to obtain the data for validation.

As inclusion criteria, children with conductive or mixed sensorineural hearing loss were selected, moderate to profound degree (according to criteria established⁽¹⁷⁾), aged between 13 and 84 months and assisted in the Educational Audiology sector of the Department of Otorhinolaryngology of the Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, hearing aids or CI users. As exclusion criteria, children with multiple disabilities were withdrawn from the sample. The sample consisted of parents and/or guardians of 13 children who met the inclusion criteria described.

All parents or guardians were aware of the study procedures, and signed the Informed Consent Form, in accordance with the guidelines of the Research Ethics Committee of the institution.

The routine of hearing aid selection and fitting process included anamnesis, pre-molding, testing through behavioral observation, the hearing aid verificaction and Real-Ear to Coupler Difference - RECD with hearing aids and also home experiences.

After performing these tests and hearing aids being suitable for the child, it was ordered via the Unified Health System (SUS) - National Policy of Hearing Health - Ordinance GM n. 2.073/2004.

During this process, the children remained in speech therapy for stimulation of auditory and language skills and the parents were oriented weekly. In this work, the PEACH protocol was delivered to parents and/or guardians.

The PEACH questionnaire was developed as a measure of functional performance in situations of daily life in the form of a directed journal, based on the systematic observation of the child hearing behavior in different environments attended. Parents should note in the journal examples of when and where the hearing behavior occurred.

Items include questions on use of hearing aids/CI, listening comfort, situations in silence, in noisy situations and attention/recognition of environmental sounds and speech (Annex A).

The work authors and therapists of the participating children handed to the parents or caregivers a copy of the questionnaire and the observation journal containing the questions and examples of observable behaviors that should be recorded at each situation and explained some pre-selected questions to clarify what was asked. Parents were asked to observe and record the behavior of children in everyday situations that are relevant to each questionnaire item for a week, as suggested by the authors of the original questionnaire⁽⁶⁾.

After a week of observation, parents and children should attend the speech therapy session taking the completed journal and also the questionnaire. The questionnaire was then applied in an interview between the therapists and/or author with the parents/caregivers, to better punctuate the children behavior in each situation observed and compare the responses that parents provided with that would be obtained based on the journal notes.

During this interview the therapist/author noted the examples of each item provided by the parents, paying attention to detail and considering specific situations where behavior could be observed or not. The parents were always asked to provide the largest possible amount of information about the routine of the child wearing the hearing aids/CI and if he/she presented attention/behavior modification when the hearing aids/CI did not work properly. The therapist/author then complemented what parents had observed and noted in the journal for the week, to make new questionnaire score, this time based on the responses of parents associated with the observations described in the journal and the prior completion of the questionnaire, which the parents had done during the week.

The more examples parents provided for each question, the higher the score.

According to the suggestion of the authors for the score, each question has 5-point scale (0-4), distributed as follows: 0 = never (the child never presented certain behavior, no example provided), 1 = seldon (the child shows the behavior about 25% of the time, 1 or 2 examples provided), 2 = sometimes (the child shows the behavior about 50% of the time, 3 or 4 examples provided), 3 = often (the child shows the behavior about 75% of the time, 5 or 6 examples provided) e 4 = always (the child shows the behavior more than 75% of the time, more than 6 examples provided) (Table 1).

Table 1
Score for the PEACH questionnaire

Score	Meaning	Interpretation	Example
0	Never	Child never presents such behavior	None
1	Seldom	Child presents such behavior approximately 25% of time	1 or 2
2	Sometimes	Child presents such behavior approximately 50% of time	3 or 4
3	Often	Child presents such behavior approximately 75% of time	5 or 6
4	Always	Child presents such behavior more than 75% of time	more than 6

The score considered was calculated by therapists / authors after interviews with the responsible and association between parental response in the prior completion of the questionnaire, observations in the journal and added comments that parents occasionally did not write in the journal, which were added by the therapists/authors during the interview for each question.

Data are presented in frequency and percentage, figures and tables. To evaluate the correlation between quantitative variables of the study group we used the chi-square test with significance level of 5% (p). Software used for the analysis were SPSS and Epi-info and graphics were done in Excel.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The translation and adaptation of the PEACH questionnaire⁽⁶⁾ for its application in health services facilitates the visualization of device usage conditions for the child, since it can condense different characteristics of other questionnaires already translated and adapted to Brazilian Portuguese, covering observation items such as use of hearing aids / CI, listening comfort, situations in silence, the noise situations and attention/recognition of environmental sounds. All of these items are mentioned in the literature, however it is observed that most questionnaires applied not always observe all these features and joint concerns in only one of them, and therefore it is necessary to complement with the application of more than one questionnaire. As for the auditive comfort it is possible to observe the same concern in the APHAB questionnaire⁽¹²⁾; as for the child auditive performance in silence and noisy situations, as PEACH⁽⁶⁾ also showed this concern with the scale MAIS⁽¹⁰⁾, APHAB questionnaire⁽¹²⁾, the LIFE questionnaire⁽¹⁶⁾ and a questionnaire used by other authors⁽¹⁸⁾.

A common feature between the PEACH⁽⁶⁾ and the questionnaires MUSS⁽¹⁰⁾, MAIS⁽¹¹⁾, APHAB⁽¹²⁾, IT-MAIS⁽¹³⁾, CHILD⁽¹⁴⁾, ABEL⁽¹⁵⁾ and the proposed in some authors studies⁽¹⁹⁾ is attention when analyzing measures of functional performance of children in daily life situations, which shows the importance of parents and/or guardians observation.

Among the 13 questions, only two were adapted for Brazilian Portuguese after translation and back translation, one of them being on behavior in noisy environment and the other on silence environment (questions 10 and 11, respectively), in order to transmit its content to the population (Chart 1).

Chart 1
Adaptation of two questions to Brazilian Portuguese

Question	Translation	Back translation	Adaptation
10 - Participate in conversation in transport.	10 - Participa de conversas em meios de transporte.	10 - Participate in conversation in public transports.	10 - Participa de conversas em transportes públicos.
11 - Recognize voice of familiar persons.	11 - Reconhece voz de pessoas familiares.	11 - Recognize families voices.	11 - Reconhece voz de familiares.

The PEACH questionnaire⁽⁶⁾ was applied in a group of 13 children assisted in the Educational Audiology Sector of the Institution, whose parents/guardians agreed and signed the Informed Consent Form. Children participating in the study were between 13 and 84 months old and most have been recently diagnosed^(7,20) (Figure 1).

Figure 1
Distribution of children according to age at diagnosis and current age

As for the families who answered the questionnaire (Figure 2), it can be said that the mother (69.2%) was the person in the family that is most involved in the child's rehabilitation process, which corroborates findings of previous studies^(21,22). In other studies, researchers^(23,24) added that in addition to the early intervention^(7,20), the family participation is crucial in the successful rehabilitation of children with hearing impairment. The application of questionnaires to parents for analysis of children with hearing impairment of performance is critical to the speech therapy, which can be influenced by the representation that parents have their children in situations of daily life^(25,26). The observation of family dynamics is also very important to help them effectively in stimulating their children by providing model as to how to act with them⁽²⁷⁾.

Figure 2
Distribution of who answered the questionnaire

Although mothers participate more in the monitoring process/hearing rehabilitation of children than fathers, and even staying longer with them, still had difficulties to watch them effectively, being of great importance the intervention of professional audiologist in counseling and welcoming. Often, this difficulty was related to the acceptance of the child's deafness, reported by most of the mothers, and the lack of time, since the majority needed to work and the children were in the care of kindergartens and daycare teachers.

As observed in Table 2, regarding the answers to question 1 of PEACH, the four children that didn't had “always” used its HA/CI shared the fact that received intervention right after the diagnosis, but also presented important behavioral issues.

Table 2
Distributions of answers to question 1 of PEACH questionnaire

1. Is the child using the individual hearing aid/cochlear implant?
	N	%
Sometimes	2	15.4%
Often	2	15.4%
Always	9	69.2%
Total	13	100%

As for the answers to question 2 (Table 3), we observed that four children reported discomfort with loud sounds when using the HA/CI, all with severe hearing loss. These children were assessed regarding this aspect, which highlights the importance of the questionnaire, since many times these situations don't happen during the therapy session to verify the discomfort.

Table 3
Distributions of answers to question 2 of PEACH questionnaire

2. Does your child feel uncomfortable with loud sound?
	N	%
Never	9	69.2%
Seldon	4	30.8%
Total	13	100%

The remaining questions specific to daily situations in silence or noisy environment allowed the audiologist to suggest possible alterations in the electronic device programming, in addition to offer the parents special moments in the affective relationship.

Chart 2 shows a cutout of the survey results application, as well as the detailed description of the sample. When necessary further amendments in the regulation, the use of the questionnaire was suggested for comparative purposes.

Chart 2
Description of sample and PEACH score

Individual	Age	Hearing loss degree	Device used	PEACH score
1	5 years and 1 month	Severe	CI	43.2%
2	3 years and 6 months	Severe	HA	22.8%
3	2 years and 6 months	Severe	HA	41%
4	2 years	Moderate	HA	50%
5	7 years	Severe	CI	32%
6	4 years	Severe	HA	54.5%
7	4 years	Severe	CI	45.5%
8	5 years	Severe	HA	0%
9	4 years and 6 months	Severe	HA	7%
10	2 years and 6 months	Moderate	HA	78.6%
11	5 years and 6 months	Severe	CI	34%
12	6 years	Severe	HA	20.5%
13	6 years and 6 months	Severe	HA	7%

CONCLUSION

The PEACH – Parent’s Evaluation of Aural/Oral Performance of Children was translated and adapted to the Brazilian Portuguese language considering all the cultural aspects involved to facilitate the understanding of all issues by the population studied.

The PEACH was applied to a group of parents and it was observed that mothers accompanied their children more often, showing greater commitment to the rehabilitation process.

The PEACH questionnaire is very important in speech therapy of children with hearing loss, as well as scoring the frequency of their responses to sound stimuli in everyday silent or noisy environment implies the effective participation of the mother and/or family members in the daily observations, helping professionals to validate the benefits of HA/CI.

Annex A. PEACH questionnaire.

Questionário PEACH

Nome da criança:

Nome e parentesco de quem respondeu ao teste:

PEACH - Parent’s Evaluation of Aural/Oral Performance of Children

	Nunca 0%	Raramente 25%	Algumas vezes 50%	Frequentemente 75%	Sempre 100%
1. A criança está usando o aparelho de amplificação sonora individual/implante coclear?
2. Seu filho se incomoda com som alto?
PEACH itens número. escala. item
3. S. Responde para o nome quando chamado em ambiente silencioso
4. S. Atende a ordens simples em ambiente silencioso
5. R. Responde para o nome quando chamado em ambiente ruidoso
6. R. Atende a ordens simples em ambiente ruidoso
7. S. Acompanha histórias lidas em voz alta
8. S. Participa de conversas em ambiente silencioso
9. R. Participa de conversas em ambiente ruidoso
10. R. Participa de conversas em transporte público
11. S. Reconhece voz de familiares
12. S. Conversa ao telefone
13. R. Reconhece sons ambientais
Silencioso/subescala/escore: (1+2+5+6+9+10)/24*100
Ruidoso/sub-escala/escore: (3+4+7+8+11)/20*100
total PEACH escore: somatória/44*100
S= Silencioso e R= Ruidoso

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

After the development and completion of the work, we obtained the support of the Children's Program of Phonak, who became interested in publicity and sponsorship of the product for free distribution to the Hearing Health Centers. Visit the Children's Program of Phonak in order to obtain the full questionnaire.

• Study carried out at Audiology Section of Department of Otorhinolaryngology of Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo - São Paulo (SP), Brazil.
• Financial support: nothing to declare.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  31 May 2016
• Date of issue
  May-Jun 2016

History

• Received
  16 June 2015
• Accepted
  24 Sept 2015