Acessibilidade / Reportar erro

Aplicações dos potenciais evocados miogênicos vestibulares: revisão sistemática de literatura

RESUMO

Objetivos

Revisar a literatura científica sobre as principais técnicas usadas para gerar o potencial evocado miogênico vestibular (VEMP) e suas aplicações clínicas.

Estratégia de pesquisa

Os artigos que descrevem os métodos de registro e as aplicações do VEMP foram localizados nas bases de dados PubMed, Web of Science, MEDLINE, Scopus, LILACS e SciELO. O levantamento realizado limitou-se aos artigos publicados nos idiomas Inglês, Português e Espanhol, entre janeiro de 2012 e maio de 2018.

Critérios de seleção

Artigos sobre os aspectos técnicos para a realização do VEMP ocular, cervical ou do músculo sóleo, com estimulação auditiva ou galvânica e artigos sobre as aplicações clínicas do VEMP foram incluídos; artigos repetidos nas bases de dados, artigos de revisão de literatura, relato de casos, cartas e editoriais foram excluídos.

Resultados

A estratégia de busca resultou na seleção de 28 artigos. Os estudos evidenciaram três métodos de registro do VEMP: cervical, ocular e no músculo sóleo. As aplicações clínicas do VEMP incluíram doença de Ménière, neurite vestibular, síndrome da deiscência do canal semicircular superior, doença de Parkinson, lesões centrais isquêmicas e mielopatias motoras.

Conclusão

Independentemente da técnica de registro, o VEMP mostrou-se útil como ferramenta complementar para o diagnóstico de doenças vestibulares periféricas e centrais.

Palavras-chave:
Núcleos vestibulares; Potencial evocado miogênico vestibular; Equilíbrio postural; Testes de função vestibular; Nervo vestibular

ABSTRACT

Purpose

To review the scientific literature on the main techniques used to generate vestibular-evoked myogenic potential (VEMP) and its clinical applications.

Research strategy

A search for articles describing VEMP recording methods and applications was conducted in the PubMed, Web of Science, MEDLINE, Scopus, LILACS and SciELO databases. The search was limited to articles published in English, Portuguese, and Spanish between January 2012 and May 2018.

Selection criteria

Articles addressing the technical aspects for performing ocular, cervical or soleus VEMP with auditory or galvanic stimulation and articles on the clinical applications of VEMP were included in this review, whereas articles repeated in the databases, literature reviews, case reports, letters, and editorials were excluded.

Results

The search strategy resulted in the selection of 28 articles. The studies evidenced three methods of VEMP recording: responses from the cervical, ocular and soleus muscle. Clinical applications of VEMP included Meniere’s disease, vestibular neuritis, superior semicircular canal dehiscence syndrome, Parkinson's disease, central ischemic lesions, and motor myelopathies.

Conclusion

Regardless of the recording technique, VEMP has proved to be useful as a complementary tool for the diagnosis of peripheral and central vestibular diseases.

Keywords:
Vestibular Nuclei; Vestibular-evoked Myogenic Potential; Postural balance; Vestibular function tests; Vestibular nerve

INTRODUÇÃO

O potencial evocado miogênico vestibular (VEMP) é um método eletrofisiológico que avalia a integração dos órgãos otolíticos e nervos vestibulares com o tronco encefálico e o sistema muscular. Portanto, é um teste complementar, que tem o diferencial de avaliar a função vestibular central, sendo um reflexo dissináptico que tem sido considerado para avaliar a função do tronco cerebral(11 Silva TR, Resende LM, Santos MAR. Potencial evocado miogênico vestibular ocular e cervical simultâneo em indivíduos normais. CoDAS. 2016;28(1):34-40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2317-1782/20162015040. PMid:27074187.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2317-1782/2016...
,22 Kantner C, Gürkov R. Characteristics and clinical applications of ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials. Hear Res. 2012;294(1-2):55-63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heares.2012.10.008. PMid:23123220.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heares.2012....
).

O VEMP surge a partir das respostas musculares reflexas decorrentes dos reflexos vestíbulo-ocular, vestíbulo-masseter e vestíbulo-espinal. Estes dependem da integridade funcional da mácula sacular e utricular, do nervo vestibular inferior, do nervo vestibular superior, dos núcleos vestibulares, das vias vestibulares centrais e das placas neuromusculares envolvidas(33 Cunha LCM, Labanca L, Tavares MC, Gonçalves DU. Vestibular evoked myogenic potential (VEMP) with galvanic stimulation in normal subjects. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2014;80(1):48-53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5935/1808-8694.20140011. PMid:24626892.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5935/1808-8694.2014...
,44 Park HJ, Lee IS, Shin JE, Lee YJ, Park MS. Frequency-tuning characteristics of cervical and ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials induced by air-conducted tone bursts. Clin Neurophysiol. 2010;121(1):85-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2009.10.003. PMid:19892592.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2009....
). Uma alteração em qualquer uma das estruturas relacionadas resulta em alteração do VEMP.

O VEMP tem sido utilizado para o estudo das mais diversas doenças vestibulares. Dentre as doenças periféricas, destacam-se doença de Ménière(55 Chang CM, Young YH, Jaw FS, Wang CT, Cheng PW. Degeneration of the vestibular nerve in unilateral Meniere’s disease evaluated by galvanic vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials. Clin Neurophysiol. 2017;128(9):1617-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2017.06.004. PMid:28719825.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2017....
,66 Lin CY, Wang SJ, Young YH. Correlations between foam posturography and vestibular-evoked myogenic potential tests in Ménière’s disease. Ear Hear. 2013;34(5):673-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/AUD.0b013e31828d267f. PMid:23985977.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/AUD.0b013e3182...
), neurite vestibular(77 Walther LE, Blödow A. Ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential to air conducted sound stimulation and video head impulse test in acute vestibular neuritis. Otol Neurotol. 2013;34(6):1084-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MAO.0b013e318280da47. PMid:23370570.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MAO.0b013e3182...
), deiscência do canal semicircular superior(88 Janky KL, Zuniga MG, Schubert MC, Carey JP. The effect of increased intracranial pressure on vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in superior canal dehiscence syndrome. Clin Neurophysiol. 2015;126(4):780-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2014.06.049. PMid:25103787.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2014....

9 Manzari L, Burgess AM, McGarvie LA, Curthoys IS. An indicator of probable semicircular canal dehiscence: ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials to high frequencies. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2013;149(1):142-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0194599813489494. PMid:23674567.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01945998134894...
-1010 Zuniga MG, Janky KL, Nguyen KD, Welgampola MS, Carey JP. Ocular versus cervical VEMPs in the diagnosis of superior semicircular canal dehiscence syndrome. Otol Neurotol. 2013;34(1):121-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MAO.0b013e31827136b0. PMid:23183641.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MAO.0b013e3182...
), síndrome do aqueduto alargado(1111 Janky KL, Nguyen KD, Welgampola M, Zuniga MG, Carey JP. Air-conducted oVEMPs provide the best separation between intact and superior canal dehiscent labyrinths. Otol Neurotol. 2013;34(1):127-34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MAO.0b013e318271c32a. PMid:23151775.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MAO.0b013e3182...
) e schwanoma vestibular(1212 Mahdi P, Amali A, Pourbakht A, Yazdi AK, Bassam A. Vestibular evoked myogenic potential produced by bone-conducted stimuli: a study on its basics and clinical applications in patients with conductive and sensorineural hearing loss and a group with vestibular Schawannoma. Iran J Otorhinolaryngol. 2013;25(72):141-6. PMid:24303434.,1313 Chiarovano E, Darlington C, Vidal PP, Lamas G, de Waele C. The role of cervical and ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in the assessment of patients with vestibular schwannomas. PLoS One. 2014;9(8):1-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0105026. PMid:25137289.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0...
). Dentre as doenças vestibulares centrais, destacam-se migrânea vestibular(1414 Kim CH, Jang MU, Choi HC, Sohn JH. Subclinical vestibular dysfunction in migraine patients: a preliminary study of ocular and rectified cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potentials. J Headache Pain. 2015;16(1):1-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s10194-015-0578-5. PMid:26527349.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s10194-015-057...
), doença de Parkinson(1515 Shalash AS, Hassan DM, Elrassas HH, Salama MM, Méndez-Hernández E, Salas-Pacheco JM, et al. Auditory – and vestibular – evoked potentials correlate with motor and non-motor features of Parkinson’s disease. Front Neurol. 2017;8:1-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2017.00055. PMid:28289399.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2017.000...
), lesões centrais isquêmicas(1616 Miller DM, Klein CS, Suresh NL, Rymer WZ. Asymmetries in vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in chronic stroke survivors with spastic hypertonia: evidence for a vestibulospinal role. Clin Neurophysiol. 2014;125(10):2070-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2014.01.035. PMid:24680197.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2014....

17 Oh SY, Kim JS, Lee JM, Shin BS, Hwang SB, Kwak KC, Kim C, Jeong SK, Kim TW. Ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials induced by air-conducted sound in patients with acute brainstem lesions. Clin Neurophysiol. 2013;124(4):770-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2012.09.026. PMid:23121898.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2012....
-1818 Miller DM, Baker JF, Rymer WZ. Ascending vestibular drive is asymmetrically distributed to the inferior oblique motoneuron pools in a subset of hemispheric stroke survivors. Clin Neurophysiol. 2016;127(4):2022-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2016.01.019. PMid:26971485.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2016....
) e mielopatias motoras(1919 Squair JW, Bjerkefors A, Inglis JT, Lam T, Carpenter MG. Cortical and vestibular stimulation reveal preserved descending motor pathways in individuals with motor-complete spinal cord injury. J Rehabil Med. 2016;48(7):589-96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2340/16501977-2101. PMid:27292455.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2340/16501977-2101...

20 Caporali JFM, Gonçalves DU, Labanca L, Oliveira LD, Trindade GVM, Pereira TA, et al. Vestibular evoked myogenic potential (VEMP) triggered by galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS): a promising tool to assess spinal cord function in Schistosomal Myeloradiculopathy. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2016;10:1-11.

21 Felipe L, Kingma H, Lambertucci JR, Carneiro-Proietti AB, Gonçalves DU. Testing the vestibular evoked myogenic potential (VEMP) to identify subclinical neurological alterations in different phases of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 infection. Spine J. 2013;13(4):397-401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2012.11.015. PMid:23267739.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2012....

22 Felipe L, Gonçalves DU, Santos MA, Proietti FA, Ribas JG, Carneiro-Proietti AB, Lambertucci JR. Vestibular-Evoked Myogenic Potential (VEMP) to Evaluate Cervical Myelopathy in Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type I Infection. Spine. 2008;33(11):1180-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/BRS.0b013e31817152ed. PMid:18469690.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181...

23 Labanca L, Starling AL, Sousa-Pereira SR, Romanelli LC, Carneiro-Proietti ABF, Carvalho LN, et al. Electrophysiological analysis shows dizziness as the first symptom in Human T Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type-Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2015;31(6):649-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/aid.2014.0153. PMid:25760424.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/aid.2014.0153...

24 Iles JF, Baderin R, Tanner R, Simon A. Human standing and walking: comparison of the efects of stimulation of the vestibular system. Exp Brain Res. 2007;178(2):151-66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-006-0721-2. PMid:17031681.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-006-072...
-2525 Cunha LCM, Tavares MC, Criollo CJT, Labanca L, Paz CCSC, Martins HR, et al. Contribution of galvanic vestibular stimulation in the diagnosis of HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis. J Clin Neurol. 2013;9(4):252-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3988/jcn.2013.9.4.252. PMid:24285967.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3988/jcn.2013.9.4.2...
).

O VEMP pode ser gerado por estímulo auditivo ou galvânico e a resposta evocada pode ser captada na musculatura oculomotora, cervical, no músculo masseter, intercostal, braquial, sóleo ou gastrocnêmio. O princípio básico é a ação do músculo de captação da resposta no controle postural, seja através do reflexo vestíbulo-ocular, vestíbulocólico ou vestíbulo-espinal(22 Kantner C, Gürkov R. Characteristics and clinical applications of ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials. Hear Res. 2012;294(1-2):55-63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heares.2012.10.008. PMid:23123220.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heares.2012....
,33 Cunha LCM, Labanca L, Tavares MC, Gonçalves DU. Vestibular evoked myogenic potential (VEMP) with galvanic stimulation in normal subjects. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2014;80(1):48-53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5935/1808-8694.20140011. PMid:24626892.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5935/1808-8694.2014...
). Com esse enfoque, a aplicabilidade do VEMP varia conforme o tipo de estímulo e o músculo de captação da resposta eletromiográfica(22 Kantner C, Gürkov R. Characteristics and clinical applications of ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials. Hear Res. 2012;294(1-2):55-63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heares.2012.10.008. PMid:23123220.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heares.2012....
,55 Chang CM, Young YH, Jaw FS, Wang CT, Cheng PW. Degeneration of the vestibular nerve in unilateral Meniere’s disease evaluated by galvanic vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials. Clin Neurophysiol. 2017;128(9):1617-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2017.06.004. PMid:28719825.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2017....
).

Nas suas diversas modalidades, esse exame possui características favoráveis para sua utilização na prática clínica: objetividade, não invasivo, fácil execução, baixo custo, rápido e o desconforto para o paciente é mínimo. Como para qualquer outro exame eletrofisiológico, a experiência do examinador é fator determinante para a confiabilidade no teste(22 Kantner C, Gürkov R. Characteristics and clinical applications of ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials. Hear Res. 2012;294(1-2):55-63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heares.2012.10.008. PMid:23123220.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heares.2012....
).

OBJETIVO

Esse estudo teve o objetivo deste estudo dei revisar a literatura científica sobre as principais técnicas usadas para gerar o VEMP e suas aplicações clínicas.

ESTRATÉGIA DE PESQUISA

Realizou-se uma revisão sistemática da literatura, sem metanálise, com base na pergunta: Quais são as diferentes metodologias utilizadas para a geração do VEMP e suas aplicações clínicas? A partir da consulta às bases de dados eletrônicas PubMed, Web of Science, MEDLINE, Scopus, LILACS e SciELO, foram obtidos os artigos publicados no período de janeiro de 2012 a maio de 2018. Na busca, foram utilizadas as seguintes palavras-chave: vestibular-evoked myogenic potential, auditory stimulation, electric stimulation, postural balance e vestibular nuclei. As palavras-chave foram selecionadas com base na consulta ao DeCS (Descritores em Ciências da Saúde) e ao MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) e foram combinadas entre si, por meio da utilização do operador booleano AND. As seguintes combinações foram utilizadas: Vestibular-evoked myogenic potential AND auditory stimulation, Vestibular-evoked myogenic potential AND electric stimulation, Vestibular-evoked myogenic potential AND postural balance e Vestibular-evoked myogenic potential AND vestibular nuclei.

Por meio dessas estratégias de busca, foram encontradas 396 publicações (205 na PubMed, 96 no Web of Science, 35 no MEDLINE, 52 no Scopus e oito na SciELO). Não foram encontradas publicações na base LILACS. Primeiramente, os títulos dos artigos foram analisados, para selecionar aqueles relacionados ao tema proposto para a revisão. O título deveria fazer referência ao VEMP. A segunda seleção foi realizada por meio da análise dos resumos, nos quais deveria constar a aplicação clínica do VEMP.

CRITÉRIOS DE SELEÇÃO

Os artigos atenderam aos seguintes critérios para serem incluídas nesta revisão: 1) publicações durante o período de janeiro de 2012 a maio de 2018 nos idiomas Português, Inglês ou Espanhol; 2) o título deveria conter a palavra VEMP e a aplicação clínica deveria constar no título ou no resumo.

Os artigos que não abordaram o VEMP e a aplicação clínica no título ou resumo, não citaram as características do VEMP utilizado e não descreveram os resultados da avaliação foram excluídos. Também foram excluídos os artigos repetidos nas bases de dados, artigos de revisão de literatura, relatos de caso, cartas e editoriais.

Após a análise, 28 artigos que atenderam aos critérios de inclusão foram selecionado para revisão. O processo de seleção dos estudos foi realizado com base na recomendação Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: the PRISMA Statement(2626 Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA Statement. PLoS Med. 2009;6(7):e1000097. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097. PMid:19621072.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1...
) (Figura 1).

Figura 1
Síntese do critério de seleção dos estudos

ANÁLISE DOS DADOS

Inicialmente, a análise dos estudos foi feita por meio da leitura dos títulos e resumos. Posteriormente, foi realizada a leitura integral dos artigos incluídos na revisão. Para a análise dos artigos selecionados, foram utilizadas as recomendações do Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE)(2727 Malta M, Cardoso LO, Bastos FI, Magnanini MM, Silva CM. Iniciativa STROBE: subsídios para a comunicação de estudos observacionais. Rev Saude Publica. 2010;44(3):559-65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102010000300021. PMid:20549022.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102010...
). Após a análise dos artigos, foram extraídos os seguintes dados: autores, ano de publicação, país onde a pesquisa foi desenvolvida, método de registro do VEMP, caracterização do método, parâmetros de registro, número de sujeitos, aplicação clínica e resultados do estudo.

Realizou-se uma análise descritiva dos resultados e, devido à heterogeneidade dos dados, não foi possível fazer uma metanálise.

RESULTADOS

O Quadro 1 apresenta a síntese dos 28 estudos incluídos na revisão.

Quadro 1
Caracterização dos 28 estudos selecionados para a revisão

As variáveis idioma, país de origem e delineamento do estudo foram descritas para auxiliar na caracterização dos estudos incluídos na revisão, mas não fazem parte dos desfechos principais.

Todos os 28 artigos selecionados foram publicados na língua inglesa. Os países com maior número de publicações foram: Estados Unidos, com cinco (18%) publicações(88 Janky KL, Zuniga MG, Schubert MC, Carey JP. The effect of increased intracranial pressure on vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in superior canal dehiscence syndrome. Clin Neurophysiol. 2015;126(4):780-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2014.06.049. PMid:25103787.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2014....
,1010 Zuniga MG, Janky KL, Nguyen KD, Welgampola MS, Carey JP. Ocular versus cervical VEMPs in the diagnosis of superior semicircular canal dehiscence syndrome. Otol Neurotol. 2013;34(1):121-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MAO.0b013e31827136b0. PMid:23183641.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MAO.0b013e3182...
,1616 Miller DM, Klein CS, Suresh NL, Rymer WZ. Asymmetries in vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in chronic stroke survivors with spastic hypertonia: evidence for a vestibulospinal role. Clin Neurophysiol. 2014;125(10):2070-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2014.01.035. PMid:24680197.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2014....
,1818 Miller DM, Baker JF, Rymer WZ. Ascending vestibular drive is asymmetrically distributed to the inferior oblique motoneuron pools in a subset of hemispheric stroke survivors. Clin Neurophysiol. 2016;127(4):2022-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2016.01.019. PMid:26971485.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2016....
,2828 Pelosi S, Schuster D, Jacobson GP, Carlson ML, Haynes DS, Bennett ML, et al. Clinical characteristics associated with isolated unilateral utricular dysfunction. Am J Otolaryngol. 2013;34(5):490-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjoto.2013.04.008. PMid:23759133.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjoto.2013....
) e Brasil, com três (11%)(2020 Caporali JFM, Gonçalves DU, Labanca L, Oliveira LD, Trindade GVM, Pereira TA, et al. Vestibular evoked myogenic potential (VEMP) triggered by galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS): a promising tool to assess spinal cord function in Schistosomal Myeloradiculopathy. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2016;10:1-11.,2121 Felipe L, Kingma H, Lambertucci JR, Carneiro-Proietti AB, Gonçalves DU. Testing the vestibular evoked myogenic potential (VEMP) to identify subclinical neurological alterations in different phases of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 infection. Spine J. 2013;13(4):397-401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2012.11.015. PMid:23267739.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2012....
,2929 Silva TR, Resende LM, Santos MAR. Combined ocular and cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential in individuals with vestibular hyporeflexia and in patients with Ménière’s disease. Rev Bras Otorrinolaringol (Engl Ed). 2017;83(3):330-40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjorl.2016.04.017. PMid:27320652.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjorl.2016.0...
). O tamanho amostral dos estudos variou de oito a 83 indivíduos com alterações vestibulares periféricas e centrais.

Quanto ao desenho, oito (29%) estudos eram descritivos(55 Chang CM, Young YH, Jaw FS, Wang CT, Cheng PW. Degeneration of the vestibular nerve in unilateral Meniere’s disease evaluated by galvanic vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials. Clin Neurophysiol. 2017;128(9):1617-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2017.06.004. PMid:28719825.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2017....
-66 Lin CY, Wang SJ, Young YH. Correlations between foam posturography and vestibular-evoked myogenic potential tests in Ménière’s disease. Ear Hear. 2013;34(5):673-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/AUD.0b013e31828d267f. PMid:23985977.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/AUD.0b013e3182...
,1616 Miller DM, Klein CS, Suresh NL, Rymer WZ. Asymmetries in vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in chronic stroke survivors with spastic hypertonia: evidence for a vestibulospinal role. Clin Neurophysiol. 2014;125(10):2070-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2014.01.035. PMid:24680197.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2014....

17 Oh SY, Kim JS, Lee JM, Shin BS, Hwang SB, Kwak KC, Kim C, Jeong SK, Kim TW. Ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials induced by air-conducted sound in patients with acute brainstem lesions. Clin Neurophysiol. 2013;124(4):770-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2012.09.026. PMid:23121898.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2012....
-1818 Miller DM, Baker JF, Rymer WZ. Ascending vestibular drive is asymmetrically distributed to the inferior oblique motoneuron pools in a subset of hemispheric stroke survivors. Clin Neurophysiol. 2016;127(4):2022-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2016.01.019. PMid:26971485.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2016....
,2828 Pelosi S, Schuster D, Jacobson GP, Carlson ML, Haynes DS, Bennett ML, et al. Clinical characteristics associated with isolated unilateral utricular dysfunction. Am J Otolaryngol. 2013;34(5):490-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjoto.2013.04.008. PMid:23759133.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjoto.2013....
,3030 Saka N, Seo T, Fujimori K, Mishiro Y, Sakagami M. Vestibular-evoked myogenic potential in response to bone-conducted sound in patients with otosclerosis. Acta Otolaryngol. 2012;132(11):1155-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00016489.2012.694473. PMid:22830649.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00016489.2012....
,3131 Tal D, Shemy S, Kaminski-Graif G, Wiener G, Hershkovitz D. Vestibular evoked myogenic potentials and motion sickness medications. Clin Neurophysiol. 2016;127(6):2350-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2016.03.010. PMid:27178852.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2016....
),19 (68%) transversais comparativos(77 Walther LE, Blödow A. Ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential to air conducted sound stimulation and video head impulse test in acute vestibular neuritis. Otol Neurotol. 2013;34(6):1084-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MAO.0b013e318280da47. PMid:23370570.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MAO.0b013e3182...

8 Janky KL, Zuniga MG, Schubert MC, Carey JP. The effect of increased intracranial pressure on vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in superior canal dehiscence syndrome. Clin Neurophysiol. 2015;126(4):780-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2014.06.049. PMid:25103787.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2014....

9 Manzari L, Burgess AM, McGarvie LA, Curthoys IS. An indicator of probable semicircular canal dehiscence: ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials to high frequencies. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2013;149(1):142-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0194599813489494. PMid:23674567.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01945998134894...
-1010 Zuniga MG, Janky KL, Nguyen KD, Welgampola MS, Carey JP. Ocular versus cervical VEMPs in the diagnosis of superior semicircular canal dehiscence syndrome. Otol Neurotol. 2013;34(1):121-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MAO.0b013e31827136b0. PMid:23183641.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MAO.0b013e3182...
,1212 Mahdi P, Amali A, Pourbakht A, Yazdi AK, Bassam A. Vestibular evoked myogenic potential produced by bone-conducted stimuli: a study on its basics and clinical applications in patients with conductive and sensorineural hearing loss and a group with vestibular Schawannoma. Iran J Otorhinolaryngol. 2013;25(72):141-6. PMid:24303434.

13 Chiarovano E, Darlington C, Vidal PP, Lamas G, de Waele C. The role of cervical and ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in the assessment of patients with vestibular schwannomas. PLoS One. 2014;9(8):1-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0105026. PMid:25137289.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0...

14 Kim CH, Jang MU, Choi HC, Sohn JH. Subclinical vestibular dysfunction in migraine patients: a preliminary study of ocular and rectified cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potentials. J Headache Pain. 2015;16(1):1-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s10194-015-0578-5. PMid:26527349.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s10194-015-057...
-1515 Shalash AS, Hassan DM, Elrassas HH, Salama MM, Méndez-Hernández E, Salas-Pacheco JM, et al. Auditory – and vestibular – evoked potentials correlate with motor and non-motor features of Parkinson’s disease. Front Neurol. 2017;8:1-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2017.00055. PMid:28289399.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2017.000...
,1919 Squair JW, Bjerkefors A, Inglis JT, Lam T, Carpenter MG. Cortical and vestibular stimulation reveal preserved descending motor pathways in individuals with motor-complete spinal cord injury. J Rehabil Med. 2016;48(7):589-96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2340/16501977-2101. PMid:27292455.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2340/16501977-2101...

20 Caporali JFM, Gonçalves DU, Labanca L, Oliveira LD, Trindade GVM, Pereira TA, et al. Vestibular evoked myogenic potential (VEMP) triggered by galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS): a promising tool to assess spinal cord function in Schistosomal Myeloradiculopathy. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2016;10:1-11.
-2121 Felipe L, Kingma H, Lambertucci JR, Carneiro-Proietti AB, Gonçalves DU. Testing the vestibular evoked myogenic potential (VEMP) to identify subclinical neurological alterations in different phases of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 infection. Spine J. 2013;13(4):397-401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2012.11.015. PMid:23267739.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2012....
,2929 Silva TR, Resende LM, Santos MAR. Combined ocular and cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential in individuals with vestibular hyporeflexia and in patients with Ménière’s disease. Rev Bras Otorrinolaringol (Engl Ed). 2017;83(3):330-40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjorl.2016.04.017. PMid:27320652.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjorl.2016.0...
,3232 Brantberg K, Verrecchia L. Effectiveness of different click stimuli in diagnosing superior canal dehiscence using cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potentials. Acta Otolaryngol. 2012;132(10):1077-83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00016489.2012.689858. PMid:22779948.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00016489.2012....

33 Demirhan H, Yıldız M, Yiğit Ö. Do Vestibular-evoked myogenic potential abnormalities in patients with cochlear implant only reflect saccular dysfunction? J Int Adv Otol. 2016;12(2):166-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5152/iao.2016.2522. PMid:27716603.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5152/iao.2016.2522...

34 Tax CMW, Bom AP, Taylor RL, Todd N, Cho K-KJ, Fitzpatrick RC, Welgampola MS, et al. The galvanic whole-body sway response in health and disease. Clin Neurophysiol. 2013;124(10):2036-45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2012.12.041. PMid:23849702.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2012....

35 Sreenivasan A, Sivaraman G, Parida PK, Alexander A, Saxena SK, Suria G. The clinical utility of vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in patients of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. J Clin Diagn Res. 2015;9(6):1-3. PMid:26266140.

36 Güven H, Bayır O, Aytaç E, Ozdek A, Comoğlu SS, Korkmaz H. Vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials, clinical evaluation, and imaging findings in multiple sclerosis. Neurol Sci. 2014;35(2):221-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10072-013-1483-9. PMid:23807120.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10072-013-148...

37 Harirchian MH, Karimi N, Nafisi S, Akrami S, Ghanbarian D, Gharibzadeh S. Vestibular evoked myogenic potential for diagnoses of multiple sclerosis: is it beneficial? Med Glas (Zenica). 2013;10(2):321-6. PMid:23892852.
-3838 Iwasaki S, Egami N, Inoue A, Kinoshita M, Fujimoto C, Murofushi T, et al. Ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential elicited from binaural air-conducted stimulations: clinical feasibility in patients with peripheral vestibular dysfunction. Acta Otolaryngol. 2013;133(7):708-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00016489.2013.767476. PMid:23768055.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00016489.2013....
) e um (3%) estudo era longitudinal, do tipo coorte(3939 Parkes WJ, Gnanasegaram JJ, Cushing SL, McKnight CL, Papsin BC, Gordon KA. Vestibular evoked myogenic potential testing as an objective measure of vestibular stimulation with cochlear implants. Laryngoscope. 2017;127(2):E75-81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lary.26037. PMid:27291637.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lary.26037...
).

Em relação à população/amostra de pacientes com alterações vestibulares incluída nos estudos, as aplicações clínicas mais investigadas referiram-se à doença de Ménière(55 Chang CM, Young YH, Jaw FS, Wang CT, Cheng PW. Degeneration of the vestibular nerve in unilateral Meniere’s disease evaluated by galvanic vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials. Clin Neurophysiol. 2017;128(9):1617-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2017.06.004. PMid:28719825.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2017....
,66 Lin CY, Wang SJ, Young YH. Correlations between foam posturography and vestibular-evoked myogenic potential tests in Ménière’s disease. Ear Hear. 2013;34(5):673-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/AUD.0b013e31828d267f. PMid:23985977.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/AUD.0b013e3182...
,2929 Silva TR, Resende LM, Santos MAR. Combined ocular and cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential in individuals with vestibular hyporeflexia and in patients with Ménière’s disease. Rev Bras Otorrinolaringol (Engl Ed). 2017;83(3):330-40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjorl.2016.04.017. PMid:27320652.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjorl.2016.0...
), síndrome de deiscência do canal semicircular superior(88 Janky KL, Zuniga MG, Schubert MC, Carey JP. The effect of increased intracranial pressure on vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in superior canal dehiscence syndrome. Clin Neurophysiol. 2015;126(4):780-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2014.06.049. PMid:25103787.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2014....

9 Manzari L, Burgess AM, McGarvie LA, Curthoys IS. An indicator of probable semicircular canal dehiscence: ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials to high frequencies. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2013;149(1):142-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0194599813489494. PMid:23674567.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01945998134894...
-1010 Zuniga MG, Janky KL, Nguyen KD, Welgampola MS, Carey JP. Ocular versus cervical VEMPs in the diagnosis of superior semicircular canal dehiscence syndrome. Otol Neurotol. 2013;34(1):121-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MAO.0b013e31827136b0. PMid:23183641.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MAO.0b013e3182...
,3232 Brantberg K, Verrecchia L. Effectiveness of different click stimuli in diagnosing superior canal dehiscence using cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potentials. Acta Otolaryngol. 2012;132(10):1077-83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00016489.2012.689858. PMid:22779948.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00016489.2012....
), schwanoma vestibular(1212 Mahdi P, Amali A, Pourbakht A, Yazdi AK, Bassam A. Vestibular evoked myogenic potential produced by bone-conducted stimuli: a study on its basics and clinical applications in patients with conductive and sensorineural hearing loss and a group with vestibular Schawannoma. Iran J Otorhinolaryngol. 2013;25(72):141-6. PMid:24303434.,1313 Chiarovano E, Darlington C, Vidal PP, Lamas G, de Waele C. The role of cervical and ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in the assessment of patients with vestibular schwannomas. PLoS One. 2014;9(8):1-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0105026. PMid:25137289.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0...
) e doenças centrais(1515 Shalash AS, Hassan DM, Elrassas HH, Salama MM, Méndez-Hernández E, Salas-Pacheco JM, et al. Auditory – and vestibular – evoked potentials correlate with motor and non-motor features of Parkinson’s disease. Front Neurol. 2017;8:1-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2017.00055. PMid:28289399.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2017.000...

16 Miller DM, Klein CS, Suresh NL, Rymer WZ. Asymmetries in vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in chronic stroke survivors with spastic hypertonia: evidence for a vestibulospinal role. Clin Neurophysiol. 2014;125(10):2070-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2014.01.035. PMid:24680197.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2014....

17 Oh SY, Kim JS, Lee JM, Shin BS, Hwang SB, Kwak KC, Kim C, Jeong SK, Kim TW. Ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials induced by air-conducted sound in patients with acute brainstem lesions. Clin Neurophysiol. 2013;124(4):770-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2012.09.026. PMid:23121898.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2012....

18 Miller DM, Baker JF, Rymer WZ. Ascending vestibular drive is asymmetrically distributed to the inferior oblique motoneuron pools in a subset of hemispheric stroke survivors. Clin Neurophysiol. 2016;127(4):2022-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2016.01.019. PMid:26971485.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2016....

19 Squair JW, Bjerkefors A, Inglis JT, Lam T, Carpenter MG. Cortical and vestibular stimulation reveal preserved descending motor pathways in individuals with motor-complete spinal cord injury. J Rehabil Med. 2016;48(7):589-96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2340/16501977-2101. PMid:27292455.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2340/16501977-2101...

20 Caporali JFM, Gonçalves DU, Labanca L, Oliveira LD, Trindade GVM, Pereira TA, et al. Vestibular evoked myogenic potential (VEMP) triggered by galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS): a promising tool to assess spinal cord function in Schistosomal Myeloradiculopathy. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2016;10:1-11.
-2121 Felipe L, Kingma H, Lambertucci JR, Carneiro-Proietti AB, Gonçalves DU. Testing the vestibular evoked myogenic potential (VEMP) to identify subclinical neurological alterations in different phases of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 infection. Spine J. 2013;13(4):397-401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2012.11.015. PMid:23267739.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2012....
,3636 Güven H, Bayır O, Aytaç E, Ozdek A, Comoğlu SS, Korkmaz H. Vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials, clinical evaluation, and imaging findings in multiple sclerosis. Neurol Sci. 2014;35(2):221-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10072-013-1483-9. PMid:23807120.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10072-013-148...
,3737 Harirchian MH, Karimi N, Nafisi S, Akrami S, Ghanbarian D, Gharibzadeh S. Vestibular evoked myogenic potential for diagnoses of multiple sclerosis: is it beneficial? Med Glas (Zenica). 2013;10(2):321-6. PMid:23892852.).

Nos 28 artigos analisados, três métodos de registro do VEMP foram identificados. O VEMP cervical e o VEMP ocular foram os métodos mais utilizados (Figura 2).

Figura 2
Distribuição dos estudos, de acordo com os métodos de registro do potencial evocado miogênico vestibular

Em relação ao estímulo, observou-se que 19 (68%) estudos utilizaram estímulo auditivo tone burst rarefeito(66 Lin CY, Wang SJ, Young YH. Correlations between foam posturography and vestibular-evoked myogenic potential tests in Ménière’s disease. Ear Hear. 2013;34(5):673-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/AUD.0b013e31828d267f. PMid:23985977.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/AUD.0b013e3182...
-77 Walther LE, Blödow A. Ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential to air conducted sound stimulation and video head impulse test in acute vestibular neuritis. Otol Neurotol. 2013;34(6):1084-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MAO.0b013e318280da47. PMid:23370570.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MAO.0b013e3182...
,99 Manzari L, Burgess AM, McGarvie LA, Curthoys IS. An indicator of probable semicircular canal dehiscence: ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials to high frequencies. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2013;149(1):142-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0194599813489494. PMid:23674567.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01945998134894...
,1212 Mahdi P, Amali A, Pourbakht A, Yazdi AK, Bassam A. Vestibular evoked myogenic potential produced by bone-conducted stimuli: a study on its basics and clinical applications in patients with conductive and sensorineural hearing loss and a group with vestibular Schawannoma. Iran J Otorhinolaryngol. 2013;25(72):141-6. PMid:24303434.,1414 Kim CH, Jang MU, Choi HC, Sohn JH. Subclinical vestibular dysfunction in migraine patients: a preliminary study of ocular and rectified cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potentials. J Headache Pain. 2015;16(1):1-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s10194-015-0578-5. PMid:26527349.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s10194-015-057...

15 Shalash AS, Hassan DM, Elrassas HH, Salama MM, Méndez-Hernández E, Salas-Pacheco JM, et al. Auditory – and vestibular – evoked potentials correlate with motor and non-motor features of Parkinson’s disease. Front Neurol. 2017;8:1-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2017.00055. PMid:28289399.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2017.000...

16 Miller DM, Klein CS, Suresh NL, Rymer WZ. Asymmetries in vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in chronic stroke survivors with spastic hypertonia: evidence for a vestibulospinal role. Clin Neurophysiol. 2014;125(10):2070-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2014.01.035. PMid:24680197.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2014....

17 Oh SY, Kim JS, Lee JM, Shin BS, Hwang SB, Kwak KC, Kim C, Jeong SK, Kim TW. Ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials induced by air-conducted sound in patients with acute brainstem lesions. Clin Neurophysiol. 2013;124(4):770-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2012.09.026. PMid:23121898.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2012....
-1818 Miller DM, Baker JF, Rymer WZ. Ascending vestibular drive is asymmetrically distributed to the inferior oblique motoneuron pools in a subset of hemispheric stroke survivors. Clin Neurophysiol. 2016;127(4):2022-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2016.01.019. PMid:26971485.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2016....
,2121 Felipe L, Kingma H, Lambertucci JR, Carneiro-Proietti AB, Gonçalves DU. Testing the vestibular evoked myogenic potential (VEMP) to identify subclinical neurological alterations in different phases of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 infection. Spine J. 2013;13(4):397-401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2012.11.015. PMid:23267739.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2012....
,2828 Pelosi S, Schuster D, Jacobson GP, Carlson ML, Haynes DS, Bennett ML, et al. Clinical characteristics associated with isolated unilateral utricular dysfunction. Am J Otolaryngol. 2013;34(5):490-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjoto.2013.04.008. PMid:23759133.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjoto.2013....

29 Silva TR, Resende LM, Santos MAR. Combined ocular and cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential in individuals with vestibular hyporeflexia and in patients with Ménière’s disease. Rev Bras Otorrinolaringol (Engl Ed). 2017;83(3):330-40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjorl.2016.04.017. PMid:27320652.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjorl.2016.0...

30 Saka N, Seo T, Fujimori K, Mishiro Y, Sakagami M. Vestibular-evoked myogenic potential in response to bone-conducted sound in patients with otosclerosis. Acta Otolaryngol. 2012;132(11):1155-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00016489.2012.694473. PMid:22830649.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00016489.2012....
-3131 Tal D, Shemy S, Kaminski-Graif G, Wiener G, Hershkovitz D. Vestibular evoked myogenic potentials and motion sickness medications. Clin Neurophysiol. 2016;127(6):2350-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2016.03.010. PMid:27178852.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2016....
,3333 Demirhan H, Yıldız M, Yiğit Ö. Do Vestibular-evoked myogenic potential abnormalities in patients with cochlear implant only reflect saccular dysfunction? J Int Adv Otol. 2016;12(2):166-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5152/iao.2016.2522. PMid:27716603.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5152/iao.2016.2522...
,3535 Sreenivasan A, Sivaraman G, Parida PK, Alexander A, Saxena SK, Suria G. The clinical utility of vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in patients of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. J Clin Diagn Res. 2015;9(6):1-3. PMid:26266140.,3636 Güven H, Bayır O, Aytaç E, Ozdek A, Comoğlu SS, Korkmaz H. Vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials, clinical evaluation, and imaging findings in multiple sclerosis. Neurol Sci. 2014;35(2):221-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10072-013-1483-9. PMid:23807120.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10072-013-148...
,3838 Iwasaki S, Egami N, Inoue A, Kinoshita M, Fujimoto C, Murofushi T, et al. Ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential elicited from binaural air-conducted stimulations: clinical feasibility in patients with peripheral vestibular dysfunction. Acta Otolaryngol. 2013;133(7):708-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00016489.2013.767476. PMid:23768055.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00016489.2013....
,3939 Parkes WJ, Gnanasegaram JJ, Cushing SL, McKnight CL, Papsin BC, Gordon KA. Vestibular evoked myogenic potential testing as an objective measure of vestibular stimulation with cochlear implants. Laryngoscope. 2017;127(2):E75-81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lary.26037. PMid:27291637.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lary.26037...
), três (11%) estudos utilizaram estímulo auditivo tone burst rarefeito e estímulo auditivo click(88 Janky KL, Zuniga MG, Schubert MC, Carey JP. The effect of increased intracranial pressure on vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in superior canal dehiscence syndrome. Clin Neurophysiol. 2015;126(4):780-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2014.06.049. PMid:25103787.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2014....
,1313 Chiarovano E, Darlington C, Vidal PP, Lamas G, de Waele C. The role of cervical and ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in the assessment of patients with vestibular schwannomas. PLoS One. 2014;9(8):1-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0105026. PMid:25137289.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0...
,3232 Brantberg K, Verrecchia L. Effectiveness of different click stimuli in diagnosing superior canal dehiscence using cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potentials. Acta Otolaryngol. 2012;132(10):1077-83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00016489.2012.689858. PMid:22779948.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00016489.2012....
), dois (7%) estudos utilizaram estímulo click(1010 Zuniga MG, Janky KL, Nguyen KD, Welgampola MS, Carey JP. Ocular versus cervical VEMPs in the diagnosis of superior semicircular canal dehiscence syndrome. Otol Neurotol. 2013;34(1):121-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MAO.0b013e31827136b0. PMid:23183641.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MAO.0b013e3182...
,3737 Harirchian MH, Karimi N, Nafisi S, Akrami S, Ghanbarian D, Gharibzadeh S. Vestibular evoked myogenic potential for diagnoses of multiple sclerosis: is it beneficial? Med Glas (Zenica). 2013;10(2):321-6. PMid:23892852.), dois (7%) estudos utilizaram estímulo galvânico(2020 Caporali JFM, Gonçalves DU, Labanca L, Oliveira LD, Trindade GVM, Pereira TA, et al. Vestibular evoked myogenic potential (VEMP) triggered by galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS): a promising tool to assess spinal cord function in Schistosomal Myeloradiculopathy. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2016;10:1-11.,3434 Tax CMW, Bom AP, Taylor RL, Todd N, Cho K-KJ, Fitzpatrick RC, Welgampola MS, et al. The galvanic whole-body sway response in health and disease. Clin Neurophysiol. 2013;124(10):2036-45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2012.12.041. PMid:23849702.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2012....
), um (3,5%) estudo utilizou estímulo auditivo click e estímulo galvânico(55 Chang CM, Young YH, Jaw FS, Wang CT, Cheng PW. Degeneration of the vestibular nerve in unilateral Meniere’s disease evaluated by galvanic vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials. Clin Neurophysiol. 2017;128(9):1617-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2017.06.004. PMid:28719825.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2017....
) e um (3,5%) estudo utilizou estímulo auditivo tone burst rarefeito e estímulo galvânico(1919 Squair JW, Bjerkefors A, Inglis JT, Lam T, Carpenter MG. Cortical and vestibular stimulation reveal preserved descending motor pathways in individuals with motor-complete spinal cord injury. J Rehabil Med. 2016;48(7):589-96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2340/16501977-2101. PMid:27292455.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2340/16501977-2101...
). A corrente do estímulo galvânico variou de 1 a 5 mA(55 Chang CM, Young YH, Jaw FS, Wang CT, Cheng PW. Degeneration of the vestibular nerve in unilateral Meniere’s disease evaluated by galvanic vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials. Clin Neurophysiol. 2017;128(9):1617-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2017.06.004. PMid:28719825.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2017....
,1919 Squair JW, Bjerkefors A, Inglis JT, Lam T, Carpenter MG. Cortical and vestibular stimulation reveal preserved descending motor pathways in individuals with motor-complete spinal cord injury. J Rehabil Med. 2016;48(7):589-96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2340/16501977-2101. PMid:27292455.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2340/16501977-2101...
,2020 Caporali JFM, Gonçalves DU, Labanca L, Oliveira LD, Trindade GVM, Pereira TA, et al. Vestibular evoked myogenic potential (VEMP) triggered by galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS): a promising tool to assess spinal cord function in Schistosomal Myeloradiculopathy. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2016;10:1-11.,3434 Tax CMW, Bom AP, Taylor RL, Todd N, Cho K-KJ, Fitzpatrick RC, Welgampola MS, et al. The galvanic whole-body sway response in health and disease. Clin Neurophysiol. 2013;124(10):2036-45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2012.12.041. PMid:23849702.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2012....
).

Em relação à frequência do estímulo auditivo, predominou a frequência de 500 Hz, que foi utilizada em 21 (81%) estudos(66 Lin CY, Wang SJ, Young YH. Correlations between foam posturography and vestibular-evoked myogenic potential tests in Ménière’s disease. Ear Hear. 2013;34(5):673-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/AUD.0b013e31828d267f. PMid:23985977.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/AUD.0b013e3182...

7 Walther LE, Blödow A. Ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential to air conducted sound stimulation and video head impulse test in acute vestibular neuritis. Otol Neurotol. 2013;34(6):1084-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MAO.0b013e318280da47. PMid:23370570.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MAO.0b013e3182...
-88 Janky KL, Zuniga MG, Schubert MC, Carey JP. The effect of increased intracranial pressure on vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in superior canal dehiscence syndrome. Clin Neurophysiol. 2015;126(4):780-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2014.06.049. PMid:25103787.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2014....
,1010 Zuniga MG, Janky KL, Nguyen KD, Welgampola MS, Carey JP. Ocular versus cervical VEMPs in the diagnosis of superior semicircular canal dehiscence syndrome. Otol Neurotol. 2013;34(1):121-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MAO.0b013e31827136b0. PMid:23183641.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MAO.0b013e3182...
,1212 Mahdi P, Amali A, Pourbakht A, Yazdi AK, Bassam A. Vestibular evoked myogenic potential produced by bone-conducted stimuli: a study on its basics and clinical applications in patients with conductive and sensorineural hearing loss and a group with vestibular Schawannoma. Iran J Otorhinolaryngol. 2013;25(72):141-6. PMid:24303434.

13 Chiarovano E, Darlington C, Vidal PP, Lamas G, de Waele C. The role of cervical and ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in the assessment of patients with vestibular schwannomas. PLoS One. 2014;9(8):1-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0105026. PMid:25137289.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0...

14 Kim CH, Jang MU, Choi HC, Sohn JH. Subclinical vestibular dysfunction in migraine patients: a preliminary study of ocular and rectified cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potentials. J Headache Pain. 2015;16(1):1-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s10194-015-0578-5. PMid:26527349.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s10194-015-057...

15 Shalash AS, Hassan DM, Elrassas HH, Salama MM, Méndez-Hernández E, Salas-Pacheco JM, et al. Auditory – and vestibular – evoked potentials correlate with motor and non-motor features of Parkinson’s disease. Front Neurol. 2017;8:1-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2017.00055. PMid:28289399.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2017.000...
-1616 Miller DM, Klein CS, Suresh NL, Rymer WZ. Asymmetries in vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in chronic stroke survivors with spastic hypertonia: evidence for a vestibulospinal role. Clin Neurophysiol. 2014;125(10):2070-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2014.01.035. PMid:24680197.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2014....
,1818 Miller DM, Baker JF, Rymer WZ. Ascending vestibular drive is asymmetrically distributed to the inferior oblique motoneuron pools in a subset of hemispheric stroke survivors. Clin Neurophysiol. 2016;127(4):2022-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2016.01.019. PMid:26971485.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2016....
-1919 Squair JW, Bjerkefors A, Inglis JT, Lam T, Carpenter MG. Cortical and vestibular stimulation reveal preserved descending motor pathways in individuals with motor-complete spinal cord injury. J Rehabil Med. 2016;48(7):589-96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2340/16501977-2101. PMid:27292455.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2340/16501977-2101...
,2828 Pelosi S, Schuster D, Jacobson GP, Carlson ML, Haynes DS, Bennett ML, et al. Clinical characteristics associated with isolated unilateral utricular dysfunction. Am J Otolaryngol. 2013;34(5):490-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjoto.2013.04.008. PMid:23759133.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjoto.2013....
,2929 Silva TR, Resende LM, Santos MAR. Combined ocular and cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential in individuals with vestibular hyporeflexia and in patients with Ménière’s disease. Rev Bras Otorrinolaringol (Engl Ed). 2017;83(3):330-40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjorl.2016.04.017. PMid:27320652.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjorl.2016.0...
,3131 Tal D, Shemy S, Kaminski-Graif G, Wiener G, Hershkovitz D. Vestibular evoked myogenic potentials and motion sickness medications. Clin Neurophysiol. 2016;127(6):2350-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2016.03.010. PMid:27178852.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2016....

32 Brantberg K, Verrecchia L. Effectiveness of different click stimuli in diagnosing superior canal dehiscence using cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potentials. Acta Otolaryngol. 2012;132(10):1077-83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00016489.2012.689858. PMid:22779948.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00016489.2012....
-3333 Demirhan H, Yıldız M, Yiğit Ö. Do Vestibular-evoked myogenic potential abnormalities in patients with cochlear implant only reflect saccular dysfunction? J Int Adv Otol. 2016;12(2):166-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5152/iao.2016.2522. PMid:27716603.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5152/iao.2016.2522...
,3535 Sreenivasan A, Sivaraman G, Parida PK, Alexander A, Saxena SK, Suria G. The clinical utility of vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in patients of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. J Clin Diagn Res. 2015;9(6):1-3. PMid:26266140.

36 Güven H, Bayır O, Aytaç E, Ozdek A, Comoğlu SS, Korkmaz H. Vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials, clinical evaluation, and imaging findings in multiple sclerosis. Neurol Sci. 2014;35(2):221-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10072-013-1483-9. PMid:23807120.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10072-013-148...

37 Harirchian MH, Karimi N, Nafisi S, Akrami S, Ghanbarian D, Gharibzadeh S. Vestibular evoked myogenic potential for diagnoses of multiple sclerosis: is it beneficial? Med Glas (Zenica). 2013;10(2):321-6. PMid:23892852.

38 Iwasaki S, Egami N, Inoue A, Kinoshita M, Fujimoto C, Murofushi T, et al. Ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential elicited from binaural air-conducted stimulations: clinical feasibility in patients with peripheral vestibular dysfunction. Acta Otolaryngol. 2013;133(7):708-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00016489.2013.767476. PMid:23768055.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00016489.2013....
-3939 Parkes WJ, Gnanasegaram JJ, Cushing SL, McKnight CL, Papsin BC, Gordon KA. Vestibular evoked myogenic potential testing as an objective measure of vestibular stimulation with cochlear implants. Laryngoscope. 2017;127(2):E75-81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lary.26037. PMid:27291637.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lary.26037...
). Dois (7%) estudos utilizaram a frequência de 1000 Hz(1717 Oh SY, Kim JS, Lee JM, Shin BS, Hwang SB, Kwak KC, Kim C, Jeong SK, Kim TW. Ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials induced by air-conducted sound in patients with acute brainstem lesions. Clin Neurophysiol. 2013;124(4):770-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2012.09.026. PMid:23121898.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2012....
,2121 Felipe L, Kingma H, Lambertucci JR, Carneiro-Proietti AB, Gonçalves DU. Testing the vestibular evoked myogenic potential (VEMP) to identify subclinical neurological alterations in different phases of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 infection. Spine J. 2013;13(4):397-401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2012.11.015. PMid:23267739.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2012....
), um (4%) estudo utilizou 600 Hz(55 Chang CM, Young YH, Jaw FS, Wang CT, Cheng PW. Degeneration of the vestibular nerve in unilateral Meniere’s disease evaluated by galvanic vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials. Clin Neurophysiol. 2017;128(9):1617-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2017.06.004. PMid:28719825.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2017....
), um (4%) estudo utilizou 250 Hz(3030 Saka N, Seo T, Fujimori K, Mishiro Y, Sakagami M. Vestibular-evoked myogenic potential in response to bone-conducted sound in patients with otosclerosis. Acta Otolaryngol. 2012;132(11):1155-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00016489.2012.694473. PMid:22830649.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00016489.2012....
) e um (4%) estudo utilizou frequência variável(99 Manzari L, Burgess AM, McGarvie LA, Curthoys IS. An indicator of probable semicircular canal dehiscence: ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials to high frequencies. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2013;149(1):142-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0194599813489494. PMid:23674567.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01945998134894...
).

Para a condução do estímulo auditivo, observou-se que 21 estudos (81%) utilizaram a condução por via aérea(77 Walther LE, Blödow A. Ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential to air conducted sound stimulation and video head impulse test in acute vestibular neuritis. Otol Neurotol. 2013;34(6):1084-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MAO.0b013e318280da47. PMid:23370570.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MAO.0b013e3182...

8 Janky KL, Zuniga MG, Schubert MC, Carey JP. The effect of increased intracranial pressure on vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in superior canal dehiscence syndrome. Clin Neurophysiol. 2015;126(4):780-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2014.06.049. PMid:25103787.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2014....

9 Manzari L, Burgess AM, McGarvie LA, Curthoys IS. An indicator of probable semicircular canal dehiscence: ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials to high frequencies. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2013;149(1):142-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0194599813489494. PMid:23674567.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01945998134894...
-1010 Zuniga MG, Janky KL, Nguyen KD, Welgampola MS, Carey JP. Ocular versus cervical VEMPs in the diagnosis of superior semicircular canal dehiscence syndrome. Otol Neurotol. 2013;34(1):121-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MAO.0b013e31827136b0. PMid:23183641.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MAO.0b013e3182...
,1414 Kim CH, Jang MU, Choi HC, Sohn JH. Subclinical vestibular dysfunction in migraine patients: a preliminary study of ocular and rectified cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potentials. J Headache Pain. 2015;16(1):1-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s10194-015-0578-5. PMid:26527349.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s10194-015-057...

15 Shalash AS, Hassan DM, Elrassas HH, Salama MM, Méndez-Hernández E, Salas-Pacheco JM, et al. Auditory – and vestibular – evoked potentials correlate with motor and non-motor features of Parkinson’s disease. Front Neurol. 2017;8:1-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2017.00055. PMid:28289399.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2017.000...

16 Miller DM, Klein CS, Suresh NL, Rymer WZ. Asymmetries in vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in chronic stroke survivors with spastic hypertonia: evidence for a vestibulospinal role. Clin Neurophysiol. 2014;125(10):2070-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2014.01.035. PMid:24680197.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2014....

17 Oh SY, Kim JS, Lee JM, Shin BS, Hwang SB, Kwak KC, Kim C, Jeong SK, Kim TW. Ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials induced by air-conducted sound in patients with acute brainstem lesions. Clin Neurophysiol. 2013;124(4):770-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2012.09.026. PMid:23121898.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2012....

18 Miller DM, Baker JF, Rymer WZ. Ascending vestibular drive is asymmetrically distributed to the inferior oblique motoneuron pools in a subset of hemispheric stroke survivors. Clin Neurophysiol. 2016;127(4):2022-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2016.01.019. PMid:26971485.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2016....
-1919 Squair JW, Bjerkefors A, Inglis JT, Lam T, Carpenter MG. Cortical and vestibular stimulation reveal preserved descending motor pathways in individuals with motor-complete spinal cord injury. J Rehabil Med. 2016;48(7):589-96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2340/16501977-2101. PMid:27292455.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2340/16501977-2101...
,2121 Felipe L, Kingma H, Lambertucci JR, Carneiro-Proietti AB, Gonçalves DU. Testing the vestibular evoked myogenic potential (VEMP) to identify subclinical neurological alterations in different phases of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 infection. Spine J. 2013;13(4):397-401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2012.11.015. PMid:23267739.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2012....
,2828 Pelosi S, Schuster D, Jacobson GP, Carlson ML, Haynes DS, Bennett ML, et al. Clinical characteristics associated with isolated unilateral utricular dysfunction. Am J Otolaryngol. 2013;34(5):490-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjoto.2013.04.008. PMid:23759133.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjoto.2013....
,2929 Silva TR, Resende LM, Santos MAR. Combined ocular and cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential in individuals with vestibular hyporeflexia and in patients with Ménière’s disease. Rev Bras Otorrinolaringol (Engl Ed). 2017;83(3):330-40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjorl.2016.04.017. PMid:27320652.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjorl.2016.0...
,3131 Tal D, Shemy S, Kaminski-Graif G, Wiener G, Hershkovitz D. Vestibular evoked myogenic potentials and motion sickness medications. Clin Neurophysiol. 2016;127(6):2350-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2016.03.010. PMid:27178852.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2016....

32 Brantberg K, Verrecchia L. Effectiveness of different click stimuli in diagnosing superior canal dehiscence using cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potentials. Acta Otolaryngol. 2012;132(10):1077-83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00016489.2012.689858. PMid:22779948.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00016489.2012....
-3333 Demirhan H, Yıldız M, Yiğit Ö. Do Vestibular-evoked myogenic potential abnormalities in patients with cochlear implant only reflect saccular dysfunction? J Int Adv Otol. 2016;12(2):166-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5152/iao.2016.2522. PMid:27716603.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5152/iao.2016.2522...
,3535 Sreenivasan A, Sivaraman G, Parida PK, Alexander A, Saxena SK, Suria G. The clinical utility of vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in patients of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. J Clin Diagn Res. 2015;9(6):1-3. PMid:26266140.

36 Güven H, Bayır O, Aytaç E, Ozdek A, Comoğlu SS, Korkmaz H. Vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials, clinical evaluation, and imaging findings in multiple sclerosis. Neurol Sci. 2014;35(2):221-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10072-013-1483-9. PMid:23807120.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10072-013-148...

37 Harirchian MH, Karimi N, Nafisi S, Akrami S, Ghanbarian D, Gharibzadeh S. Vestibular evoked myogenic potential for diagnoses of multiple sclerosis: is it beneficial? Med Glas (Zenica). 2013;10(2):321-6. PMid:23892852.

38 Iwasaki S, Egami N, Inoue A, Kinoshita M, Fujimoto C, Murofushi T, et al. Ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential elicited from binaural air-conducted stimulations: clinical feasibility in patients with peripheral vestibular dysfunction. Acta Otolaryngol. 2013;133(7):708-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00016489.2013.767476. PMid:23768055.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00016489.2013....
-3939 Parkes WJ, Gnanasegaram JJ, Cushing SL, McKnight CL, Papsin BC, Gordon KA. Vestibular evoked myogenic potential testing as an objective measure of vestibular stimulation with cochlear implants. Laryngoscope. 2017;127(2):E75-81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lary.26037. PMid:27291637.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lary.26037...
), dois estudos (7%) utilizaram a condução por via óssea(66 Lin CY, Wang SJ, Young YH. Correlations between foam posturography and vestibular-evoked myogenic potential tests in Ménière’s disease. Ear Hear. 2013;34(5):673-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/AUD.0b013e31828d267f. PMid:23985977.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/AUD.0b013e3182...
,3030 Saka N, Seo T, Fujimori K, Mishiro Y, Sakagami M. Vestibular-evoked myogenic potential in response to bone-conducted sound in patients with otosclerosis. Acta Otolaryngol. 2012;132(11):1155-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00016489.2012.694473. PMid:22830649.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00016489.2012....
) e três estudos (12%) utilizaram a condução por via aérea e por via óssea(55 Chang CM, Young YH, Jaw FS, Wang CT, Cheng PW. Degeneration of the vestibular nerve in unilateral Meniere’s disease evaluated by galvanic vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials. Clin Neurophysiol. 2017;128(9):1617-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2017.06.004. PMid:28719825.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2017....
,1212 Mahdi P, Amali A, Pourbakht A, Yazdi AK, Bassam A. Vestibular evoked myogenic potential produced by bone-conducted stimuli: a study on its basics and clinical applications in patients with conductive and sensorineural hearing loss and a group with vestibular Schawannoma. Iran J Otorhinolaryngol. 2013;25(72):141-6. PMid:24303434.,1313 Chiarovano E, Darlington C, Vidal PP, Lamas G, de Waele C. The role of cervical and ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in the assessment of patients with vestibular schwannomas. PLoS One. 2014;9(8):1-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0105026. PMid:25137289.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0...
).

Para os estudos que utilizaram o VEMP na doença de Ménière(55 Chang CM, Young YH, Jaw FS, Wang CT, Cheng PW. Degeneration of the vestibular nerve in unilateral Meniere’s disease evaluated by galvanic vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials. Clin Neurophysiol. 2017;128(9):1617-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2017.06.004. PMid:28719825.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2017....
,66 Lin CY, Wang SJ, Young YH. Correlations between foam posturography and vestibular-evoked myogenic potential tests in Ménière’s disease. Ear Hear. 2013;34(5):673-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/AUD.0b013e31828d267f. PMid:23985977.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/AUD.0b013e3182...
,2929 Silva TR, Resende LM, Santos MAR. Combined ocular and cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential in individuals with vestibular hyporeflexia and in patients with Ménière’s disease. Rev Bras Otorrinolaringol (Engl Ed). 2017;83(3):330-40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjorl.2016.04.017. PMid:27320652.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjorl.2016.0...
), observou-se que todos adotaram, como método de registro, o VEMP cervical e ocular. Dois destes estudos(66 Lin CY, Wang SJ, Young YH. Correlations between foam posturography and vestibular-evoked myogenic potential tests in Ménière’s disease. Ear Hear. 2013;34(5):673-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/AUD.0b013e31828d267f. PMid:23985977.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/AUD.0b013e3182...
,2929 Silva TR, Resende LM, Santos MAR. Combined ocular and cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential in individuals with vestibular hyporeflexia and in patients with Ménière’s disease. Rev Bras Otorrinolaringol (Engl Ed). 2017;83(3):330-40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjorl.2016.04.017. PMid:27320652.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjorl.2016.0...
) utilizaram o estímulo auditivo tone burst rarefeito, na frequência de 500 Hz e um estudo(55 Chang CM, Young YH, Jaw FS, Wang CT, Cheng PW. Degeneration of the vestibular nerve in unilateral Meniere’s disease evaluated by galvanic vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials. Clin Neurophysiol. 2017;128(9):1617-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2017.06.004. PMid:28719825.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2017....
) utilizou estímulo auditivo click, na frequência de 600 Hz. Quanto à condução do estímulo, observou-se condução por via aérea(77 Walther LE, Blödow A. Ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential to air conducted sound stimulation and video head impulse test in acute vestibular neuritis. Otol Neurotol. 2013;34(6):1084-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MAO.0b013e318280da47. PMid:23370570.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MAO.0b013e3182...
), por via óssea(66 Lin CY, Wang SJ, Young YH. Correlations between foam posturography and vestibular-evoked myogenic potential tests in Ménière’s disease. Ear Hear. 2013;34(5):673-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/AUD.0b013e31828d267f. PMid:23985977.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/AUD.0b013e3182...
) e por via aérea e por via óssea(55 Chang CM, Young YH, Jaw FS, Wang CT, Cheng PW. Degeneration of the vestibular nerve in unilateral Meniere’s disease evaluated by galvanic vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials. Clin Neurophysiol. 2017;128(9):1617-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2017.06.004. PMid:28719825.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2017....
).

Com relação á aplicação do VEMP para a síndrome de deiscência do canal semicircular superior(88 Janky KL, Zuniga MG, Schubert MC, Carey JP. The effect of increased intracranial pressure on vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in superior canal dehiscence syndrome. Clin Neurophysiol. 2015;126(4):780-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2014.06.049. PMid:25103787.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2014....

9 Manzari L, Burgess AM, McGarvie LA, Curthoys IS. An indicator of probable semicircular canal dehiscence: ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials to high frequencies. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2013;149(1):142-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0194599813489494. PMid:23674567.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01945998134894...
-1010 Zuniga MG, Janky KL, Nguyen KD, Welgampola MS, Carey JP. Ocular versus cervical VEMPs in the diagnosis of superior semicircular canal dehiscence syndrome. Otol Neurotol. 2013;34(1):121-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MAO.0b013e31827136b0. PMid:23183641.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MAO.0b013e3182...
,3232 Brantberg K, Verrecchia L. Effectiveness of different click stimuli in diagnosing superior canal dehiscence using cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potentials. Acta Otolaryngol. 2012;132(10):1077-83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00016489.2012.689858. PMid:22779948.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00016489.2012....
), verificou-se que três estudos(88 Janky KL, Zuniga MG, Schubert MC, Carey JP. The effect of increased intracranial pressure on vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in superior canal dehiscence syndrome. Clin Neurophysiol. 2015;126(4):780-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2014.06.049. PMid:25103787.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2014....

9 Manzari L, Burgess AM, McGarvie LA, Curthoys IS. An indicator of probable semicircular canal dehiscence: ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials to high frequencies. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2013;149(1):142-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0194599813489494. PMid:23674567.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01945998134894...
-1010 Zuniga MG, Janky KL, Nguyen KD, Welgampola MS, Carey JP. Ocular versus cervical VEMPs in the diagnosis of superior semicircular canal dehiscence syndrome. Otol Neurotol. 2013;34(1):121-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MAO.0b013e31827136b0. PMid:23183641.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MAO.0b013e3182...
) utilizaram o registro do VEMP cervical e ocular e um estudo(3232 Brantberg K, Verrecchia L. Effectiveness of different click stimuli in diagnosing superior canal dehiscence using cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potentials. Acta Otolaryngol. 2012;132(10):1077-83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00016489.2012.689858. PMid:22779948.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00016489.2012....
) utilizou apenas o registro do VEMP cervical. Destes, um estudo(99 Manzari L, Burgess AM, McGarvie LA, Curthoys IS. An indicator of probable semicircular canal dehiscence: ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials to high frequencies. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2013;149(1):142-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0194599813489494. PMid:23674567.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01945998134894...
) utilizou estímulo auditivo tone burst rarefeito, com frequência variável, um estudo(1010 Zuniga MG, Janky KL, Nguyen KD, Welgampola MS, Carey JP. Ocular versus cervical VEMPs in the diagnosis of superior semicircular canal dehiscence syndrome. Otol Neurotol. 2013;34(1):121-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MAO.0b013e31827136b0. PMid:23183641.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MAO.0b013e3182...
) utilizou estímulo auditivo click, na frequência de 500 Hz e dois estudos(88 Janky KL, Zuniga MG, Schubert MC, Carey JP. The effect of increased intracranial pressure on vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in superior canal dehiscence syndrome. Clin Neurophysiol. 2015;126(4):780-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2014.06.049. PMid:25103787.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2014....
,3232 Brantberg K, Verrecchia L. Effectiveness of different click stimuli in diagnosing superior canal dehiscence using cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potentials. Acta Otolaryngol. 2012;132(10):1077-83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00016489.2012.689858. PMid:22779948.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00016489.2012....
) utilizaram estímulo auditivo tone burst rarefeito e click, na frequência de 500 Hz. Quanto à condução do estímulo, observou-se condução por via aérea em todos os estudos(88 Janky KL, Zuniga MG, Schubert MC, Carey JP. The effect of increased intracranial pressure on vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in superior canal dehiscence syndrome. Clin Neurophysiol. 2015;126(4):780-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2014.06.049. PMid:25103787.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2014....

9 Manzari L, Burgess AM, McGarvie LA, Curthoys IS. An indicator of probable semicircular canal dehiscence: ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials to high frequencies. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2013;149(1):142-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0194599813489494. PMid:23674567.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01945998134894...
-1010 Zuniga MG, Janky KL, Nguyen KD, Welgampola MS, Carey JP. Ocular versus cervical VEMPs in the diagnosis of superior semicircular canal dehiscence syndrome. Otol Neurotol. 2013;34(1):121-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MAO.0b013e31827136b0. PMid:23183641.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MAO.0b013e3182...
,3232 Brantberg K, Verrecchia L. Effectiveness of different click stimuli in diagnosing superior canal dehiscence using cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potentials. Acta Otolaryngol. 2012;132(10):1077-83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00016489.2012.689858. PMid:22779948.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00016489.2012....
).

Para o schwanoma vestibular(1212 Mahdi P, Amali A, Pourbakht A, Yazdi AK, Bassam A. Vestibular evoked myogenic potential produced by bone-conducted stimuli: a study on its basics and clinical applications in patients with conductive and sensorineural hearing loss and a group with vestibular Schawannoma. Iran J Otorhinolaryngol. 2013;25(72):141-6. PMid:24303434.,1313 Chiarovano E, Darlington C, Vidal PP, Lamas G, de Waele C. The role of cervical and ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in the assessment of patients with vestibular schwannomas. PLoS One. 2014;9(8):1-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0105026. PMid:25137289.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0...
), constatou-se que um estudo(1313 Chiarovano E, Darlington C, Vidal PP, Lamas G, de Waele C. The role of cervical and ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in the assessment of patients with vestibular schwannomas. PLoS One. 2014;9(8):1-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0105026. PMid:25137289.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0...
) utilizou, como método de registro, o VEMP cervical e ocular e outro(1212 Mahdi P, Amali A, Pourbakht A, Yazdi AK, Bassam A. Vestibular evoked myogenic potential produced by bone-conducted stimuli: a study on its basics and clinical applications in patients with conductive and sensorineural hearing loss and a group with vestibular Schawannoma. Iran J Otorhinolaryngol. 2013;25(72):141-6. PMid:24303434.) utilizou, como método de registro, apenas o VEMP cervical. Um estudo(1212 Mahdi P, Amali A, Pourbakht A, Yazdi AK, Bassam A. Vestibular evoked myogenic potential produced by bone-conducted stimuli: a study on its basics and clinical applications in patients with conductive and sensorineural hearing loss and a group with vestibular Schawannoma. Iran J Otorhinolaryngol. 2013;25(72):141-6. PMid:24303434.) utilizou estímulo auditivo tone burst rarefeito, na frequência de 500 Hz, com condução por via aérea, e o outro(1313 Chiarovano E, Darlington C, Vidal PP, Lamas G, de Waele C. The role of cervical and ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in the assessment of patients with vestibular schwannomas. PLoS One. 2014;9(8):1-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0105026. PMid:25137289.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0...
) utilizou estímulo auditivo tone burst rarefeito e click, na frequência de 500 Hz, com condução por via aérea e por via óssea.

Para as doenças centrais(1515 Shalash AS, Hassan DM, Elrassas HH, Salama MM, Méndez-Hernández E, Salas-Pacheco JM, et al. Auditory – and vestibular – evoked potentials correlate with motor and non-motor features of Parkinson’s disease. Front Neurol. 2017;8:1-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2017.00055. PMid:28289399.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2017.000...

16 Miller DM, Klein CS, Suresh NL, Rymer WZ. Asymmetries in vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in chronic stroke survivors with spastic hypertonia: evidence for a vestibulospinal role. Clin Neurophysiol. 2014;125(10):2070-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2014.01.035. PMid:24680197.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2014....

17 Oh SY, Kim JS, Lee JM, Shin BS, Hwang SB, Kwak KC, Kim C, Jeong SK, Kim TW. Ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials induced by air-conducted sound in patients with acute brainstem lesions. Clin Neurophysiol. 2013;124(4):770-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2012.09.026. PMid:23121898.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2012....

18 Miller DM, Baker JF, Rymer WZ. Ascending vestibular drive is asymmetrically distributed to the inferior oblique motoneuron pools in a subset of hemispheric stroke survivors. Clin Neurophysiol. 2016;127(4):2022-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2016.01.019. PMid:26971485.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2016....

19 Squair JW, Bjerkefors A, Inglis JT, Lam T, Carpenter MG. Cortical and vestibular stimulation reveal preserved descending motor pathways in individuals with motor-complete spinal cord injury. J Rehabil Med. 2016;48(7):589-96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2340/16501977-2101. PMid:27292455.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2340/16501977-2101...

20 Caporali JFM, Gonçalves DU, Labanca L, Oliveira LD, Trindade GVM, Pereira TA, et al. Vestibular evoked myogenic potential (VEMP) triggered by galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS): a promising tool to assess spinal cord function in Schistosomal Myeloradiculopathy. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2016;10:1-11.
-2121 Felipe L, Kingma H, Lambertucci JR, Carneiro-Proietti AB, Gonçalves DU. Testing the vestibular evoked myogenic potential (VEMP) to identify subclinical neurological alterations in different phases of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 infection. Spine J. 2013;13(4):397-401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2012.11.015. PMid:23267739.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2012....
,3636 Güven H, Bayır O, Aytaç E, Ozdek A, Comoğlu SS, Korkmaz H. Vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials, clinical evaluation, and imaging findings in multiple sclerosis. Neurol Sci. 2014;35(2):221-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10072-013-1483-9. PMid:23807120.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10072-013-148...
,3737 Harirchian MH, Karimi N, Nafisi S, Akrami S, Ghanbarian D, Gharibzadeh S. Vestibular evoked myogenic potential for diagnoses of multiple sclerosis: is it beneficial? Med Glas (Zenica). 2013;10(2):321-6. PMid:23892852.), essa revisão mostrou que um estudo(1515 Shalash AS, Hassan DM, Elrassas HH, Salama MM, Méndez-Hernández E, Salas-Pacheco JM, et al. Auditory – and vestibular – evoked potentials correlate with motor and non-motor features of Parkinson’s disease. Front Neurol. 2017;8:1-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2017.00055. PMid:28289399.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2017.000...
) utilizou o registro do VEMP cervical e ocular, quatro estudos(1616 Miller DM, Klein CS, Suresh NL, Rymer WZ. Asymmetries in vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in chronic stroke survivors with spastic hypertonia: evidence for a vestibulospinal role. Clin Neurophysiol. 2014;125(10):2070-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2014.01.035. PMid:24680197.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2014....
,2121 Felipe L, Kingma H, Lambertucci JR, Carneiro-Proietti AB, Gonçalves DU. Testing the vestibular evoked myogenic potential (VEMP) to identify subclinical neurological alterations in different phases of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 infection. Spine J. 2013;13(4):397-401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2012.11.015. PMid:23267739.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2012....
,3636 Güven H, Bayır O, Aytaç E, Ozdek A, Comoğlu SS, Korkmaz H. Vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials, clinical evaluation, and imaging findings in multiple sclerosis. Neurol Sci. 2014;35(2):221-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10072-013-1483-9. PMid:23807120.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10072-013-148...
,3737 Harirchian MH, Karimi N, Nafisi S, Akrami S, Ghanbarian D, Gharibzadeh S. Vestibular evoked myogenic potential for diagnoses of multiple sclerosis: is it beneficial? Med Glas (Zenica). 2013;10(2):321-6. PMid:23892852.) utilizaram, apenas o registro do VEMP cervical, dois estudos(1717 Oh SY, Kim JS, Lee JM, Shin BS, Hwang SB, Kwak KC, Kim C, Jeong SK, Kim TW. Ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials induced by air-conducted sound in patients with acute brainstem lesions. Clin Neurophysiol. 2013;124(4):770-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2012.09.026. PMid:23121898.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2012....
,1818 Miller DM, Baker JF, Rymer WZ. Ascending vestibular drive is asymmetrically distributed to the inferior oblique motoneuron pools in a subset of hemispheric stroke survivors. Clin Neurophysiol. 2016;127(4):2022-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2016.01.019. PMid:26971485.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2016....
) utilizaram, apenas o registro do VEMP ocular, um estudo(2020 Caporali JFM, Gonçalves DU, Labanca L, Oliveira LD, Trindade GVM, Pereira TA, et al. Vestibular evoked myogenic potential (VEMP) triggered by galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS): a promising tool to assess spinal cord function in Schistosomal Myeloradiculopathy. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2016;10:1-11.) utilizou apenas o registro do VEMP no músculo sóleo e um estudo(1919 Squair JW, Bjerkefors A, Inglis JT, Lam T, Carpenter MG. Cortical and vestibular stimulation reveal preserved descending motor pathways in individuals with motor-complete spinal cord injury. J Rehabil Med. 2016;48(7):589-96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2340/16501977-2101. PMid:27292455.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2340/16501977-2101...
) utilizou o registro do VEMP cervical e do músculo sóleo. Desses, quatro estudos(1515 Shalash AS, Hassan DM, Elrassas HH, Salama MM, Méndez-Hernández E, Salas-Pacheco JM, et al. Auditory – and vestibular – evoked potentials correlate with motor and non-motor features of Parkinson’s disease. Front Neurol. 2017;8:1-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2017.00055. PMid:28289399.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2017.000...
,1616 Miller DM, Klein CS, Suresh NL, Rymer WZ. Asymmetries in vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in chronic stroke survivors with spastic hypertonia: evidence for a vestibulospinal role. Clin Neurophysiol. 2014;125(10):2070-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2014.01.035. PMid:24680197.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2014....
,1818 Miller DM, Baker JF, Rymer WZ. Ascending vestibular drive is asymmetrically distributed to the inferior oblique motoneuron pools in a subset of hemispheric stroke survivors. Clin Neurophysiol. 2016;127(4):2022-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2016.01.019. PMid:26971485.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2016....
,3636 Güven H, Bayır O, Aytaç E, Ozdek A, Comoğlu SS, Korkmaz H. Vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials, clinical evaluation, and imaging findings in multiple sclerosis. Neurol Sci. 2014;35(2):221-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10072-013-1483-9. PMid:23807120.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10072-013-148...
) utilizaram estímulo auditivo tone burst rarefeito, na frequência de 500 Hz, com condução por via aérea, dois(1717 Oh SY, Kim JS, Lee JM, Shin BS, Hwang SB, Kwak KC, Kim C, Jeong SK, Kim TW. Ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials induced by air-conducted sound in patients with acute brainstem lesions. Clin Neurophysiol. 2013;124(4):770-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2012.09.026. PMid:23121898.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2012....
,2121 Felipe L, Kingma H, Lambertucci JR, Carneiro-Proietti AB, Gonçalves DU. Testing the vestibular evoked myogenic potential (VEMP) to identify subclinical neurological alterations in different phases of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 infection. Spine J. 2013;13(4):397-401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2012.11.015. PMid:23267739.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2012....
) utilizaram estímulo auditivo tone burst rarefeito, na frequência de 1000 Hz, com condução por via aérea, um(3737 Harirchian MH, Karimi N, Nafisi S, Akrami S, Ghanbarian D, Gharibzadeh S. Vestibular evoked myogenic potential for diagnoses of multiple sclerosis: is it beneficial? Med Glas (Zenica). 2013;10(2):321-6. PMid:23892852.) utilizou estímulo auditivo click, na frequência de 500 Hz, com condução por via aérea, um(1919 Squair JW, Bjerkefors A, Inglis JT, Lam T, Carpenter MG. Cortical and vestibular stimulation reveal preserved descending motor pathways in individuals with motor-complete spinal cord injury. J Rehabil Med. 2016;48(7):589-96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2340/16501977-2101. PMid:27292455.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2340/16501977-2101...
) utilizou estímulo auditivo tone burst rarefeito, na frequência de 500 Hz, com condução por via aérea e estímulo galvânico na corrente de 2 mA e um(2020 Caporali JFM, Gonçalves DU, Labanca L, Oliveira LD, Trindade GVM, Pereira TA, et al. Vestibular evoked myogenic potential (VEMP) triggered by galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS): a promising tool to assess spinal cord function in Schistosomal Myeloradiculopathy. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2016;10:1-11.) utilizou apenas estímulo galvânico, na corrente de 2 mA.

O Quadro 2 apresenta uma síntese com as principais características dos métodos de registro do VEMP. As Figuras 3, 4 e 5 mostram os métodos de registro do VEMP com relação ao tipo de estímulo, posicionamento dos eletrodos, músculo de captação da resposta e onda eletrofisiológica gerada.

Quadro 2
Síntese das principais características dos métodos de registro do potencial evocado miogênico vestibular (VEMP)
Figura 3
Potencial evocado miogênico vestibular ocular (VEMP ocular). (A) Tipo de estímulo e via de estimulação (B) Onda eletrofisiológica (C) Posicionamento dos eletrodos para registro da resposta
Figura 4
Potencial evocado miogênico vestibular cervical (VEMP cervical). (A) Tipo de estímulo e via de estimulação (B) Onda eletrofisiológica (C) Posicionamento dos eletrodos para registro da resposta
Figura 5
Potencial evocado miogênico vestibular (VEMP) do músculo sóleo. (A) Tipo de estímulo e via de estimulação (B) Onda eletrofisiológica (C) Posicionamento dos eletrodos para registro da resposta

DISCUSSÃO

Os estudos sobre o VEMP com estímulo auditivo evidenciaram o exame como ferramenta auxiliar para o diagnóstico de diversos tipos de alterações vestibulares periféricas, predominando a doença de Ménière(55 Chang CM, Young YH, Jaw FS, Wang CT, Cheng PW. Degeneration of the vestibular nerve in unilateral Meniere’s disease evaluated by galvanic vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials. Clin Neurophysiol. 2017;128(9):1617-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2017.06.004. PMid:28719825.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2017....
,66 Lin CY, Wang SJ, Young YH. Correlations between foam posturography and vestibular-evoked myogenic potential tests in Ménière’s disease. Ear Hear. 2013;34(5):673-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/AUD.0b013e31828d267f. PMid:23985977.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/AUD.0b013e3182...
,2929 Silva TR, Resende LM, Santos MAR. Combined ocular and cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential in individuals with vestibular hyporeflexia and in patients with Ménière’s disease. Rev Bras Otorrinolaringol (Engl Ed). 2017;83(3):330-40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjorl.2016.04.017. PMid:27320652.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjorl.2016.0...
,4040 Wen MH, Cheng PW, Young YH. Augmentation of ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials via bone-conducted vibration stimuli in Meniere’s disease. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2012;146(5):797-803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0194599811433982. PMid:22237297.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01945998114339...
) e a deiscência do canal semicircular superior (SSCD)(88 Janky KL, Zuniga MG, Schubert MC, Carey JP. The effect of increased intracranial pressure on vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in superior canal dehiscence syndrome. Clin Neurophysiol. 2015;126(4):780-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2014.06.049. PMid:25103787.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2014....

9 Manzari L, Burgess AM, McGarvie LA, Curthoys IS. An indicator of probable semicircular canal dehiscence: ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials to high frequencies. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2013;149(1):142-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0194599813489494. PMid:23674567.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01945998134894...

10 Zuniga MG, Janky KL, Nguyen KD, Welgampola MS, Carey JP. Ocular versus cervical VEMPs in the diagnosis of superior semicircular canal dehiscence syndrome. Otol Neurotol. 2013;34(1):121-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MAO.0b013e31827136b0. PMid:23183641.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MAO.0b013e3182...
-1111 Janky KL, Nguyen KD, Welgampola M, Zuniga MG, Carey JP. Air-conducted oVEMPs provide the best separation between intact and superior canal dehiscent labyrinths. Otol Neurotol. 2013;34(1):127-34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MAO.0b013e318271c32a. PMid:23151775.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MAO.0b013e3182...
,3232 Brantberg K, Verrecchia L. Effectiveness of different click stimuli in diagnosing superior canal dehiscence using cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potentials. Acta Otolaryngol. 2012;132(10):1077-83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00016489.2012.689858. PMid:22779948.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00016489.2012....
) e de doenças que cursam com alterações vestibulares centrais, como, por exemplo, as mielopatias motoras(1919 Squair JW, Bjerkefors A, Inglis JT, Lam T, Carpenter MG. Cortical and vestibular stimulation reveal preserved descending motor pathways in individuals with motor-complete spinal cord injury. J Rehabil Med. 2016;48(7):589-96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2340/16501977-2101. PMid:27292455.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2340/16501977-2101...

20 Caporali JFM, Gonçalves DU, Labanca L, Oliveira LD, Trindade GVM, Pereira TA, et al. Vestibular evoked myogenic potential (VEMP) triggered by galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS): a promising tool to assess spinal cord function in Schistosomal Myeloradiculopathy. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2016;10:1-11.

21 Felipe L, Kingma H, Lambertucci JR, Carneiro-Proietti AB, Gonçalves DU. Testing the vestibular evoked myogenic potential (VEMP) to identify subclinical neurological alterations in different phases of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 infection. Spine J. 2013;13(4):397-401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2012.11.015. PMid:23267739.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2012....

22 Felipe L, Gonçalves DU, Santos MA, Proietti FA, Ribas JG, Carneiro-Proietti AB, Lambertucci JR. Vestibular-Evoked Myogenic Potential (VEMP) to Evaluate Cervical Myelopathy in Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type I Infection. Spine. 2008;33(11):1180-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/BRS.0b013e31817152ed. PMid:18469690.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181...

23 Labanca L, Starling AL, Sousa-Pereira SR, Romanelli LC, Carneiro-Proietti ABF, Carvalho LN, et al. Electrophysiological analysis shows dizziness as the first symptom in Human T Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type-Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2015;31(6):649-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/aid.2014.0153. PMid:25760424.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/aid.2014.0153...

24 Iles JF, Baderin R, Tanner R, Simon A. Human standing and walking: comparison of the efects of stimulation of the vestibular system. Exp Brain Res. 2007;178(2):151-66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-006-0721-2. PMid:17031681.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-006-072...
-2525 Cunha LCM, Tavares MC, Criollo CJT, Labanca L, Paz CCSC, Martins HR, et al. Contribution of galvanic vestibular stimulation in the diagnosis of HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis. J Clin Neurol. 2013;9(4):252-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3988/jcn.2013.9.4.252. PMid:24285967.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3988/jcn.2013.9.4.2...
) e a doença de Parkinson(1515 Shalash AS, Hassan DM, Elrassas HH, Salama MM, Méndez-Hernández E, Salas-Pacheco JM, et al. Auditory – and vestibular – evoked potentials correlate with motor and non-motor features of Parkinson’s disease. Front Neurol. 2017;8:1-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2017.00055. PMid:28289399.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2017.000...
,4141 Kataoka H, Okada Y, Kiriyama T, Kita Y, Nakamura J, Morioka S, et al. Can postural instability respond to galvanic vestibular stimulation in patients with Parkinson’s Disease? J Mov Disord. 2015;9(1):40-3. http://dx.doi.org/10.14802/jmd.15030. PMid:26648182.
http://dx.doi.org/10.14802/jmd.15030...

42 Samoudi G, Jivegard M, Mulavara AP, Bergquist F. Effects of stochastic vestibular galvanic stimulation and LDOPA on balance and motor symptoms in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Brain Stimul. 2015;8(3):474-80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2014.11.019. PMid:25573070.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2014.11....
-4343 Natale ER, Ginatempo F, Paulus KS, Pes GM, Manca A, Tolu E, et al. Abnormalities of vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials in idiopathic Parkinson’s disease are associated with clinical evidence of brainstem involvement. Neurol Sci. 2015;36(6):995-1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10072-014-2054-4. PMid:25567081.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10072-014-205...
).

Na doença de Ménière, alguns autores relataram que as alterações do VEMP cervical ocorrem em decorrência da hidropsia cocleossacular(55 Chang CM, Young YH, Jaw FS, Wang CT, Cheng PW. Degeneration of the vestibular nerve in unilateral Meniere’s disease evaluated by galvanic vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials. Clin Neurophysiol. 2017;128(9):1617-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2017.06.004. PMid:28719825.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2017....
,66 Lin CY, Wang SJ, Young YH. Correlations between foam posturography and vestibular-evoked myogenic potential tests in Ménière’s disease. Ear Hear. 2013;34(5):673-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/AUD.0b013e31828d267f. PMid:23985977.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/AUD.0b013e3182...
). Outros autores entenderam que os resultados do VEMP cervical dependeriam do estágio da doença de Ménière(2929 Silva TR, Resende LM, Santos MAR. Combined ocular and cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential in individuals with vestibular hyporeflexia and in patients with Ménière’s disease. Rev Bras Otorrinolaringol (Engl Ed). 2017;83(3):330-40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjorl.2016.04.017. PMid:27320652.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjorl.2016.0...
,4040 Wen MH, Cheng PW, Young YH. Augmentation of ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials via bone-conducted vibration stimuli in Meniere’s disease. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2012;146(5):797-803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0194599811433982. PMid:22237297.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01945998114339...
). Em estágios precoces, observam-se amplitudes aumentadas no VEMP cervical, em consequência de uma hipersensibilidade do sáculo, que seria causada pela dilatação sacular. Já nos estágios tardios, as amplitudes podem estar atenuadas como resultado da atrofia do epitélio sensorial da membrana sacular(2929 Silva TR, Resende LM, Santos MAR. Combined ocular and cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential in individuals with vestibular hyporeflexia and in patients with Ménière’s disease. Rev Bras Otorrinolaringol (Engl Ed). 2017;83(3):330-40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjorl.2016.04.017. PMid:27320652.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjorl.2016.0...
). A alteração concomitante do VEMP cervical e ocular estaria relacionada ao comprometimento sacular e utricular, respectivamente(55 Chang CM, Young YH, Jaw FS, Wang CT, Cheng PW. Degeneration of the vestibular nerve in unilateral Meniere’s disease evaluated by galvanic vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials. Clin Neurophysiol. 2017;128(9):1617-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2017.06.004. PMid:28719825.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2017....
,4040 Wen MH, Cheng PW, Young YH. Augmentation of ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials via bone-conducted vibration stimuli in Meniere’s disease. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2012;146(5):797-803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0194599811433982. PMid:22237297.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01945998114339...
). Logo, a alteração simultânea do VEMP cervical e do ocular é mais comum na fase avançada da doença de Ménière(2929 Silva TR, Resende LM, Santos MAR. Combined ocular and cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential in individuals with vestibular hyporeflexia and in patients with Ménière’s disease. Rev Bras Otorrinolaringol (Engl Ed). 2017;83(3):330-40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjorl.2016.04.017. PMid:27320652.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjorl.2016.0...
,4040 Wen MH, Cheng PW, Young YH. Augmentation of ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials via bone-conducted vibration stimuli in Meniere’s disease. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2012;146(5):797-803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0194599811433982. PMid:22237297.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01945998114339...
).

A literatura descreveu que, na SSCD, o registro do VEMP cervical ou ocular apresentou parâmetros de respostas diferentes do que é habitualmente observado em outras doenças vestibulares(88 Janky KL, Zuniga MG, Schubert MC, Carey JP. The effect of increased intracranial pressure on vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in superior canal dehiscence syndrome. Clin Neurophysiol. 2015;126(4):780-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2014.06.049. PMid:25103787.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2014....

9 Manzari L, Burgess AM, McGarvie LA, Curthoys IS. An indicator of probable semicircular canal dehiscence: ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials to high frequencies. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2013;149(1):142-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0194599813489494. PMid:23674567.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01945998134894...
-1010 Zuniga MG, Janky KL, Nguyen KD, Welgampola MS, Carey JP. Ocular versus cervical VEMPs in the diagnosis of superior semicircular canal dehiscence syndrome. Otol Neurotol. 2013;34(1):121-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MAO.0b013e31827136b0. PMid:23183641.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MAO.0b013e3182...
). Observaram-se respostas eletrofisiológicas com estímulo auditivo em menor intensidade sonora, em torno de 70 dB nHL, além de ondas com a amplitude aumentada do lado comprometido, estando a morfologia normal(1111 Janky KL, Nguyen KD, Welgampola M, Zuniga MG, Carey JP. Air-conducted oVEMPs provide the best separation between intact and superior canal dehiscent labyrinths. Otol Neurotol. 2013;34(1):127-34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MAO.0b013e318271c32a. PMid:23151775.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MAO.0b013e3182...
,3232 Brantberg K, Verrecchia L. Effectiveness of different click stimuli in diagnosing superior canal dehiscence using cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potentials. Acta Otolaryngol. 2012;132(10):1077-83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00016489.2012.689858. PMid:22779948.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00016489.2012....
). Este achado tem sido associado à alteração da camada óssea que recobre o canal semicircular superior(88 Janky KL, Zuniga MG, Schubert MC, Carey JP. The effect of increased intracranial pressure on vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in superior canal dehiscence syndrome. Clin Neurophysiol. 2015;126(4):780-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2014.06.049. PMid:25103787.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2014....

9 Manzari L, Burgess AM, McGarvie LA, Curthoys IS. An indicator of probable semicircular canal dehiscence: ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials to high frequencies. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2013;149(1):142-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0194599813489494. PMid:23674567.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01945998134894...
-1010 Zuniga MG, Janky KL, Nguyen KD, Welgampola MS, Carey JP. Ocular versus cervical VEMPs in the diagnosis of superior semicircular canal dehiscence syndrome. Otol Neurotol. 2013;34(1):121-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MAO.0b013e31827136b0. PMid:23183641.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MAO.0b013e3182...
) que, estando mais fina, causaria diminuição da impedância e consequente aumento da transmissão sonora para o labirinto, com maior sensibilidade do sáculo ao estímulo sonoro. Assim, a resposta do VEMP em baixa estimulação sonora associada a maior amplitude de onda que aumenta de acordo com o nível de intensidade sonora para ambos os potenciais cervical e ocular, sugere o diagnóstico de SSCD e indica que o sistema vestibular central não é afetado nesta síndrome(88 Janky KL, Zuniga MG, Schubert MC, Carey JP. The effect of increased intracranial pressure on vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in superior canal dehiscence syndrome. Clin Neurophysiol. 2015;126(4):780-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2014.06.049. PMid:25103787.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2014....

9 Manzari L, Burgess AM, McGarvie LA, Curthoys IS. An indicator of probable semicircular canal dehiscence: ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials to high frequencies. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2013;149(1):142-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0194599813489494. PMid:23674567.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01945998134894...

10 Zuniga MG, Janky KL, Nguyen KD, Welgampola MS, Carey JP. Ocular versus cervical VEMPs in the diagnosis of superior semicircular canal dehiscence syndrome. Otol Neurotol. 2013;34(1):121-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MAO.0b013e31827136b0. PMid:23183641.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MAO.0b013e3182...
-1111 Janky KL, Nguyen KD, Welgampola M, Zuniga MG, Carey JP. Air-conducted oVEMPs provide the best separation between intact and superior canal dehiscent labyrinths. Otol Neurotol. 2013;34(1):127-34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MAO.0b013e318271c32a. PMid:23151775.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MAO.0b013e3182...
,3232 Brantberg K, Verrecchia L. Effectiveness of different click stimuli in diagnosing superior canal dehiscence using cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potentials. Acta Otolaryngol. 2012;132(10):1077-83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00016489.2012.689858. PMid:22779948.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00016489.2012....
).

Em relação às doenças centrais, estudos realizados em indivíduos com mielopatia infecciosa mostraram que as respostas do VEMP cervical apresentaram-se alteradas em mais da metade dos indivíduos com mielopatia(2222 Felipe L, Gonçalves DU, Santos MA, Proietti FA, Ribas JG, Carneiro-Proietti AB, Lambertucci JR. Vestibular-Evoked Myogenic Potential (VEMP) to Evaluate Cervical Myelopathy in Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type I Infection. Spine. 2008;33(11):1180-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/BRS.0b013e31817152ed. PMid:18469690.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181...
,2323 Labanca L, Starling AL, Sousa-Pereira SR, Romanelli LC, Carneiro-Proietti ABF, Carvalho LN, et al. Electrophysiological analysis shows dizziness as the first symptom in Human T Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type-Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2015;31(6):649-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/aid.2014.0153. PMid:25760424.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/aid.2014.0153...
). O VEMP cervical permitiu o diagnóstico subclínico da disfunção medular, além de avaliar a evolução da doença(2121 Felipe L, Kingma H, Lambertucci JR, Carneiro-Proietti AB, Gonçalves DU. Testing the vestibular evoked myogenic potential (VEMP) to identify subclinical neurological alterations in different phases of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 infection. Spine J. 2013;13(4):397-401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2012.11.015. PMid:23267739.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2012....
).

Na doença de Parkinson, o VEMP cervical e o VEMP ocular foram utilizados para avaliar o controle postural. Em estudo que avaliou o reflexo vestibulocólico em indivíduos com doença de Parkinson, observou-se que as respostas do VEMP cervical apresentaram amplitudes reduzidas. Segundo os autores, estes achados podem significar uma redução na atividade vestibular reflexa(1515 Shalash AS, Hassan DM, Elrassas HH, Salama MM, Méndez-Hernández E, Salas-Pacheco JM, et al. Auditory – and vestibular – evoked potentials correlate with motor and non-motor features of Parkinson’s disease. Front Neurol. 2017;8:1-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2017.00055. PMid:28289399.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2017.000...
).Outro estudo correlacionou alterações no VEMP cervical e ocular com a instabilidade postural presente na doença de Parkinson(4343 Natale ER, Ginatempo F, Paulus KS, Pes GM, Manca A, Tolu E, et al. Abnormalities of vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials in idiopathic Parkinson’s disease are associated with clinical evidence of brainstem involvement. Neurol Sci. 2015;36(6):995-1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10072-014-2054-4. PMid:25567081.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10072-014-205...
).

Sobre o tipo de estímulo auditivo usado para gerar o VEMP, o tone burst foi usado na maioria dos estudos e justifica-se pelo fato do limiar de excitabilidade sacular ser menor com esse estímulo, quando comparado ao click, sendo mais confortável para o sujeito avaliado(44 Park HJ, Lee IS, Shin JE, Lee YJ, Park MS. Frequency-tuning characteristics of cervical and ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials induced by air-conducted tone bursts. Clin Neurophysiol. 2010;121(1):85-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2009.10.003. PMid:19892592.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2009....
). A frequência de 500 Hz foi a mais usada porque as respostas geradas são mais homogêneas e constantes(44 Park HJ, Lee IS, Shin JE, Lee YJ, Park MS. Frequency-tuning characteristics of cervical and ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials induced by air-conducted tone bursts. Clin Neurophysiol. 2010;121(1):85-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2009.10.003. PMid:19892592.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2009....
,4444 Cheng PW, Huang TW, Young YH. The influence of clicks versus short tone bursts on the vestibular evoked myogenic potentials. Ear Hear. 2003;24(3):195-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.AUD.0000069225.80220.CB. PMid:12799540.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.AUD.0000069...
).

Em relação a comparação do estímulo auditivo por via aérea e por via óssea, alguns autores acreditam que a vantagem do VEMP com estímulo ósseo é a possibilidade de testar indivíduos com perda auditiva condutiva(77 Walther LE, Blödow A. Ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential to air conducted sound stimulation and video head impulse test in acute vestibular neuritis. Otol Neurotol. 2013;34(6):1084-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MAO.0b013e318280da47. PMid:23370570.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MAO.0b013e3182...
,1212 Mahdi P, Amali A, Pourbakht A, Yazdi AK, Bassam A. Vestibular evoked myogenic potential produced by bone-conducted stimuli: a study on its basics and clinical applications in patients with conductive and sensorineural hearing loss and a group with vestibular Schawannoma. Iran J Otorhinolaryngol. 2013;25(72):141-6. PMid:24303434.,1717 Oh SY, Kim JS, Lee JM, Shin BS, Hwang SB, Kwak KC, Kim C, Jeong SK, Kim TW. Ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials induced by air-conducted sound in patients with acute brainstem lesions. Clin Neurophysiol. 2013;124(4):770-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2012.09.026. PMid:23121898.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2012....
,3030 Saka N, Seo T, Fujimori K, Mishiro Y, Sakagami M. Vestibular-evoked myogenic potential in response to bone-conducted sound in patients with otosclerosis. Acta Otolaryngol. 2012;132(11):1155-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00016489.2012.694473. PMid:22830649.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00016489.2012....
). Contudo, a estimulação por via óssea é pouco utilizada, já que a estimulação galvânica, que independe da orelha média, oferece uma resposta eletrofisiológica mais robusta(4242 Samoudi G, Jivegard M, Mulavara AP, Bergquist F. Effects of stochastic vestibular galvanic stimulation and LDOPA on balance and motor symptoms in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Brain Stimul. 2015;8(3):474-80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2014.11.019. PMid:25573070.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2014.11....
,4545 Carmona S, Ferrero A, Pianetti G, Escolá N, Arteaga MV, Frankel L. Galvanic vestibular stimulation improves the results of vestibular rehabilitation. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2011;1233(1):1-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06269.x. PMid:22360772.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.20...
,4646 Watson SRD, Colebatch JG. Vestibular-evoked electromyographic responses in soleus: a comparison between click and galvanic stimulation. Exp Brain Res. 1998;119(4):504-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002210050366. PMid:9588785.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002210050366...
).

Estudos observaram que o VEMP obtido por estimulação galvânica tem a vantagem de atuar na membrana pós-sináptica, junto aos núcleos vestibulares e, quando associado a outros exames da bateria de testes vestibulares, permite identificar se a alteração vestibular é periférica ou central(4545 Carmona S, Ferrero A, Pianetti G, Escolá N, Arteaga MV, Frankel L. Galvanic vestibular stimulation improves the results of vestibular rehabilitation. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2011;1233(1):1-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06269.x. PMid:22360772.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.20...
,4646 Watson SRD, Colebatch JG. Vestibular-evoked electromyographic responses in soleus: a comparison between click and galvanic stimulation. Exp Brain Res. 1998;119(4):504-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002210050366. PMid:9588785.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002210050366...
). Como o estímulo galvânico atinge os axônios terminais do nervo vestibular no encontro com o núcleo vestibular, ao se comparar a resposta de um mesmo paciente ao VEMP com estímulo auditivo, em relação ao VEMP com estímulo galvânico, é possível diferenciar se a lesão é vestibular ou retrovestibular(4242 Samoudi G, Jivegard M, Mulavara AP, Bergquist F. Effects of stochastic vestibular galvanic stimulation and LDOPA on balance and motor symptoms in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Brain Stimul. 2015;8(3):474-80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2014.11.019. PMid:25573070.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2014.11....
,4545 Carmona S, Ferrero A, Pianetti G, Escolá N, Arteaga MV, Frankel L. Galvanic vestibular stimulation improves the results of vestibular rehabilitation. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2011;1233(1):1-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06269.x. PMid:22360772.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.20...

46 Watson SRD, Colebatch JG. Vestibular-evoked electromyographic responses in soleus: a comparison between click and galvanic stimulation. Exp Brain Res. 1998;119(4):504-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002210050366. PMid:9588785.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002210050366...
-4747 Collard M. The vestibular system: from structure to function. Rev Prat. 1994;44(3):295-8. PMid:8178092.). Por exemplo, na vigência de uma neuropatia vestibular periférica, o VEMP com estímulo auditivo vai se apresentar alterado, enquanto o VEMP galvânico vai se manter normal(2525 Cunha LCM, Tavares MC, Criollo CJT, Labanca L, Paz CCSC, Martins HR, et al. Contribution of galvanic vestibular stimulation in the diagnosis of HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis. J Clin Neurol. 2013;9(4):252-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3988/jcn.2013.9.4.252. PMid:24285967.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3988/jcn.2013.9.4.2...
).

O VEMP com estímulo galvânico tem se mostrado como uma ferramenta importante para o diagnóstico subclínico de mielopatias motoras(2020 Caporali JFM, Gonçalves DU, Labanca L, Oliveira LD, Trindade GVM, Pereira TA, et al. Vestibular evoked myogenic potential (VEMP) triggered by galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS): a promising tool to assess spinal cord function in Schistosomal Myeloradiculopathy. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2016;10:1-11.,2121 Felipe L, Kingma H, Lambertucci JR, Carneiro-Proietti AB, Gonçalves DU. Testing the vestibular evoked myogenic potential (VEMP) to identify subclinical neurological alterations in different phases of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 infection. Spine J. 2013;13(4):397-401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2012.11.015. PMid:23267739.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2012....
,2525 Cunha LCM, Tavares MC, Criollo CJT, Labanca L, Paz CCSC, Martins HR, et al. Contribution of galvanic vestibular stimulation in the diagnosis of HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis. J Clin Neurol. 2013;9(4):252-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3988/jcn.2013.9.4.252. PMid:24285967.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3988/jcn.2013.9.4.2...
) e para a definição do nível de comprometimento medular(1919 Squair JW, Bjerkefors A, Inglis JT, Lam T, Carpenter MG. Cortical and vestibular stimulation reveal preserved descending motor pathways in individuals with motor-complete spinal cord injury. J Rehabil Med. 2016;48(7):589-96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2340/16501977-2101. PMid:27292455.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2340/16501977-2101...

20 Caporali JFM, Gonçalves DU, Labanca L, Oliveira LD, Trindade GVM, Pereira TA, et al. Vestibular evoked myogenic potential (VEMP) triggered by galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS): a promising tool to assess spinal cord function in Schistosomal Myeloradiculopathy. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2016;10:1-11.
-2121 Felipe L, Kingma H, Lambertucci JR, Carneiro-Proietti AB, Gonçalves DU. Testing the vestibular evoked myogenic potential (VEMP) to identify subclinical neurological alterations in different phases of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 infection. Spine J. 2013;13(4):397-401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2012.11.015. PMid:23267739.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2012....
). Por exemplo, ao se avaliar um paciente com mielopatia motora ou traumática, ao submeter o paciente ao VEMP com estímulo galvânico, com registro da resposta em músculos posturais diferentes (ex: cervical, intercostal e sóleo), é possível inferir sobre o topodiagnóstico da lesão medular, com base em quais músculos apresentaram respostas no VEMP. Na prática, a promediação do VEMP no músculo sóleo deflagrado por estímulo auditivo apresenta um registro difícil de ser captado, decorrente da menor energia acumulada, em comparação com o estímulo galvânico, que é bem mais robusto(4646 Watson SRD, Colebatch JG. Vestibular-evoked electromyographic responses in soleus: a comparison between click and galvanic stimulation. Exp Brain Res. 1998;119(4):504-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002210050366. PMid:9588785.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002210050366...
). Dessa forma, para o VEMP do músculo sóleo, o melhor estímulo é o galvânico. Para o VEMP ocular e cervical, a resposta pode ser gerada tanto com o estímulo auditivo quanto galvânico.

As diferenças metodológicas relacionadas aos parâmetros utilizados para a realização do VEMP e a apresentação dos resultados encontrados limitaram as generalizações das estimativas entre os estudos. Por outro lado, a importância de se utilizar diferentes métodos de registro do VEMP para avaliar a função otolítica e a via vestibular é a diversidade de doenças vestibulares que podem ser avaliadas. Portanto, nas pesquisas sobre eletrofisiologia vestibular, o VEMP surgiu como um ótimo exame complementar e seu uso, associado a outros testes vestibulares, permite uma avaliação mais abrangente e, consequentemente, um melhor conhecimento das estruturas contidas no labirinto e de suas vias neurais.

CONCLUSÃO

Neste artigo, revisamos os aspectos clínicos do VEMP, as modalidades de estímulo e os músculos mais usados para o registro da resposta evocada. O VEMP cervical, o VEMP ocular e o VEMP do músculo sóleo são os mais utilizados. O estímulo auditivo é o mais usado para gerar o VEMP cervical e ocular, enquanto o estímulo galvânico (elétrico) é o mais usado para gerar o VEMP do músculo sóleo. Estes testes são muito importantes para a avaliação da função do sistema vestibular periférico e central.

  • Trabalho realizado na Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais – UFMG – Belo Horizonte (MG), Brasil.
  • Financiamento: Nada a declarar.

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Datas de Publicação

  • Publicação nesta coleção
    09 Maio 2019
  • Data do Fascículo
    2019

Histórico

  • Recebido
    13 Jun 2018
  • Aceito
    10 Set 2018
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