Optimal Cutoff of the TG/HDL-c ratio for Cardiovascular Risk in Hypertensive and Diabetic Patients Monitored by Primary Health Care in a city in Minas Gerais

Abstract

Background

The analysis of the atherogenic potential of the lipid profile for biomarkers, such as the TG/HDL-c ratio, predicts cardiovascular risk better than isolated lipids.

Objective

To identify the TG/HDL-c cutoff points for multiple risks (hypertension, Diabetes Mellitus, obesity) and to evaluate the association between sociodemographic, clinical, laboratory, anthropometric, and life habit variables and the TG/HDL-c ratio in hypertensive and/or diabetic individuals in the context of Primary Health Care.

Methods

This was a cross-sectional study with 833 hypertensive and/or diabetic patients, conducted between August 2017 and April 2018. The cutoff point of the TG/HDL-c were obtained by the ROC curve. Cardiovascular risk was discriminated by TG/HDL-c, categorized by the cutoff and evaluated in relation to multiple risks. The magnitude of the association between TG/HDL-c and independent variables was estimated by logistic regression. The significance level of p<0.05 was adopted for all tests.

Results

The cutoff values of TG/HDL-c (3.26 for men and 2.72 for women) were more sensitive and less specific than those in the literature. Women (OR=1.90 and 95% CI 1.13-3.20) and men (OR=4.58 and 95% CI 1.78-11.76) with multiple risks, and white men, alcohol users, with a history of stroke, had a higher chance of altered GT/HDL-c. Increases in glycosylated hemoglobin, glycemia, and phosphorus in women, and cholesterol, glycemia, and microalbuminuria in men increased the chances of altered TG/HDL-c. Being a former smoker and black reduced the chance of altered TG/HDL-c in women.

Conclusions

TG/HDL-c proved to be a good indicator for habitual use in Primary Care.

Hypertension; Diabetes Mellitus; Primary Health Care; Dyslipidemias; Biomarkers

Introduction

Currently, cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are one of the most important public health problems in the world and one of the main causes of prolonged hospitalization and health expenditures in Brazil.¹ , ² Among CVD, coronary artery disease (CAD) stands out as the leading cause of death in Brazil³ , ⁴ and worldwide.³

Dyslipidemias are related to the development of atherosclerosis and, consequently, CAD.⁵ Early detection of individual cardiovascular risk (CVR) is important to prevent CVD,¹ , ⁵ , ⁶ define therapy⁶ and reduce complications¹ and mortality.⁵ CVD prevention is a public health priority, especially in high-risk individuals, such as those diagnosed with arterial hypertension (AH) or Diabetes Mellitus (DM). The use of CVR predictors is important in clinical practice,² , ⁷ , ⁸ and the analysis of the atherogenic potential of lipid profile by biomarkers predicts CAD better than the isolated analysis of lipids, as it reflects the interactions between atherogenic and protective lipid fractions.⁹

CVR indices included the Castelli I Indices (CT/HDL-c ratio) and II (LDL-c/HDL-c ratio),¹ and the Framingham score.¹ , ⁶ Among the estimates calculated from routine laboratory parameters, covered by Primary Health Care (PHC), the proportion of triglycerides in relation to HDL cholesterol (TG/HDL-c ratio) is easily obtained from the patient's lipid profile.⁵ , ⁷ The TG/HDL-c ratio, proposed by Gaziano et al.¹⁰ as a strong lipid predictor for acute myocardial infarction, has been used as an indicator of dyslipidemias⁸ and cardiometabolic risks (obesity, AH and DM),⁵ , ⁷ being a potent predictor of the development of CAD.⁸ , ⁹ , ¹¹

The TG/HDL-c ratio dispenses with personnel and specialized techniques,¹² it is a safe, economical, fast-to-obtain, practical, and easy-to-use atherogenic marker.² , ⁷ For these reasons, its use can be especially considered in PHC.⁸

Several studies have suggested cutoff points to indicate CVR, whether equal values for Brazilian elderly men and women⁸ or different values for Japanese adult men and women.⁵ However, studies whose cutoffs have been calculated specifically for the Brazilian hypertensive and/or diabetic population are unknown. Thus, the present study’s objective is to identify the cutoff of the TG/HDL-c ratio for multiple risks (AH, DM and obesity) and to evaluate sociodemographic, clinical, laboratory, anthropometric, and life habit factors associated with the altered TG/HDL-c ratio in individuals diagnosed with AH and/or DM, in the context of PHC.

Methods

Study design, sample size calculation, and participants

This is a cross-sectional study that is part of a larger project,¹³ which followed the ethical precepts of Resolution 466/2012 of the National Health Council and was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Viçosa (CAAE: 47356115.3.0000.5153). This study’s participants included adult and elderly users of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS in Portuguese), in a municipality of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The minimum sample (719) was calculated (Statcalc, Epi-Info^®) based on the population of 6,624 hypertensive and/or diabetic patients registered according to the Municipal Health Department. The final sample included 833 individuals over 18 years of age, who were hypertensive and/or diabetic and who received followed up by the Family Health Strategy. Excluded from the data collection were those individuals who did not continue their follow-up visits, as well as pregnant women, abusive users of alcohol and/or drugs, individuals with severe clinical conditions, and those with established chronic kidney disease (CKD).

Data collection

Data were collected in the Basic Health Units between August 2017 and April 2018. Sociodemographic data, life habits, and health care were collected through semi-structured questionnaires, previously tested in a pilot study, applied by trained researchers. Blood pressure was measured by trained professionals and classified according to the 7^th Brazilian Guidelines on Arterial Hypertension (2016).¹⁴

The weight, in kilograms (Kg), was obtained on an electronic scale with a capacity of 150 kg and division of 50 grams. Stature, in meters, was measured in a portable anthropometer, with a metal platform for positioning of individuals and dismountable wooden column, with millimeter tape and cursor for reading, according to Jelliffe techniques (1966).¹⁵ The body mass index (BMI), calculated by the Weight/Stature² ratio (Kg/m²), was classified according to World Health Organization (WHO) criteria (2000)¹⁶ for adults, and Lipschitz criteria (1994)¹⁷ for the elderly. The waist and hip perimeters were measured in centimeters (cm) with inextensible measuring tape. The hip perimeter values were obtained at the level of the maximum extension of the buttocks, with the tape positioned transversely to the measured segment, on the skin, without excessive pressure. Waist perimeter values were obtained at the midpoint between the iliac crest and the external face of the last rib and classified as "increased" in relation to the risk for non-communicable chronic diseases when they presented measurements of ≥94cm for men and of ≥80cm for women, according to the WHO (2000).¹⁶ The waist-hip (WHR) and waist-height (WHT) relationships were calculated by dividing the waist perimeter values by hip perimeter and stature, respectively. The reference values for CVR of the WHR for men (≥0.90) and women (≥0.85) were those recommended by the WHO (2000),¹⁶ while the WHT (≥0.5) between genders was recommended by Ashwell and Hsieh (2005).¹⁸

Biological samples were collected after 12 hours of fasting, and the biological materials were analyzed in an accredited laboratory, using commercial kits and techniques, together with reference criteria. Microalbuminuria (mg/dL) tests were performed, as were tests for serum albumin, phosphorus, calcium, and creatinine (mg/dL); fasting glucose (FG) (mg/dL); glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) (%); triglycerides (TG) (mg/dL); total cholesterol (TC) and fractions - high lipoproteins (HDL-c) and low densities (LDL-c) (mg/dL). The TG/HDL-c ratio (dependent variable) was calculated from plasma lipid dosages, dividing the TG values by cholesterol linked to HDL-c. The results of FG and HbA1c were classified as altered (FG-126mg/dL and HbA1c-6.5%) according to the criteria of the American Diabetes Association, adopted by the Brazilian Diabetes Society (2018).¹⁹

The Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) (mL/min/1.73m²) was estimated from serum creatinine by the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation. The criterion for CKD was based on Kidney Disease: Improving global Outcomes (KDIGO 2012),²⁰ considering the values of GFR < 60 mL/min/1.73m².

Statistical analysis

Statistical analyses were performed using computer software programs (SPSS version 20). For descriptive analysis and characterization of the population, absolute and relative frequencies of categorical and mean variables, medians, standard deviations, and interquartile intervals of continuous variables were estimated. Pearson's chi-square test was used to verify associations between categorical variables. The statistically important differences between the continuous variables were verified by the unpaired Student t-tests (parametric) or Mann Whitney U (non-parametric) test, according to the normality of the data. The normality of the distribution was tested by the Shapiro-Wilk test. The significance level of p <0.05 was adopted for all tests.

The cutoff of the TG/HDL-c ratio for CVR discrimination in relation to multiple risk factors (AH, DM, and obesity classified by BMI) were obtained by the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve. The ideal cutoff points were selected maximizing the Youden index. The discrimination of the TG/HDL-c ratio was measured by the area under the ROC curve (AUC). The 95% confidence interval (CI) for AUC was estimated by the DeLong method (1988). The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the identified cutoff points, and others already described in the literature,⁵ , ⁸ were presented.

The magnitude of the association between the TG/HDL-c ratio (categorized by the obtained cutoff points) and the population characteristics were estimated by logistic regression models. The analyses were stratified by sex. Bilateral probability (p) values of less than 0.05 were considered to indicate statistical significance in the multivariate model. To evaluate the magnitude of the associations, the Odds Ratio (OR) and respective 95% CI were used.

Results

Table 1 shows the characteristics of the subjects by gender. The participants were classified as overweight by BMI and presented WHR and WHT in the increased CVR range. The median values of BMI and WHT in women and WHR in men were higher. CVR-related variables were significantly higher in women, and 27 men and 87 women accumulated the three risk factors.

Table 1
– Characteristics of hypertensive and/or diabetic patients followed by the Family Health Strategy in Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 2017-2018

Variables	General (N=833)	Men (n=310)	Women (n=523)	p
Age* (years of age)	62.0(54.0-69.0)	63.0(55.0-69.0)	62.0(53.0-69.0)	0.443
Years of study*	4.0(3.0-7.0)	4.0(3.0-8.0)	4.0(2.0-6.0)	0.062
Formal/informal work with income† (%)	217(26.0)	107(49.3)	110(50.7)	2.000
Marital status with partner† (%)	488(58.6)	216(44.3)	272(55.7)	<0.001
Ethnicity/white color† (%)	261(31.3)	106(40.6)	155(59.4)	0.248
Smokers† (%)	91(11.0)	40(44.0)	51(56.0)	<0.001
Ex-smokers† (%)	227 (27.2)	136(59.9)	91(40.1)
Alcohol users† (%)	209(25.0)	132(63.2)	77(36.8)	<0.001
Hypertension† (%)	769(92.3)	282(36.7)	487(63.3)	0.260
Diabetes† (%)	413(49.5)	163(39.5)	250(60.5)	0.182
Obesity† (%)	234(28.0)	53(22.6)	181(77.4)	<0.001
Multiple risk factors†,‡ (%)	114(13.7)	27(23.7)	87(76.3)	0.001
Weight* (Kg)	71,5(63.0-82.0)	75.0(65.7-85.5)	70.0(62.0-81.0)	<0.001
Stature* (cm)	158 (152-166)	167(161-171)	155(150-159)	<0.001
Body mass index* (Kg/m2)	28.30(25.22-32.05)	27.18(24.31-30.08)	29.21(25.87-33.27)	<0.001
Waist perimeter§ (cm)	93.74±11.31	94.28±10.58	93.42±11.72	0.284
Hip perimeter* (cm)	102.0(96.0-109.0)	100.0(95.0-106.0)	103.0(97.0-111.0)	<0.001
Waist/height ratio*	0.59 (0.54-0.63)	0.56 (0.53-0.60)	0.60 (0.55-0.66)	<0.001
Waist/hip ratio*	0.91(0.85-0.96)	0.94 (0.89-0.98)	0.88 (0.83-0.94)	<0.001
Systolic blood pressure* (mmhg)	130.0(120.0-140.0)	130.0(120.0-141.0)	130.0 (120.0-140.0)	0.585
Diastolic blood pressure* (mmhg)	80.0 (80.0-90.0)	80.0(80.0-90.0)	80.0 (76.0-90.0)	0.044
Total cholesterol§ (mg/dl)	191.4±40.7	188.3±41.1	193.3±40.3	0.082
Triglycerides* (mg/dl)	126.0 (95.0-174.0)	118.5 (86.0-170.0)	129.0 (100.0-175.0)	0.019
LDL-c* (mg/dl)	111.53±34.69	110.89±33.75	111.91±35.26	0.681
HDL-c* (mg/dl)	49.0 (41.0-59.0)	45.5 (39.0-55.0)	51.0 (43.0-61.0)	<0.001
Ratio TG/HDL-c*	2.57 (1.73-3.95)	2.58 (1.73-4.17)	2.50 (1.73-3.85)	0.546
Glucose* (mg/dl)	98.0 (88.0-126.0)	101.0 (88.0-129.0)	97.0 (87.0-125.0)	0.188
Glycosylated hemoglobin* (%)	6.0 (5.6-7.0)	6.0 (5.6-7.1)	6.0 (5.6-6.9)	0.915
Use of medicines* (number)	2.0 (1.0-4.0)	2.0 (1.0-4.0)	3.0 (1.0-4.0)	0.001
Use of hypoglycemic agents† (%)	269 (32.30)	102 (37.9)	167(62.1)	0.772
Use of lipid-lowering† (%)	236 (28.33)	76(32.2)	160(67.8)	0.060
Creatinine* (mg/dl)	0.85(0.71-0.99)	0.98(0.86-1.13)	0.77(0.68-0.88)	<0.001
Albumin* (mg/dl)	4.47(4.30-4.64)	4.56(4.39-4.74)	4.42(4.26-4.59)	<0.001
Phosphorus* (mg/dl)	3.40 (3.00-3.80)	3.20(2.90-3.60)	3.50(3.20-3.90)	<0.001
Calcium* (mg/dl)	9.50(9.20-9.70)	9.50(9.30-9.80)	9.50 (9.20-9.70)	0.258
Glomerular filtration rate* (ml/min/1,73m2)	83.0(71.0-97.0)	82.0(69.0-96.0)	84.5(72.0-100.0)	0.080
Microalbuminuria* (mg/dl)	5.0(3.0-11.0)	5.0(3.0-11.0)	5.0(3.0-11.0)	0.636

• Values expressed in absolute numbers (percentages), means ± standard deviations, medians (percentiles 25-75). *Mann Whitney U test. †Pearson’s Chi-square test. ‡Presentation of hypertension, diabetes and obesity. §Student’s t-test.

Figure 1 shows the results of the ROC analysis for the relationships between TG/HDL-c and RCV factors. The optimal cutoff values of the TG/HDL-c ratio for multiple risks were 3.26 for men and 2.72 for women (p<0.001), lower than the reference ratio (=3.5) for both genders,⁸ as well as for women (=3.75)⁵ and for men (=3.0).⁵ The new values showed greater accuracy and sensitivity, and lower specificity than conventional ones ( Table 2 ).

Figure 1
– Receptor operation characteristic (ROC) curves for TG/HDL-c ratio and multiple risk factors for males and females.

Table 2
– Sensitivity and specificity for relationships of multiple risk factors with the TG/HDL-c ratio defined by conventional and new cutoff values for both genders

	Conventional cut-off value8: Male and Female = 3.5	Conventional cutoff values5: Male = 3.0 and Female = 3.75	Suggested cutoff values: Male = 3.26 and Female = 2.72
Female
Sensitivity	42.53%	56.32%	63.22%
Specificity	72.48%	64.45%	58.26%
Accuracy	0.575	0.604	0.620
Male
Sensitivity	66.67%	51.85%	70.37%
Specificity	68.55%	72.08%	65.02%
Accuracy	0.676	0.620	0.698

Considering the cutoff points established by the ROC curve, the TG/HDL-c ratio was categorized as adequate (<3.26 for men, <2.72 for women) and changed (≥3.26 for men, ≥2.72 for women). Men with altered TG/HDL-c ratio were observed as more obese; more frequently of multiple risks; higher median values of weight, BMI, hip perimeter, WHT, and WHR; higher waist perimeter averages; higher mean levels of TG, FG, HbA1c, creatinine, and albumin; and lower HDL-c. A higher proportion of men with adequate TG/HDL-c used hypoglycemic agents ( Table 3 ). Women with an altered TG/HDL-c ratio were observed as more obese, with a higher frequency of multiple risks; median values of weight, BMI, hip perimeter, WHT, and WHR; higher waist perimeter averages; higher median levels of TG and FG; and lower HDL-c when compared to those with an adequate TG/HDL-c ratio. A higher proportion of women with an altered TG/HDL-c ratio were diabetic, used hypoglycemic agents and were active smokers, while a higher proportion of former smokers and nonsmokers showed an adequate TG/HDL-c ( Table 3 ).

Table 3
– Sociodemographic characteristics; lifestyle; and clinical, biochemical, and anthropometric parameters according to the TG/HDL-c ratio by gender

Variables (N=833)	Ratio TG/HDL-c male		p	Ratio TG/HDL-c female		p
	Adequate < 3.26	Changed ≥ 3.26		Adequate < 2.72	Changed ≥ 2.72
Gender (%)	191(61.6)	119(38.4)		285(54.5)	238(45.5)
Age* (years of age)	63.0(54.0-71.0)	63.0(55.0-69.0)	0.556	61.0(53,.0-69.0)	62.5(54.0-69.0)	0.347
Years of study*	4.0(2.0-7.0)	4.0(3.0-8.0)	0.194	4.0(2.0-6.0)	4.0(3.0-6.0)	0.446
Marital Status† (%)			0.662			0.164
Single	22(71.0)	9(29.0)		35(64.8)	19(35.2)
Married/friendly	132(61.1)	84(38.9)		147(54.0)	125(46.0)
Separated/divorced	18(66.7)	9(33.3)		22(44.0)	28(56.0)
Widowers	9(56.2)	7(43.8)		68(58.1)	49(41.9)
Ethnicity/color† (%)			0.064			0.003
Black	43(74.1)	15(25.9)		81(68.6)	37(31.4)
Brown/yellow/indigenous	77(63.1)	45(36.9)		108(50.2)	107(49.8)
White	59(55.7)	47(44.3)		80(51.6)	75(48.4)
Employment situation† (%)			0.952			0.740
Workers with income	64(59.8)	43(40.2)		61(55.5)	49(44.5)
Housewife	3(60.0)	2(40.0)		78(54.2)	66(45.8)
Retired	106(63.1)	62(36.9)		129(55.6)	103(44.4)
Unemployed	18(60.0)	12(40.0)		17(45.9)	20(54.1)
Smoking† (%)			0.945			0.024
Smokers	24(60.0)	16(40.0)		22(43.1)	29(56.9)
Former smokers	85(62.5)	51(37.5)		60(65.9)	31(34.1)
Never smoked	68(63.0)	40(37.0)		184(54.0)	157(46.0)
Alcohol users† (%)	76(57.6)	56(42.4)	0.122	47(61.0)	30(39.0)	0.235
Hypertensive† (%)	174(61.7)	108(38.3)	0.918	263(54.0)	224(46.0)	0.409
Diabetics† (%)	97(59.5)	66(40.5)	0.423	122(48.8)	128(51.2)	0.012
Obese† (%)	24(45.3)	29(54.7)	0.007	83(45.9)	98(54.1)	0.004
Multiple risk factors†, ‡ (%)	8(29.6)	19(70.4)	<0.001	32(36.8)	55(63.2)	<0.001
Use of medicines (number of)	2.0(1.0-4.0)	2.0(1.0-3.0)	0.793	3.0(1.0-4.0)	3.0(2.0-5.0)	0.080
Use of hypoglycemic agents† (%)	72(70.6)	30(29.4)	0.023	79(47.3)	88(52.7)	0.024
Use of lipid-lowering† (%)	46(60.5)	30(39.5)	0.823	83(51.9)	77(48.1)	0.425
Weight* (Kg)	72.0(63.5-82.0)	79.5(70.0-89.0)	<0.001	67.0(59.1-78.5)	72.0(63.0-82.0)	<0.001
Stature* (cm)	167(160-171)	168(163-172)	0.092	154(149-158)	155(150-160)	0.056
Continuation
Body mass index* (Kg/m2)	26.49(23.45-29.27)	28.17(25.34-31.18)	<0.001	28.39(25.29-32.32)	30.64(26.91-33.73)	0.001
Waist perimeter§ (cm)	92.19±10.34	97.63±10.13	<0.001	90.95±10.97	96.31±11.93	<0.001
Hip perimeter* (cm)	99.5(93.0-104.5)	101.5(96.0-106.0)	0.040	102.0(96.0-110.5)	104.0(97.5-112.0)	0.035
Waist/height ratio*	0.56(0.52-0.59)	0.59(0.55-0.62)	<0.001	0.59(0.54-0.64)	0.62(0.56-0.67)	<0.001
Waist/hip ratio*	0.92(0.88-0.96)	0.96(0.92-1.00)	<0.001	0.87(0.82-0.93)	0.90(0.85-0.96)	<0.001
Systolic blood pressure* (mmHg)	130.0(120.0-140.0)	130.0(120,.0-145.0)	0.691	130.0(120.0-140.0)	130.0(120.0-140.0)	0.484
Diastolic blood pressure* (mmHg)	80.0(80.0-90.0)	80.0(80.0-90.0)	0.903	80.0(77.0-88.0)	80.0(74.0-90.0)	0.608
Total cholesterol§ (mg/dL)	182.87±37.44	196.92±45.24	0.005	190.47±36.95	196.76±43.84	0.080
Triglycerides* (mg/dL)	95.0(77.0-115.0)	195.0(153.0-262.0)	<0.001	102.0(85.0-121.0)	178.0(150.0-223.0)	<0.001
LDL-c* (mg/dL)	107.0(83.8-133.0)	112.2(86.2-138.5)	0.647	105.8(88.6-131.0)	107,8(88.6-136.6)	0.469
HDL-c* (mg/dL)	51.0(44.0-61.0)	39.0(34.0-44.0)	<0.001	59.0(52.0-67.0)	43.0 (38.0-48.0)	<0.001
Glucose (mg/dL)	96.0(87.0-126.0)	108.0(94.0-135.0)	0.001	95.0(86.0-119.0)	101.0(89.0-134.0)	0.005
Glycosylated hemoglobin* (%)	5.9(5.5-7.1)	6.1(5.7-7.3)	0.040	5.9(5.6-6.9)	6.1(5.7-7.0)	0.052
Creatinine* (mg/dL)	0.96(0.84-1.10)	1.00(0.89-1.18)	0.037	0.77(0.68-0.87)	0.77(0.68-0.89)	0.477
Albumin* (mg/dL)	4.54(4.37-4.71)	4.61(4.46-4.78)	0.035	4.40(4.26-4.57)	4.45(4.28-4.61)	0.119
Phosphorus* (mg/dL)	3.20(2.90-3.60)	3.20(2.80-3.50)	0.666	3.50(3.10-3.80)	3.60(3.20-3.90)	0.057
Calcium* (mg/dL)	9.50(9.30-9.70)	9.50(9.30-9.80)	0.442	9.50(9.20-9.70)	9.50(9.30-9.80)	0.003
Glomerular filtration rate* (mL/min/1,73m2)	84.0(72.0-97.0)	79.0(67.0-92.0)	0.085	85.0(73.0-101.0)	83.0(71.0-99.0)	0.319
Microalbuminuria* (mg/dL)	5.0(3.0-10.0)	6.0(3.0-15.0)	0.076	5.0(3.0-10.0)	6.0(4.0-13.0)	0.061

• Values expressed in absolute numbers (percentages), averages ± standard deviations, medians (percentiles 25-75). *Mann Whitney U test. †Pearson's chi-square test. ‡Presentation of hypertension, diabetes, and obesity. §Student t-test.

The reasons for chance (95% CI) for the variables that remained in the final multivariate model were presented by gender ( Table 4 ). Men with multiple risks were 4.58 times more likely to have an altered TG/HDL-c ratio than those without multiple risks, and frequent users of alcoholic beverages were 3.29 times more likely to have an altered TG/HDL-c ratio than non-users. Participants with a previous history of stroke had a 2.90 times higher chance of altered TG/HDL-c ratio than those without this history. A correlation was found between the altered TG/HDL-c ratio and increased TC, FG, and microalbuminuria. White individuals showed a chance of having an altered TG/HDL-c ratio that was 2.40-fold higher than individuals of black ethnicity/color. For women with multiple risks, the chance of altered TG/HDL-c increased by 90%. Smoking cessation (former smokers) represented a protective factor, decreasing the chance of altered TG/HDL-c by 2.86-fold when compared to active smokers. The chance of altered TG/HDL-c increased by 33% for each 1% increase in HbA1c, by 1% in each 1 mg/dL increase of FG, and by 61% in each 1 mg/dL increase of phosphorus. Self-declared brown/yellow/indigenous and white women were twice as likely to have altered TG/HDL-c than black women ( Table 4 ).

Table 4
– Probability of TG/HDL-c ratio changed for gender by adjusted multivariate analysis for each individual component of the participants.

Analyzed variable	Male	Female
	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)
Multiple Risks (Yes)	4.58(1.78-11.76)	1.90(1.13-3.20)
Glucose (mg/dL)	1.006(1.000-1.011)	1.013(1.005-1.021)
Ethnicity (Black)	1	1
Ethnicity (Brown/Yellow/Indigenous)	1.61(0.75-3.46)	2.15(1.31-3.54)
Ethnicity (White)	2.40(1.10-5.22)	2.04(1.20-3.47)
Alcohol Use (Yes)	3.29 (1.13-9.58)	NA
Stroke (Yes)	2.90(1.06-7.92)	NA
Total Cholesterol (mg/dL)	1.01(1.00-1.02)	NA
Microalbuminuria (mg/dL)	1.002(1.000-1.005)	NA
Smoking (Smoker)	NA	1
Smoking (Former Smoker)	NA	0.35(0.16-0.74)
Smoking (Never Smoked)	NA	0.54(0.28-1.02)
Glycosylated Hemoglobin (%)	NA	1.33(1.04-1.70)
Serum Phosphorus (mg/dL)	NA	1.61(1.10-2.35)

• NA = Not applicable

Discussion

In the present study, the cutoff points for the TG/HDL-c ratio of 3.26 for men and 2.72 for women, adults, and the elderly, hypertensive and/or diabetic, users of PHC were identified. These results are lower than those used in Brazil in both male and female elderly individuals,⁸ those found for Japanese adults,⁵ and much lower than conventional cutoff values of 3.75 in men and of 3.00 in women calculated using each of the cutoff values for triglycerides (150 mg/dL in men and women) and HDL cholesterol (40 mg/dL in men and 50 mg/dL in women).

High plasma level of LDL-c and TG, and low levels of HDL-c, are important factors of CVR.³ , ²¹ Lipid reasons can be used for early detection of individual CVR.⁵ The LDL-c/HDL-c ratio is a classic index for predicting AD, but the TG/HDL-c ratio is the best predictor for acute myocardial infarction, associated with insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome.⁵ The TG/HDL-c ratio correlates directly with plasma LDL-c levels, type B,⁵ , ⁸ reported as an independent CVR factor.⁵ To identify cardiac and metabolic threats, it is important to use different TG/HDL-c ratio cutoff points between genders,⁵ , ¹¹ as the HDL-c level is higher in women.⁵ Different cutoff values for men and women are, in fact, used in the National Cholesterol Education Program's (NCEP) criteria for metabolic syndrome.²² Therefore, it is reasonable that there is also a gender difference in the cutoff of the TG/HDL-c ratio: the values were higher in men than in women ( Figure 1 ). Thus, it is preferable to use different cutoff values of the TG/HDL-c ratio for men and women.

It was evidenced that the altered TG/HDL-c ratio, identified from the cutoff points found in this study, was associated with the presence of multiple risks (AH, DM, and obesity), ethnicity, alcohol use, smoking, history of stroke; CT, FG and HbA1c dosages; and high microalbuminuria and high serum phosphorus. Other studies have identified associations between the TG/HDL-c ratio and several cardiometabolic risk factors, such as alcohol use,⁷ smoking,⁸ metabolic syndrome,²³ , ²⁴ oxidative²⁵ and inflammatory profiles,¹² , ²⁵ adverse events,¹⁰ , ²⁶ various anthropometric parameters,⁵ , ⁸ , ⁹ , ²⁴ , ²⁷ dyslipidemias,¹² , ²⁴ , ²⁷ HA.⁵ , ⁸ , ¹¹ DM,⁵ , ⁸ , ¹¹ , ²⁴ , ²⁸ insulin resistance,¹¹ , ²³ , ²⁸ , ²⁹ and renal function.³⁰ In this sense, the cutoff points found represent the CVR well and are therefore good risk markers for the studied population.

The cutoff values of the TG/HDL-c ratio can be obtained through quartiles;¹⁰ tertiles;¹¹ for convenience, from values already used by other researchers;⁸ , ⁹ , ²⁶ , ²⁸ , ³⁰ or even calculated through the ROC curve.⁵ Gaziano et al. (1997)¹⁰ calculated the relative risks per quartiles, comparing the TG/HDL-c ratio levels of the second, third, and fourth quartiles with those of the first quartile. Ain et al. (2019)¹¹ divided the TG/HDL-c ratio into three tercis (0.1-3.59; 3.60-7.18; and 7.19-10.3). Some authors agreed on different TG/HDL-c ratio cutoff values for the sexes (2.5 for women and 3.5 for men,⁹ or 3.00 for women and 3.75 for men⁵ ), while others pre-established the values regardless of gender (2.5²⁶ ; 3.0²⁸ , ²⁹ ; 3.5⁸ and 3.8³⁰ ), or they calculated them by ROC analysis (2.967 for men and 2.237 for women)⁵ .

The importance of identifying cutoff values by ROC analysis is due to obtaining more satisfactory values for this population (hypertensive and diabetic), which presents more CVR factors, in the instance where it is attended (PHC). The cutoff for the TG/HDL-c ratio depends on its associated result, and a result that produces greater accuracy in ROC analysis is preferable to determine the cutoff value of the TG/HDL-c ratio. However, because they are obtained for a specific population, the suggested cutoff cannot be extrapolated to the population in general. However, in a study of cardiometabolic risk factors (AH, DM, and visceral obesity) in periodic health examination records of 10,196 Japanese adults, it was concluded that the power of discrimination of cardiometabolic risk factors of the TG/HDL-c ratio, using conventional cutoff values and obtained by ROC analysis, were similar when applying both methods.⁵ The values suggested in the studies mentioned above or presented in the study by Wakabayashi and Daimon (2019)⁵ may not fit this population, as they were conducted in other countries and/or with populations with CVRs that were different from those to which hypertensive and/or diabetic patients are subject, or because they were not calculated, but obtained for convenience in the literature. In the present study, the accuracy values for the TG/HDL-c ratio in relation to multiple risks (AH, DM, and obesity) were 0.698 in men and 0.620 in women ( Figure 1 ), which are generally evaluated as low precision (AUC: 0.5 ~ 0.7) but were higher than the accuracy presented by conventional cutoff values ( Figure 1 ). Recent prospective studies conducted in Iran³¹ and China³² showed similar accuracy (0.575 and 0.647).

Considering that the components (TG and HDL-c) are simple, and are already found in routine laboratory tests,²³ the TG/HDL-c ratio can be easily obtained from the patient's lipid profile.⁵ , ⁷ - ⁹ The use of CVR predictors is relevant in clinical practice,⁹ and the use of the TG/HDL-c ratio as one of these indices can avoid the indiscriminate use of laboratory tests and related expenses.²³ In addition, the TG/HDL-c ratio has specific characteristics, such as simplicity, low cost, applicability,²⁷ ease of execution,⁵ reliability, practicality, speed in obtaining results, and non-invasive test qualities,⁸ making it a useful indicator to predict CVR in routine and screening tests,⁵ especially in the context of primary health care.⁸

Strengths and limitations of the study

The present study presents as strengths the achievement of the cutoff values of the TG/HDL-c ratio by ROC analysis with a more satisfactory and effective result to discriminate CVR; having been conducted with adults and the elderly – a population with a tendency to present more CVR-factors, and at the level of PHC – aninstance in which hypertensive and diabetic patients are treated. Limitations of the study include a cross-sectional design, which is insufficient to express a causal association between the TG/HDL-c ratio and the studied variables; the difficulty of comparison with other studies due to the methodological differences of obtaining results and the cutoff values of TG/HDL-c; as well as the non-analysis of food intake and physical activity data. It is suggested that longitudinal, multicenter, and/or prospective additional studies should be conducted to discuss the causative relationships and temporal correlations of CVRs with the TG/HDL-c ratio.

Conclusion

For a population of hypertensive and/or diabetic patients, cutoff values for the TG/HDL-c ratio (3.26 for males and 2.72 for females) were lower than those commonly used in clinical practice. These values showed greater accuracy and sensitivity and less specificity than conventional values. It was also observed that the new cutoff points indicative of altered TG/HDL-c were associated with the presence of multiple risks (AH, DM, and Obesity), ethnicity, alcohol use, smoking, history of stroke, and increased values of TC, FG, HbA1c, microalbuminuria, and serum phosphorus.

These results suggest the use of new cutoff points in the clinical practice of follow-up of patients with AH and DM in PHC, aiming to achieve early screening and the appropriate treatment of risk factors that may indicate an undesirable prognosis in this population.

Acknowledgment

The authors express gratitude to the researchers of the Laboratory of Studies in Health Planning and Management (LabPlanGest) and the Innovation Program in University Teaching (PRODUS) of the Federal University of Viçosa who participated in the collection and tabulation of data.

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• Study Association
  This article is part of the Master's thesis by Eunice Ferreira da Silva, from the Graduate Program in Health Sciences of the Federal University of Viçosa.
• Ethics approval and consent to participate
  This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Viçosa under the protocol number 1.203.173 - CAAE: 47356115.3.0000.5153. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.

• Sources of Funding: T his study was supported by the Research Support Foundation of the State of Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG) for the project "Prevention of diseases and diseases in patients with hypertension in the context of primary health care: chronic kidney disease on the agenda". Case CSA-APQ-03510-13. Notice 14/2013.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  20 Aug 2021
• Date of issue
  2021

History

• Received
  18 July 2020
• Reviewed
  20 Feb 2021
• Accepted
  18 May 2021