High-Grade Pleomorphic Sarcoma of the Left Atrium after Incomplete Resection and Adjuvant Chemotherapy

Keywords
Cardiovascular Diseases; Neoplasms; Sarcoma/complications; Sarcoma/surgery; Heart Atria/surgery; Atrial Function; Drug Therapy

Introduction

Primary cardiac tumors are extremely rare, found in only 0.02% of all autopsies.¹ These tumors are malignant in only 25% of the cases, 75% of which are sarcomas, frequently affecting young people with no risk factors.² The median overall survival is less than 1 year,³ ranging from 9 to 16 months,^4,5 with rapid proliferation and deaths caused by arrhythmias, thrombosis, pulmonary embolism,⁶ and, most importantly, heart failure.⁷ Due to its rarity, reports in the literature about the best treatment are scarce, especially in malignant tumors.¹ The aim of the present work is to report a case of an undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS) in the left atrium in which surgical treatment was associated with chemotherapy, with an overall and progression-free survival of neoplastic disease higher than the median described in previous manuscripts.

Case Report

A 32-year-old woman was admitted to the institution in May 2019, complaining of dyspnea upon exertion, which had lasted for 6 months and had progressively worsened, associated with sinus tachycardia, coughing, and vomiting. The patient underwent a Doppler echocardiogram, which showed a mass in the left atrium, with irregular contours, attached to the interatrial septum and involvement of the mitral valve, with an ejection fraction (Simpson) of 62%; a double mitral lesion, with significant stenosis and moderate insufficiency; as well as tricuspid valve insufficiency and moderate pulmonary hypertension. It is important to note that the mass was not an artifact, since it was viewed in more than one slice.

Symptoms were attributed mainly to pulmonary congestion, caused by the predominance of stenosis, as compared to mitral regurgitation. Right (RA) and left (LA) atria presented a slight volumetric increase, the right ventricle (RV) with a moderate increase in diameter and the left ventricle (LV) with a normal diameter. Slightly impaired biventricular function decreased to a slight degree only in the RV. The mitral valve apparatus contained a thickened anterior leaflet with reduced mobility and cupola due to the presence of tumor mass infiltration in the leaflet body, measuring approximately 18 × 21 mm in diameter, coupled with a reduced valve opening, once again justifying the diagnosis of stenosis. The Doppler images showed a moderate, eccentric reflux to the LA lateral wall and a valve area of 0.7 m². Tricuspid valve apparatus with slightly thickened leaflets was also observed, pulled by ventricular remodeling and presenting reduced mobility. Aortic and pulmonary valves showed no major changes, and the presence of diffuse pericardial effusion showed no major hemodynamic repercussions. The patient did not undergo a transesophageal echocardiogram, nor was the pericardial fluid evaluated.

The patient underwent surgery, conducting an incomplete resection of the mass in the interatrial septum and reconstruction with bovine pericardium, leaving a residual infiltrative lesion in the mitral valve, which was considered inoperable. Thus, this surgery was considered to be palliative to relieve the symptoms and to aid in the final diagnosis. Upon macroscopy, the surgical specimen revealed fragments of solid, infiltrative, yellowish-brown, and elastic tissue neoformation, with areas of non-encapsulated hemorrhaging. Histological sections showed fragments of poorly differentiated mesenchymal tissue neoformation, with high cellularity, comprised of spindle and epithelioid cells, with nuclear pleomorphism and moderate anaplasia, dispersed in a fibrillar or myxoid stroma, with up to 12 mitoses / 10 high-magnification fields (occasional atypical mitoses) and a tumor necrosis area (less than 50% of the neoplasia volume). Upon immunohistochemistry, histopathological analysis allowed us to conclude that it was a high-grade undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma. Staging exams showed disease restricted to the heart, and chest computed tomography (CT) showed a mass with soft tissue density and a lobulated contour located in the left atrium, measuring 6.0 × 5.3 cm (Figure 1).

Figure 1
Computed Tomography Exam showing heart region before chemotherapy

After incomplete tumor resection (R2 surgery), the multidisciplinary team decided to start cytoreductive chemotherapy in an attempt to target the maximum response rate with subsequent reassessment for the second surgical procedure, if feasible, regarding the residual infiltrative lesions in pulmonary vessels. In this sense, the patient received three cycles of chemotherapy with ifosfamide and doxorubicin, followed by three cycles of ifosfamide alone. Doxorubicin was suspended at the end of the third cycle due to a drop in the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) to 48%. The patient is currently asymptomatic, using Carvedilol, Furosemide, and Enalapril, having been prophylactically anticoagulated only during the immediate postoperative period, as advised by the assistant cardiology team. She has a regular heartbeat with two sounds and a systolic murmur in the mitral focus 3 + / 6 +. Moreover, she is normotensive (blood pressure: 110/70 mmHg), eupneic (respiratory rate: 18 breaths per minute), with a heart rate of 62 beats per minute.

The revaluation tomography (Figure 2) showed a partial reduction in mass, but the echocardiogram quantified the lesions as stable after six cycles of chemotherapy, configuring a stable cancer disease, rendering the infiltration in the mitral ring inoperable. Therefore, it was decided to maintain chemotherapy with ifosfamide to control the underlying disease. A second line of treatment has not been proposed so far due to an episode of febrile neutropenia with sepsis. Heart transplantation, in turn, was not indicated due to active neoplastic disease.

Figure 2
Computed Tomography Exam after third cycle of chemotherapy

Despite the failure to convert the residual disease into operable, the patient has been evolving in good general condition, is asymptomatic, and is maintaining a good quality of life, with 7 months of current survival. For the follow-up, although the magnetic resonance imaging exam (MRI) had been recommended, the fact that the service in question did not perform the referred exam led to the consideration of only the transthoracic echocardiogram to monitor the case. A new surgical approach is still under discussion, especially if a reduction in tumor size from second-line drugs is considered.

Discussion

Tumors of the heart and pericardial sac can be divided into primary and secondary tumors. The main histological types of primary heart tumors are myxomas, fibromyxomas, and sarcomas, which are differentiated into benign or malignant, as shown in Table 1. The main secondary tumor, in turn, comes from metastases of melanomas.⁸

Table 1
Differences between benign and malignant primary tumors of the heart

	Benign tumors	Malignant tumors
	Myxoma	Rhabdomyosarcoma
	Rhabdomyoma	Mesenchymoma
Types	Fibroma	Angiosarcoma
	Lipoma	Spindle cell tumor
	Angioma	Lymphosarcoma
	Papillary tumors of the heart	Malignant hemangioma of the heart
Most common type	Myxoma	Angiosarcoma
Population with higher incidence	Women between 40 and 50 years of age	Men between 30 and 50 years of age
Most common location	Left atrium	Right atrium
Microscopicallly	Starred cells, fusiform or elongated, polygonal cell, wrapped in a myxoid stroma; absence of desmosome	Atypical pleomorphic endothelial cells in well-differentiated areas and fusiform anaplastic cells in poorly differentiated areas
Macroscopically	Reach up to 15 cm, varying colors and consistency; present a myxoid or gelatinous structure	Measure between 2 and 10 cm, colored black or dark brown, wide and multilobulated base
	Mitral valve leaflets
Most affected structures		Inferior vena cava, metastases to the pleura, mediastinum, and lungs
Clinical findings	Heart failure, dyspnea, palpitations	Heart failure, pericardial effusion
Both can manifest with disorders in the electrical conduction of the heart, atrial fibrillation and flutter, ventricular extrasystoles, right bundle branch block, and, primarily, arrhythmias.

• Source:Authors themselves, 2020.

The most common type of benign primary heart tumor is myxoma. This prevails among women of 40 and 50 years of age, and is usually located in the left atrium, close to the mitral valve leaflets.⁸

In its morphology, the myxoma is mostly pedicled. It is able to suffer prolapse through the mitral valve and prevent the filling of the ventricle during the diastole phase.⁹ In microscopic histopathological analysis, myxomas may present stellate, fusiform or elongated, polygonal cells, wrapped in a myxoid stroma.¹⁰ In addition, it has characteristics of mesenchymal cells with intermediate filaments and narrow intracellular junctions, there are no desmosomes, and some cells may have characteristics of myofibroblasts.¹⁰ Macroscopically, these can reach up to 15 cm and be of different colors and consistencies, in addition to being able to present a myxoid or gelatinous structure.⁹

The most frequent primary malignant tumor of the heart is the sarcoma type¹¹ of the heart muscle, with a higher frequency between the third and fifth decade of life and with a predominant location in the right atrium.¹² The angiosarcoma type is the most common, with a higher incidence in men, originating from mesenchymal tissue, with a broad multilobulated base, measuring between 2 and 10 cm, dark brown or blackish in color, close to the inferior vena cava, and with early metastases to the pleura, mediastinum, and lungs.¹² The patient usually shows a clinical picture of heart failure and pericardial effusion.¹²

Histologically, angiosarcoma can present different aspects, depending on its degree of differentiation. They may contain atypical pleomorphic endothelial cells, which form papillary structures and vascular channels in well-differentiated areas, and in areas with little differentiation have fusiform anaplastic cells.¹³ An angiosarcoma can, therefore, have both well-differentiated and undifferentiated regions.¹³

The UPS, or malignant fibrous histiocytoma,¹⁴ in turn, makes up to one third of all cardiac sarcomas,¹⁵ and its etiology and pathogenesis are uncertain.¹⁶ The age of onset varies from 14 to 80 years of age,¹⁷ 47 years of age on average.¹⁸ The incidence is higher (67%) in women.¹⁷ Symptoms are variable and dependent on the location and size of the tumor, but dyspnea was reported in 70% of all cases; palpitations in 45%;¹⁷ chest pain in 20%;^11,19 and cough, bilateral edema of the lower limbs, and hemoptysis in 8%,¹⁹ with nausea and vomiting also reported.²⁰ Pericardial effusion is a complication present mainly in metastatic tumors to the heart, which occur mainly in the pericardium, due to lymphatic dissemination, and in the right cavities, caused by hematogenous dissemination. Thus, patients with metastasis to the pericardium may present massive pericardial effusions and cardiac tamponade.⁸

Physiologically, patients who have benign or malignant primary tumors or secondary tumors due to metastasis from another tumor, may manifest disturbances in the electrical conduction of the heart, atrial fibrillation and flutter, ventricular extrasystoles, right branch block, and, primarily, arrhythmias.¹² In addition, they may show signs and symptoms of heart failure, requiring tests to make a differential diagnosis with other pathologies.¹²

The best exam for an initial assessment in clinical investigation is transthoracic echocardiography.²¹ MRI and CT demonstrate the extent of the tumor in the myocardium and the presence of metastases.²² The diagnosis of sarcoma is only made after histological analysis, but there are characteristics of radiological tests to differentiate it from the myxoma, such as the non-septal connection of the mass, multiple masses, extensive connection to the left atrial wall, extension to the pulmonary vein, and semi-solid consistency.²³ Moreover, gastrointestinal symptoms appear more in UPS than in myxomas.¹⁴

In general, the prognosis of tumors in the right atrium is worse, with significantly reduced survival.^17,24 However, this occurs in only 7% to 10% of the UPS,^11,17 which have a preference for the left atrium²⁰ in 65.5% of cases, usually in the posterior wall,¹⁸ with an invasion of the mitral valve in up to 10%.¹⁷ When a malignant tumor is found in the left atrium, the UPS and leiomyosarcoma are more likely, making up 44% and 22% of the cases, respectively.¹¹

Surgery, the best treatment for local sarcomas,¹¹ can relieve symptoms,²⁵ but it is not usually curative, unlike that which happens with benign neoplasias.³ The prognosis is better when the tumor is completely removed, with an average survival of 4 years more than that of incomplete resection^.26 Although complete resection with negative microscopic margins does not prevent recurrence in 2/3 of the patients, it does increase survival by 30 months, when compared to those with positive margins.²⁶ However, the rate of complete resection is only 13%,¹⁹ partly attributed to the difficulty in diagnosis.²⁷ When complete resection is not practicable, more than 90% of the patients die within a year, regardless of post-surgical therapy.¹⁵

The recommendation for adjuvant treatment is not well established in the literature, and there is no consensus on the ideal time for onset or duration.²⁷ There are reports of good evolution without it, even with positive margins on microscopy after resection.²⁷ However, there are studies that demonstrate the advantage of multimodal treatment,^28,29 although the use is limited in those cases with incomplete resection.²⁸

In one cohort, patients who received chemotherapy alone, or in combination with surgery, presented better survival rates than did those who did not receive it. However, those who received chemotherapy showed better physical performance.¹¹ Local disease control, associated with imp17,roved cardiac function, most likely leads to greater tolerance for aggressive therapies.¹¹

Several studies show better disease-free survival with doxorubicin without impacting overall survival.³⁰ The usual administration is six cycles of ifosfamide and doxorubicin,^17,20,31 and a better survival rate with taxanes has recently been reported.¹⁹ Sarcomas are resistant to radiotherapy.³² However, it can be used to prevent or delay local recurrence.^26,14 Proton beam irradiation has been successfully used.²⁸ Furthermore, neoadjuvant chemotherapy can increase the chance of a complete resection of the tumor, which would translate into better patient survival.³³

Heart transplantation has been reported with variable results. However, this practice is hampered by the scarcity of donors, the possibility of tumor recurrence by post-transplant immunomodulation, and the exclusion of many patients for other chronic and psychosocial diseases.²⁷ A promising alternative pointed out in the literature would be the genetic identification of the tumor for individualized therapeutic options, including tyrosine kinase inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, and CKD-4 inhibitors.³³

Conclusion

Cardiac UPS is rare and aggressive, and presents a poor prognosis, with an average survival of less than one year. It presents variable symptoms that depend on the location and can cause multiple complications. The most effective treatment for localized tumors is surgical resection, and adjuvant therapies are not well established in the literature. However, there is a consensus on the administration of six cycles of ifosfamide and doxorubicin, a protocol followed by our patient, who remained stable, with a short follow-up of only seven months.

• Sources of Funding
  There were no external funding sources for this study.
• Study Association
  This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.
• Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate
  This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidade Federal de Uberlândia under the protocol number 4.041.793. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  16 Apr 2021
• Date of issue
  2021

History

• Received
  26 May 2020
• Reviewed
  13 Oct 2020
• Accepted
  08 Nov 2020