Pharmaceutical Care in Primary Care: an Experience with Hypertensive Patients in the North of Brazil

Abstract

Background:

Uncontrolled blood pressure has been associated with poor adherence to drug treatment.

Objectives:

To assess blood pressure control in hypertensive patients attending primary health centers after implementation of a pharmaceutical follow-up program in a city of the north of Brazil.

Methods:

Observational, cross sectional, descriptive study with 163 hypertensive patients attending public primary health care centers – one located on the riverside and one in the urban area of the city of Santarem, western Pará, Brazil. Adherence to the anti-hypertensive treatment was assessed using the eight-item Morisky test. Pharmacotherapy follow-up (Dader method) of patients with uncontrolled hypertension and non-adherent to anti-hypertensive treatment was performed. Results of the normality test showed that the data did not follow a normal distribution. Continuous variables were then compared using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, and categorical variables by the likelihood ratio and the McNemar tests. Statistical significance was set at 5%.

Results:

Of the total sample, 94.5% were not adherent to anti-hypertensive drug therapy and 77.2% had uncontrolled hypertension. Adherence rate was higher in men than women (p=0.006). Pharmacotherapy follow-up improved blood pressure levels, particularly systolic blood pressure (p<0.001).

Conclusion:

An individualized pharmacotherapeutic follow-up, considering regional and cultural specificities, can contribute to the treatment of hypertensin in the primary care.

Keywords:
Hypertension; Risk Factors; Patient Care Management; Medication Adherence; Epidemiology; Urban Area; Morbidity and Mortality

Introduction

According to the National Survey on Access, Use and Promotion of Rational Use of Medicines (PNAUM, Pesquisa Nacional sobre Acesso, Utilização e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamentos ),¹ conducted in urban areas of the five geographical regions of Brazil, the prevalence of self-reported hypertension in the country is 23.7% (95% confidence interval, CI, 22.8-24.6), with a greater predominance in the elderly (>60 years old) (59.0%). The access to hypertension drug therapy is greater in the South and lower in the Midwest and Northeast regions; 56% of these therapies were provided by the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS), 16% by the Popular Pharmacy Program ( Programa Farmácia Popular ), and 2.3% by other sources.

Although the management of systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) is easily achieved in primary health care, hypertension control rates are still low (18.0-19.6%).² Poor treatment adherence has been considered the main cause of increased morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular diseases, reduced quality of life, increased medical costs, and increased demand for medical services.³ - ⁵ These facts not only highlight the importance of the early detection of SAH, but also create an opportunity for the implementation of a pharmacotherapeutic follow-up program. The pharmacist contributes to the improvement of therapy adherence, and consequently, of the quality of life of hypertensive patients. This is of particular importance in regions like the North of Brazil, as the pharmacist provides an individual assessment of patients, based on their culture, experience with the therapy, and autonomy, to develop a “care plan” for the rational use of medications that can be shared by patients and professionals.⁶

In the northern region of Brazil, the adherence rate to drug therapy for chronic diseases is of 22.7%, lower than the rates in the southern (26.8%) and northern (29.2%) regions.⁷ Thus, the present study was based on the assumption that adherence to drug treatment by hypertensive patients is low in the Brazilian north, leading to a high number of individuals with uncontrolled hypertension. In addition, pharmacotherapy follow-up in the primary care seems to improve the outcomes of this condition, unless issues like the correct use of medications and cultural diversity are addressed. Thus, we aimed to assess blood pressure control in hypertensive patients attending primary care clinics after the implementation of the pharmacotherapeutic follow-up program in a city in the north of Brazil.

Methods

Study design and sample

This was a descriptive, cross sectional, observational study conducted in three primary health care centers, one located on the riverbank and two in urban areas of the city of Santarem, in the west of Pará State, Brazil, between 2015 and 2017. The sample was selected by convenience. A total of 163 patients older than 18 years of age were included. These patients were registered in the National Program of Hypertension and Diabetes (Hiperpedia, Programa Nacional de Hipertensão e Diabetes Mellitus ), had hypertension for more than six months, attended primary health care centers health and signed the informed consent form. Patients with secondary hypertension confirmed from medical records and those who had purchased at least one antihypertensive drug in the thirty days prior to the interview were excluded. This exclusion criterion was used to remove the influence of medication costs, which is considered one of the main predictors of nonadherence. For analysis of hypertension, we used the 2020 Brazilian Guidelines on Hypertension, which defines hypertension as systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥140 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥ 90 mmHg.⁸

Sociodemographic variables and outcome measures

A semi-structured questionnaire was administered during the Hiperpedia follow-up visit for data collection. To determine the sociodemographic profile of patients, age, sex, educational attainment, and family income were collected; race/skin color was defined based on self-identification or self-classification,⁹ and the classification was made according to The Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), namely, white, black, pardo , yellow and indigenous. In this study, “black race” was determined by the sum of black and pardo , as race is considered a social construct.¹⁰ In addition, patients were also questioned regarding the use of medicinal plants.

There is no gold standard for assessment of treatment adherence, and hence the researcher should choose the most appropriate method.¹¹ In our study, we used the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8),¹² , ¹³ which has been translated and validated in Portuguese for use in hypertensive patients. The MMAS-8 is composed of eight dichotomous questions (‘yes’ or ‘no’ answers), to prevent biased positive answers to questions made by health professionals, by inversion of answers related to an adherent behavior. Seven questions should be answered negatively, and only one, positively. The last question contains a five-option scale: “never”, “almost never”, “sometimes”, “frequently”, “always”. The level of therapeutic adherence was determined by the sum of all correct answers and defined as: high adherence (eight points), moderate adherence (6-8 points), and low adherence (< 6 points). The binary classification was used for data presentation, i.e. , adherent (MMAS-8 = 8 points) versus non-adherent (MMAS-8 <8 points).

Subsequently, patients were allocated into four groups: a) controlled/adherent; b) controlled/non-adherent; c) uncontrolled/adherent; and d) uncontrolled/non-adherent.

Patients classified as “uncontrolled/non-adherent” (n=63) were invited to participate in the pharmacotherapeutic follow-up program, according to the Dader method.¹⁴ The group was formed by 11 participants living in riverside areas and 52 patients living in urban areas.

The pharmacotherapeutic follow-up program was developed in four steps, as illustrated in Figure 1 .

Figure 1
Steps of the pharmacotherapy follow-up program.

In phase 3, the pharmaceutical interventions were conducted according to the Brazilian Ministry of Health standards for pharmaceutical consulting classified by the type of intervention: information and counseling; change or suggestion for change in therapy; monitoring; referral; and material provision.¹⁵ Therefore, actions were grounded mainly on education in health, conversation, and knowledge exchange, combining scientific and popular knowledge. In this stage, the first step was to establish a bond with the patient, by listening to his/her experience regarding drug therapy and clinical condition, since each individual has his/her own perceptions and behaviors about the therapy, based on culture, experiences, and knowledge about health and illness.¹⁶

Statistical analysis

Data were organized in an Excel spreadsheet (Microsoft Office 2013) and analyzed using the IBM SPSS Statistics (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) software, version 25.0 by descriptive statistics. Categorical variables were described as absolute and relative frequencies. All continuous variables had a non-normal distribution as tested by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and confirmed by the Shapiro-Wilk test. The likelihood-ratio test was used for categorical variables, as it produces more accurate results than the chi-square test in summary tables larger than 2x2. The McNemar test was used to detect differences before and after the pharmacotherapeutic follow-up. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05 or 5%.

Ethical aspects

The study was approved by the research ethics committee of the São Caetano do Sul University (CAAE 45931815.7.0000.5510; approval number 1.130.972, 06/29/2015).

Results

Of the 163 hypertensive patients included in the study, 154 (94.5%) were non-adherent to treatment and 126 (77.2%) had uncontrolled hypertension. Most patients were women (73.0%), aged from 40 to 79 years (82.9%), and of black race (74.8%). Regarding educational attainment, 20.2% had no schooling, and 57.1% had elementary school; 35.6% earned less than one minimum wage, and 58.9% used medicinal plants. No statistically significant differences were found in sociodemographic characteristics and treatment adherence between patients with controlled and uncontrolled blood pressure ( Table 1 ).

Table 1
Distribution of participants by sociodemographic characteristics and blood pressure control (n = 163), Santarem, Pará State, Brazil, 2017

Variables		Controlled blood pressure		Uncontrolled blood pressure		Total		p-value *
		n	(%)	n	(%)	n	(%)
Health center
	Riverside	5	(3.1)	26	(15.9)	31	(19.0)	0.332
	Urban	32	(19.6)	100	(61.3)	132	(81.0)
Sex
	Female	26	(16.0)	93	(57.1)	119	(73.0)	0.672
	Male	11	(6.7)	33	(20.2)	44	(27.0)
Age (years)
	20 - 39	5	(3.1)	7	(4.3)	12	(7.4)	0.314
	40 - 59	16	(9.8)	53	(32.5)	69	(42.3)
	60 - 79	14	(8.6)	54	(33.1)	68	(41.7)
	≥ 80	2	(1.2)	12	(7.4)	14	(8.6)
Race/Skin color
	White	3	(1.8)	16	(9.8)	19	(11.6)	0.398
	Black	28	(17.1)	94	(57.7)	122	(74.8)
	Yellow	-	-	2	(1.2)	2	(1.2)
	Indigenous	-	-	3	(1.8)	3	(1.8)
	Non-responders	6	(3.7)	11	(6.7)	17	(10.4)
Educational attainment
	Elementary school	20	(12.2)	73	(44.8)	93	(57.1)	0.847
	Secondary school	8	(4.9)	25	(15.3)	33	(20.2)
	None	9	(5.5)	24	(14.7)	33	(20.2)
	Non-responders	-	-	4	(2.4)	4	(2.4)
Income
	< 1 MW	14	(8.6)	44	(27.0)	58	(35.6)	0.870
	1 a <2 WM	18	(11.0)	64	(39.3)	82	(50.3)
	2 a <3 MW	2	(1.2)	10	(6.1)	12	(7.4)
	3 a 4 MW	2	(1.2)	2	(1.2)	4	(2.4)
	Non-responders	1	(0.6)	6	(3.7)	7	(4.3)
Use of medicinal plants
	Yes	19	(11.6)	77	(47.2)	96	(58.9)	0.385
	No	12	(7.4)	38	(23.3)	50	(30.7)
	Non-responders	6	(3.7)	11	(6.7)	17	(10.4)
Treatment adherence
	Adherent	4	(2.4)	5	(3.1)	9	(5.5)	0.137
	Non-adherent	33	(20.2)	121	(74.2)	154	(94.5)

• ^*
  Likelihood-ratio test; data expressed as absolute values and percentages; MW: minimum wage

Of the 63 patients who accepted to participate in the “pharmacotherapy follow-up group” patients attending urban health care centers (n=52) were those who most benefited from the program, with significant increase in the number of patients with controlled hypertension (p<0.001), and significant reduction in systolic and diastolic blood pressure (p<0.001). This was not observed among participants from the riverbank community (n=11) (p>0.05) ( Tables 2 and 3 ). In addition, a significant improvement in blood pressure levels, especially systolic blood pressure (p<0.001), was seen in participants from both urban and riverside health center centers ( Table 4 ).

Table 2
Distribution of participants by place of attendance (urban/riverside health centers) and blood pressure control (controlled/uncontrolled) before and after the pharmacological follow-up program, Santarem, Pará State, Brazil, 2017

Variables		Riverside (n = 11)					Urban area (n = 52)
		Before		After		p-value *	Before		After		p-value *
		n	(%)	n	(%)		n	(%)	n	(%)
Blood pressure
	Controlled	-	-	3	(27.3)	0.250	-	-	17	(34.0)	<0.001
	Uncontrolled	11	(100)	8	(72.7)		52	(100)	35	(66.0)

• ^*
  McNemar test; results expressed as absolute values and percentages

Table 3
Systolic and diastolic blood pressure of patients attending health centers in urban and riverside areas before and after the pharmacological follow-up program, Santarem, Pará State, Brazil, 2017

Variable			Median	25th percentile	75th percentile	p-value *
Riverside n = 11	SBP	Before	160.0	148.0	170.0	0.110
		After	140.0	130.0	160.0
	DBP	Before	80.0	78.0	90.0	0.131
		After	80.0	80.0	90.0
Urban n = 52	SBP	Before	153.0	142.5	169.5	<0.001
		After	140.0	130.0	143.0
	DBP	Before	92.0	86.5	100.0	<0.001
		After	85.0	80.0	90.0

• ^*
  Wilcoxon signed-ranks test; values expressed as median and interquartile range; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; SBP: systolic blood pressure

Table 4
Distribution of patients who were not adherent to anti-hypertensive therapy by systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels before and after the pharmacological follow-up program, Santarem, Para State, Brazil, 2017

Variable	Riverside area									Urban area
	SBP					DBP					SBP					DBP
	Before		After		p-value *	Before		After		Valor de p *	Before		After		p-value *	Before		After		p-value *
	n	(%)	n	(%)		n	(%)	n	(%)		n	(%)	n	(%)		n	(%)	n	(%)
Normal	-	-	-	-	<0.001	4	(36.4)	2	(18.2)	0.368	-	-	3	(5.8)	<0.001	5	(9.6)	3	(5.8)	0.067
Pre-hypertension	-	-	1	(9.1)		4	(36.4)	5	(45.4)		1	(1.9)	7	(13.4)		7	(13.4)	23	(44.2)
Hypertension 1	-	-	2	(18.2)		-	-	-	-		1	(1.9)	13	(25.0)		2	(3.8)	-	-
Hypertension 2	5	(45.4)	4	(36.4)		2	(18.2)	3	(27.3)		27	(51.9)	22	(42.3)		18	(34.6)	17	(32.7)
Hypertension 3	6	(54.5)	4	(36.4)		1	(9.1)	1	(9.1)		23	(44.2)	7	(13.4)		20	(38.4)	9	(17.3)

• ^*
  McNemar test. Values expressed as absolute values and percentages; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; SBP: systolic blood pressure

Discussion

Before the pharmacotherapeutic follow-up program, the number of patients with uncontrolled hypertension was 77.2%, with no significant differences between patients attending urban and riverside medical centers. A cross-sectional study conducted in Porto Velho, a city located in the Amazon area, showed a prevalence of 53.1% of hypertensive patients aged between 35 and 80 years.¹⁷ In riverbank communities of Madeira river (western Amazon), 26% (95% CI; 23-29%) of adults had hypertension, 29% of men (95% CI: 24-33%) and 23% of women (95%CI: 19-27%).¹⁸

In addition, 94.5% of participants were non-adherent to treatment. Based on the literature, adherence to treatment in the north region of Brazil is only 22.7%, compared with 38.1% and 31.6% in the northeast and middle west regions, respectively, and 26.8% and 29.2% in the in the South and Southeast, respectively.⁷ In a study conducted with data from the PNAUM,¹ the prevalence of non-adherence to drug therapy in the North was 24.2%, which was higher than in the south (17.0%) and southeast (17.5%) regions.¹⁹

According to Barreto et al.,²⁰ intervention measures aimed at improving blood pressure control are needed. Also, the authors support that hypertensive patients should be counseled regarding anti-hypertensive treatment, according to the Brazilian Ministry of Health protocol, requiring a multiprofessional teamwork in this regard. The presence of a pharmacist in multiprofessional teams is warranted to redefine healthcare models for chronic diseases, especially in primary care, to obtain better therapeutic results.²¹

Uncontrolled blood pressure has been frequently associated with low treatment adherence.³ , ²² Araújo & Aras Junior²³ reported that most of their studied patients had uncontrolled hypertension, regardless of treatment adherence. However, the authors observed an expected trend: patients with controlled hypertension had good treatment adherence, and most of patients with uncontrolled hypertension had poor adherence. Also according to the authors, adherence to anti-hypertensive therapy may be improved by patient education regarding the correct use of medication, making sure the patient understands it, and establishing strategies with family members to help the patient remember to take medication help.

In the present study, patients with uncontrolled hypertension but adherent to the therapy were referred to their physicians for assessment of their drug therapy and need for adjustments. One case food-drug interaction was detected in a patient adherent to drug therapy. The patient was instructed about the correct use of medication, and blood pressure levels were normalized after that. However, according to Araújo & Aras Junior,²³ although the Morisky-Green test is the most used method to quantify adherence to anti-hypertensive treatment in Brazil, enabling comparison between studies, the instrument may not be the most appropriate considering its low sensitivity (43.6%).

Our results also showed that men were more adherent to treatment than women (p=0.006). This contrasts with the literature that indicates a greater concern about health among women, who tend to seek more medical care and have a better blood pressure control than men,²⁴ , ²⁵ probably due to some cultural association that still needs to be elucidated. Besides, no statistically significant association was found between non-adherence to drug therapy and age (p=0.683). In the elderly, greater adherence to drug therapy is associated with more advanced age, as aging is associated with a higher prevalence of chronic degenerative diseases, which may make the patient more aware of his/her health condition and increase treatment adherence.²⁶

Although the relationship between socioeconomical factors, like income and educational attainment, and adherence to treatment has been well established,⁷ , ²¹ , ²⁷ we did not observe a statistically significant correlation between adherence and educational level (p=0.589). Low levels of educational attainment and income had a negative impact on drug treatment adherence. Indeed, users of the public health system in Brazil, with low socioeconomic status, may not be able to purchase medications covered by the public system, in case of lack of them.²⁸

In contrast with the literature, we did not find statistically significant differences in adherence or race between adherent and non-adherent patients (p=0.075). Most participants self-identified as Black, which may be explained by the high concentration of African descendants and indigenous in the west of Pará State, where the study was conducted. According to the literature, Black individuals have higher blood pressure levels and lower blood pressure control, which may be due to low socioeconomic status, complexity of drug therapy and presence of comorbidities.²⁹

One aspect that may interfere with the therapy is the lack of medications in the public health care sector, especially when cities and states do not receive the minimum financial resources, in contrast to what is predicted by the law number 8080/90³⁰ and ordinances 204/2007³¹ and 1.555/13.³² Vaz et al.,³³ who evaluated the participation of the central, state and municipal governments in the funding of the basic components of pharmaceutical assistance in the city of Santarem, Pará, between 2010 and 2015, found that the minimum per capita expenditure value, legally established, was not achieved. The study by Mendes et al.,³⁴ revealed a low availability of medications to all population strata.³⁴ Tavares et al.,⁷ reported that a low adherence to the drugs prescribed for the treatment of chronic diseases was more frequent among patients who had to pay for part of their medications than among those who obtained the medications for free.

In addition, our results showed that the pharmaceutical follow-up program improved blood pressure control, with reduction of systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels, particularly in participants living in urban areas than in riverbank areas. This may be due to the greater access to health care by urban populations, which requires further studies to be confirmed. Also, a study performed in Porto Velho showed higher rates of hypertension in urban than riverbank areas (55.48% vs. 48.87% [p = 0.02] and 61.25% vs. 52.30% [p < 0.01], respectively).¹⁸

Regarding the stage of the pharmacotherapeutic follow-up program, we identified some drug-related problems, including patients with health problems and uncontrolled blood pressure due to a non-quantitative ineffectiveness of the medication.

Limitations of the study include the assessment of treatment adherence by self-reporting and the observational nature of the study, which prevents causal inferences.

Conclusions

The present study showed a low adherence to drug therapy and uncontrolled hypertension among users of the Hiperpedia. It also pointed out the need for referral of adherent and non-adherent patients with uncontrolled hypertension to their general practitioner. This finding justifies the importance of an individualized treatment through a pharmacotherapeutic follow-up in the primary care setting, which may improve the outcomes of chronic diseases, such as systemic arterial hypertension, mainly when regional and cultural specificities are respected.

The pharmacist plays an important role in the healthcare team. This role becomes even more vital in the north of the country, considering its territorial and cultural diversity, as well as poor access to health services and even to drug treatment. The pharmacist needs to develop and provide individualized care, considering all particularities of this geographic region.

Finally, further studies may elucidate the causes of differences in treatment adherence in the city of Santarem, and in hypertension control rates between urban and riverside communities in the north region of Brazil.

• Sources of Funding
  There were no external funding sources for this study.
• Study Association
  This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.
• Ethics approval and consent to participate
  This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidade Municipal de São Caetano do Sul under the protocol number 1.130.972. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  25 Feb 2022
• Date of issue
  May-Jun 2022

History

• Received
  21 Aug 2020
• Reviewed
  21 Mar 2021
• Accepted
  20 Sept 2021